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<title>Benign Florid Vascular Proliferation Mimicking Vascular Neoplasm - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="StatPearls [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Benign Florid Vascular Proliferation Mimicking Vascular Neoplasm" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2023/06/26" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Sonia Oad" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Yurong Wheeler" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31613514" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547734/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Benign Florid Vascular Proliferation Mimicking Vascular Neoplasm" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sonia Oad" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Yurong Wheeler" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2023/06/26" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547734/" /><meta name="description" content="Vascular lesions or tumors are uncommon in the gastrointestinal tract.[1] Florid vascular proliferation (FVP) within the gastrointestinal tract is a benign and reactive process that can mimic other benign or malignant vascular tumors.[2][3][4] Florid vascular proliferation was first described in 1993 by Ramsden et al. in a patient with repeated abdominal pain and intussusception where “florid vascular proliferation” that mimicked a primary angiomatous lesion was identified.[5] On gross examination, most florid vascular proliferations appear as an exophytic, sessile, or polypoid mass with a conglomerated nodular or nodule-aggregating appearance with thickened mucosa and focal hemorrhages.[3] Tissue biopsy or complete lesion excision with the microscopic examination is usually necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice." /><meta name="og:title" content="Benign Florid Vascular Proliferation Mimicking Vascular Neoplasm" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Vascular lesions or tumors are uncommon in the gastrointestinal tract.[1] Florid vascular proliferation (FVP) within the gastrointestinal tract is a benign and reactive process that can mimic other benign or malignant vascular tumors.[2][3][4] Florid vascular proliferation was first described in 1993 by Ramsden et al. in a patient with repeated abdominal pain and intussusception where “florid vascular proliferation” that mimicked a primary angiomatous lesion was identified.[5] On gross examination, most florid vascular proliferations appear as an exophytic, sessile, or polypoid mass with a conglomerated nodular or nodule-aggregating appearance with thickened mucosa and focal hemorrhages.[3] Tissue biopsy or complete lesion excision with the microscopic examination is usually necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547734/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-statpearls-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/statpearls/article-73499/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547734/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547734_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Benign Florid Vascular Proliferation Mimicking Vascular Neoplasm</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Sonia Oad</span><sup>1</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Yurong Wheeler</span><sup>2</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> ETSU / Quillen College of Medicine</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>2</sup> Watauga Pathology Associates/ETSU</div><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">June 26, 2023</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="article-73499.s1"><h2 id="_article-73499_s1_">Continuing Education Activity</h2><p>Florid vascular proliferation (FVP) is a benign pseudo-neoplastic reactive proliferation of small vessels in the colon, which can mimic other benign or malignant vascular lesions. Clinically, FVP usually presents as a "mass" lesion and is associated with intussusception or colonic obstruction. An accurate diagnosis is only achievable by tissue biopsy with microscopic examination. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and no recurrence was reported postoperatively. This activity emphasizes the role of histopathologic examination for the accurate diagnosis, and the coordinated role of the health care team with pathologists for further patient management and treatment, as this is a benign disease but mimics the aggressive tumors with poor prognosis.</p><p>
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<b>Objectives:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Identify the typical target population for florid vascular proliferation (FVP).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Describe the clinical presentation of florid vascular proliferation.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Review the steps for a definitive diagnosis of florid vascular proliferation (FVP).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Summarize how communication and collaboration between health care practitioners and pathologists are necessary to avoid the misinterpretation or over-treatment of florid vascular proliferation as a malignant neoplasm.</div></li></ul>
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</p></div><div id="article-73499.s2"><h2 id="_article-73499_s2_">Introduction</h2><p>Vascular lesions or tumors are uncommon in the gastrointestinal tract.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r1">[1]</a> Florid vascular proliferation (FVP) within the gastrointestinal tract is a benign and reactive process that can mimic other benign or malignant vascular tumors.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r2">[2]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r3">[3]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r4">[4]</a> Florid vascular proliferation was first described in 1993 by Ramsden et al. in a patient with repeated abdominal pain and intussusception where “florid vascular proliferation” that mimicked a primary angiomatous lesion was identified.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r5">[5]</a> On gross examination, most florid vascular proliferations appear as an exophytic, sessile, or polypoid mass with a conglomerated nodular or nodule-aggregating appearance with thickened mucosa and focal hemorrhages.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r3">[3]</a> Tissue biopsy or complete lesion excision with the microscopic examination is usually necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice.</p></div><div id="article-73499.s3"><h2 id="_article-73499_s3_">Etiology</h2><p>Colonic florid vascular proliferation is most commonly associated with intussusception and colonic obstruction. The literature review has also demonstrated the association of florid vascular proliferation with mucosal prolapse, lipomas, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and Meckel diverticulum.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r6">[6]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r7">[7]</a></p></div><div id="article-73499.s4"><h2 id="_article-73499_s4_">Epidemiology</h2><p>Florid vascular proliferation usually involves middle-aged and older adults, but there have been some cases in infants with cytomegalovirus infection.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r5">[5]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r3">[3]</a> The most common site for occurrence is the colon, followed by the small intestine, appendix, and Meckel diverticulum.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r8">[8]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r9">[9]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r3">[3]</a></p></div><div id="article-73499.s5"><h2 id="_article-73499_s5_">Pathophysiology</h2><p>The possible mechanisms for florid vascular proliferation include, continued mechanical forces on the bowel wall as encountered in intussusception; or maintained stresses on a chronic ulcer, which in turn leads to bowel hypoperfusion and/or ischemia and ultimately reactive vascular proliferation.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r5">[5]</a></p></div><div id="article-73499.s6"><h2 id="_article-73499_s6_">Histopathology</h2><p>Histologically, florid vascular proliferation demonstrates granulation tissue-type florid proliferation of small vascular channels in a lobular arrangement. The vascular channels' lining is plump endothelial cells involving the entire thickness of the bowel wall, expanding from the submucosa to subserosal connective tissue. The endothelial cells have mild nuclear atypia with few to no mitosis. The overlying mucosa of the lesion demonstrates ulceration with ischemic-type changes and some features of mucosal prolapse with underlying fibrosis.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r3">[3]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r5">[5]</a> Focal areas of organizing thrombus-like changes may present. With immunohistochemical stains, the vasculature endothelial cells are positive for CD31 and CD34 and negative for HHV-8.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r9">[9]</a></p></div><div id="article-73499.s7"><h2 id="_article-73499_s7_">History and Physical</h2><p>The most common site of florid vascular proliferation is a colon, which explains most of the symptoms associated with this lesion. Patients usually present with abdominal pain, melena, diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding. In some cases, when the size of the lesion is large, patients may also present with a "mass" effect, demonstrating signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction or intussusception.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r5">[5]</a></p></div><div id="article-73499.s8"><h2 id="_article-73499_s8_">Evaluation</h2><p>Although different radiology diagnostic modalities such as barium enema, CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and colonoscopy, can be used to demonstrate a possible "mass" in the gastrointestinal tract, none of these techniques are specific.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r5">[5]</a>[<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r7">[7]</a> A definitive diagnosis of FVP can only be achieved by tissue biopsy with microscopic examination. And in most cases, complete resection of the lesion is needed for a correct diagnosis.</p></div><div id="article-73499.s9"><h2 id="_article-73499_s9_">Treatment / Management</h2><p>In symptomatic cases, complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Since florid vascular proliferation is a benign reactive lesion, there are no reports of reoccurrence reported in published English literature, and no additional treatment is required postoperatively.</p></div><div id="article-73499.s10"><h2 id="_article-73499_s10_">Differential Diagnosis</h2><p>The most crucial entity in the differential diagnosis is angiosarcoma. The gastrointestinal angiosarcoma is rare, and it usually involves the small intestine. Angiosarcoma is composed of atypical epithelioid tumor cells arranged in solid sheets with only subtle vasoformation. Brisk mitosis and necrosis are common presentations in angiosarcoma.  However, florid vascular proliferation usually demonstrates a more obvious capillary architecture in a lobular growth pattern. Mitosis is none or infrequent. The endothelial cells in FVP do not have significant cytologic atypia. Furthermore, the finding of mucosal prolapse-type changes, such as muscular fibroplasia, is very helpful for a diagnosis of FVP. The diagnosis of angiosarcoma of the GI tract is only possible after the exclusion of florid vascular proliferation and other benign vascular lesions.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r3">[3]</a></p><p>The second entity in the differential diagnosis is Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Kaposi sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), usually involving patients with immune deficiency.[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6454158/#ref1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">1</a>] Microscopically, the morphologic features that differentiate Kaposi sarcoma from florid vascular proliferation are compressed, slit-like vascular channels with extravasated erythrocytes, hemosiderin, and plasma cells. Mitoses are common, but nuclear pleomorphism is usually minimal in Kaposi sarcoma.  Positive HHV-8 immunostain can also help to differentiate Kaposi sarcoma from florid vascular proliferation. </p><p>Other benign vascular lesions, such as hemangiolymphangiomas (HLAs), vascular malformations, or angiogenic polypoid proliferation, should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. HLAs are commonly polypoid lesions, ranging from 0.5 cm to 3.5 cm. Microscopically, HLAs show proliferation of capillaries, veins, or lymphatics, involving the mucosa or submucosa only, and is not transmural. Vascular malformations are more common in women and grossly appear as “congestive streaks” that may range in size from 0.6 cm to 3 cm. Microscopically, they are composed of submucosal clusters of abnormal, variably sized vessels of different types, including arteries/arterioles, capillaries, veins/venules, and lymphatics. Mucosal ulceration or erosion is common in vascular malformation. Angiogenic polypoid proliferation of the small bowel typically occurs in the lamina propria and is not transmural; this was initially thought to be a paraneoplastic process of the mucosa surrounding small intestinal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. However, Abraham et al. noted in a comparison cohort study that the researchers identified angiogenic polypoid proliferation in a majority of non-carcinoid neoplasms.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r10">[10]</a> Thus, angiogenic polypoid proliferation is not specific to carcinoids. It can also occur in a variety of tumor types and seem to be rather an exaggerated form of mucosal prolapse.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r10">[10]</a></p><p>In summary, florid vascular proliferation is a benign pseudo-neoplastic vascular proliferation that may mimic other benign or malignant vascular lesions or neoplasms. Correct diagnosis of this entity is essential since this lesion is benign and does not appear to recur after complete surgical excision.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r8">[8]</a></p></div><div id="article-73499.s11"><h2 id="_article-73499_s11_">Prognosis</h2><p>Florid vascular proliferation usually is remarkable for an excellent prognosis after local surgical excision. In the most extensive series of five patients, no recurrences were seen with up to five-year follow-up postoperatively.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r7">[7]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r3">[3]</a></p></div><div id="article-73499.s12"><h2 id="_article-73499_s12_">Complications</h2><p>Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice. There are no reported complications in published English literature.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-73499.r3">[3]</a></p></div><div id="article-73499.s13"><h2 id="_article-73499_s13_">Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes </h2><p>Benign florid vascular proliferation is a rare entity with an excellent prognosis and no recurrence. The clinical presentation and symptoms are nonspecific. Radiological examination modalities such as barium enema, colonoscopy, and abdominal CT/MRI, are not very sensitive to make this diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis is only possible by tissue biopsy, and in most cases, the entire lesion excision with the microscopic examination is necessary, as the small biopsy material can be misleading. Microscopically, the lesion can mimic other benign or malignant vascular lesions. It is essential to render an accurate diagnosis for the subsequent treatment. Surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy and can monitor the patient as well as administer pain medication if needed.  A surgical nurse is a valuable asset before, during, and in the postoperative setting. The nurse should evaluate for concerning issues, assist with patient and family education, and coordinate follow-up care.  Oncology plays no role in the management of FVP since FVP is entirely a benign reactive process. An interprofessional approach will lead to better patient outcomes. [Level 5]</p></div><div id="article-73499.s14"><h2 id="_article-73499_s14_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="article-73499.s15"><h2 id="_article-73499_s15_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r1">Regula J, Wronska E, Pachlewski J. Vascular lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. <span><span class="ref-journal">Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>(2):313-28.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18346686" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18346686</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r2">De Petris G, Leung ST. Pseudoneoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Pathol Lab Med. </span>2010 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">134</span>(3):378-92.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20196666" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20196666</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r3">Bavikatty NR, Goldblum JR, Abdul-Karim FW, Nielsen SL, Greenson JK. Florid vascular proliferation of the colon related to intussusception and mucosal prolapse: potential diagnostic confusion with angiosarcoma. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mod Pathol. </span>2001 Nov;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>(11):1114-8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11706072" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11706072</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r4">Allison KH, Yoder BJ, Bronner MP, Goldblum JR, Rubin BP. Angiosarcoma involving the gastrointestinal tract: a series of primary and metastatic cases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Surg Pathol. </span>2004 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">28</span>(3):298-307.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15104292" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15104292</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r5">Ramsden KL, Newman J, Moran A. Florid vascular proliferation in repeated intussusception mimicking primary angiomatous lesion. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Pathol. </span>1993 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">46</span>(1):91-2.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC501125/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC501125</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8432900" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8432900</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r6">Adachi S, Hamano R, Shibata K, Yoshida S, Tateishi H, Kobayashi T, Hanada M. Colonic lipoma with florid vascular proliferation and nodule-aggregating appearance related to repeated intussusception. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pathol Int. </span>2005 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">55</span>(3):160-4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15743326" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15743326</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r7">Park H, Park S, Hong YJ, Lee SW, Cho MS. Cytomegalovirus-associated intussusception with florid vascular proliferation in an infant. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pathol Transl Med. </span>2015 May;<span class="ref-vol">49</span>(3):270-3.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4440941/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4440941</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26018521" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26018521</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r8">Agostini-Vulaj D, Whitney-Miller CL, Cellini C, Huber AR. Florid Vascular Proliferation of the Small Bowel and Colon, a Potential Masquerader of Malignancy: Report of Three Cases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Surg Pathol. </span>2019 Sep;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>(6):609-612.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30942096" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30942096</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r9">Gu MJ, Choi JH, Kim SH. Atypical florid vascular proliferation in appendix: a diagnostic dilemma. <span><span class="ref-journal">Diagn Pathol. </span>2013 Jan 24;<span class="ref-vol">8</span>:12.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3567979/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3567979</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23347775" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23347775</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-73499.r10">Abrahams NA, Vesoulis Z, Petras RE. Angiogenic polypoid proliferation adjacent to ileal carcinoid tumors: a nonspecific finding related to mucosal prolapse. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mod Pathol. </span>2001 Sep;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>(9):821-7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11557776" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11557776</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Sonia Oad declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Yurong Wheeler declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div>
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