511 lines
No EOL
96 KiB
HTML
511 lines
No EOL
96 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
|
|
|
|
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
|
<!-- AppResources meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="paf-app-resources" content="" />
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources meta end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- TemplateResources meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="paf_template" content="" />
|
|
|
|
<!-- TemplateResources meta end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK547407" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="pdqcis" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="record" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK547407/" /><meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<title>Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources external_resources begin -->
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/jig/1.15.2/css/jig.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/jig/1.15.2/js/jig.min.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources external_resources end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Page meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®)" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2019/10/02" /><meta name="citation_author" content="PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31593395" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547407/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="lung cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Lung cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Pediatric lung cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Pediatric tracheobronchial tumors" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Tracheobronchial tumors" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®)" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2019/10/02" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547407/" /><meta name="description" content="This evidence-based, expert-reviewed summary discusses the histology, prognosis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of pediatric tracheobronchial tumors." /><meta name="og:title" content="Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®)" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="This evidence-based, expert-reviewed summary discusses the histology, prognosis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of pediatric tracheobronchial tumors." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547407/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000799362/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547407/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
|
|
|
|
<!-- Page meta end -->
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico" /><meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8E80A27C8018010000000000F500C2.m_13" />
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3985586/3808861/4121862/3974050/3917732/251717/4216701/14534/45193/4113719/3849091/3984811/3751656/4033350/3840896/3577051/3852958/4008682/4207974/4206132/4062871/12930/3964959/3854974/36029/4128070/9685/3549676/3609192/3609193/3609213/3395586.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3411343/3882866.css" media="print" /></head>
|
|
<body class="book-part">
|
|
<div class="grid">
|
|
<div class="col twelve_col nomargin shadow">
|
|
<!-- System messages like service outage or JS required; this is handled by the TemplateResources portlet -->
|
|
<div class="sysmessages">
|
|
<noscript>
|
|
<p class="nojs">
|
|
<strong>Warning:</strong>
|
|
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
|
|
<a href="/guide/browsers/#enablejs" title="Learn how to enable JavaScript" target="_blank">more...</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</noscript>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.sysmessage-->
|
|
<div class="wrap">
|
|
<div class="page">
|
|
<div class="top">
|
|
<div id="universal_header">
|
|
<section class="usa-banner">
|
|
<div class="usa-accordion">
|
|
<header class="usa-banner-header">
|
|
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
|
|
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
|
|
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
|
|
<button class="non-usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-top" type="button">
|
|
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</header>
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner-top" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
|
|
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov" />
|
|
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>The .gov means it's official.</strong>
|
|
<br />
|
|
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
|
|
sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal
|
|
government site.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
|
|
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https" />
|
|
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
|
|
<br />
|
|
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
|
|
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
|
|
and transmitted securely.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
|
|
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
|
|
|
|
<div class="usa-grid">
|
|
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
|
|
<a href="/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
|
|
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
|
|
</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
|
|
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
|
|
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none" aria-controls="account_popup" type="button">
|
|
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="20px" height="20px">
|
|
<g style="fill: #fff">
|
|
<ellipse cx="12" cy="8" rx="5" ry="6"></ellipse>
|
|
<path d="M21.8,19.1c-0.9-1.8-2.6-3.3-4.8-4.2c-0.6-0.2-1.3-0.2-1.8,0.1c-1,0.6-2,0.9-3.2,0.9s-2.2-0.3-3.2-0.9 C8.3,14.8,7.6,14.7,7,15c-2.2,0.9-3.9,2.4-4.8,4.2C1.5,20.5,2.6,22,4.1,22h15.8C21.4,22,22.5,20.5,21.8,19.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
|
|
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
|
|
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu" type="button">
|
|
<span class="fa fa-times">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="24px" height="24px">
|
|
<path d="M38 12.83l-2.83-2.83-11.17 11.17-11.17-11.17-2.83 2.83 11.17 11.17-11.17 11.17 2.83 2.83 11.17-11.17 11.17 11.17 2.83-2.83-11.17-11.17z"></path>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
|
|
<h4>Account</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="account-user-info">
|
|
Logged in as:<br />
|
|
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="account-links">
|
|
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
|
|
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</header>
|
|
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<section data-section="Alerts">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="header">
|
|
<div class="res_logo"><h1 class="res_name"><a href="/books/" title="Bookshelf home">Bookshelf</a></h1><h2 class="res_tagline"></h2></div>
|
|
<div class="search"><form method="get" action="/books/"><div class="search_form"><label for="database" class="offscreen_noflow">Search database</label><select id="database"><optgroup label="Recent"><option value="books" selected="selected" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="refseq">RefSeq</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="clinvar" class="last">ClinVar</option></optgroup><optgroup label="All"><option value="gquery">All Databases</option><option value="assembly">Assembly</option><option value="biocollections">Biocollections</option><option value="bioproject">BioProject</option><option value="biosample">BioSample</option><option value="books" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="clinvar">ClinVar</option><option value="cdd">Conserved Domains</option><option value="gap">dbGaP</option><option value="dbvar">dbVar</option><option value="gene">Gene</option><option value="genome">Genome</option><option value="gds">GEO DataSets</option><option value="geoprofiles">GEO Profiles</option><option value="gtr">GTR</option><option value="ipg">Identical Protein Groups</option><option value="medgen">MedGen</option><option value="mesh">MeSH</option><option value="nlmcatalog">NLM Catalog</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="omim">OMIM</option><option value="pmc">PMC</option><option value="protein">Protein</option><option value="proteinclusters">Protein Clusters</option><option value="protfam">Protein Family Models</option><option value="pcassay">PubChem BioAssay</option><option value="pccompound">PubChem Compound</option><option value="pcsubstance">PubChem Substance</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="snp">SNP</option><option value="sra">SRA</option><option value="structure">Structure</option><option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option><option value="toolkit">ToolKit</option><option value="toolkitall">ToolKitAll</option><option value="toolkitbookgh">ToolKitBookgh</option></optgroup></select><div class="nowrap"><label for="term" class="offscreen_noflow" accesskey="/">Search term</label><div class="nowrap"><input type="text" name="term" id="term" title="Search Books. Use up and down arrows to choose an item from the autocomplete." value="" class="jig-ncbiclearbutton jig-ncbiautocomplete" data-jigconfig="dictionary:'bookshelf-search',disableUrl:'NcbiSearchBarAutoComplCtrl'" autocomplete="off" data-sbconfig="ds:'no',pjs:'no',afs:'no'" /></div><button id="search" type="submit" class="button_search nowrap" cmd="go">Search</button></div></div></form><ul class="searchlinks inline_list"><li>
|
|
<a href="/books/browse/">Browse Titles</a>
|
|
</li><li>
|
|
<a href="/books/advanced/">Advanced</a>
|
|
</li><li class="help">
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK3833/">Help</a>
|
|
</li><li class="disclaimer">
|
|
<a target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="link_click" data-ga-label="disclaimer_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/about/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
|
|
</li></ul></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!--<component id="Page" label="headcontent"/>-->
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<!-- site messages -->
|
|
<!-- Custom content 1 -->
|
|
<div class="col1">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="container">
|
|
<div id="maincontent" class="content eight_col col">
|
|
<!-- Custom content in the left column above book nav -->
|
|
<div class="col2">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content between navigation and content -->
|
|
<div class="col3">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="document">
|
|
<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK547407_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK547407_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
|
|
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547407_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Health Professional Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: January 6, 2025.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">October 2, 2019</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000799362__1556">This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of childhood tracheobronchial tumors. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.</p><p id="CDR0000799362__1557">This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__2302"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__2302_">Types of Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors</h2><p id="CDR0000799362__2303">Primary lung tumors are rare in children and histologically quite diverse.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2302_1">1</a>] A review of primary malignant epithelial lung tumors using the National Cancer Database found that the most common primary malignant pediatric lung neoplasms were carcinoid tumors (63%), followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung (18%).[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2302_2">2</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000799362__2393">Tracheobronchial tumors are a heterogeneous group of primary endobronchial lesions. Although adenoma implies a benign process, all varieties of tracheobronchial tumors occasionally display malignant behavior. Most primary lung tumors are malignant. In a review of 383 primary pulmonary neoplasms in children, 76% were malignant and 24% were benign.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2302_3">3</a>] </p><p id="CDR0000799362__2394">The following histological types have been identified (see <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK547407/figure/CDR0000799362__2022/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figCDR00007993622022" rid-ob="figobCDR00007993622022">Figure 1</a>):[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2302_4">4</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2302_10">10</a>]</p><ul id="CDR0000799362__1021"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Carcinoid tumors (neuroendocrine tumors of the bronchus)</b><b>.</b> Carcinoid tumors account for 80% to 85% of all tracheobronchial tumors in children.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2302_4">4</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2302_8">8</a>]; [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2302_11">11</a>][<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary_loe/def-item/glossary_loe_CDR0000810035/" class="def">Level of evidence C1</a>] They are the most common tracheobronchial tumor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Mucoepidermoid carcinomas.</b> Slow-growing vascular polypoid masses of the airway that are the second most common (10%) pediatric tracheobronchial tumor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors.</b> These low-grade tumors account for 1% of pediatric tracheobronchial tumors, are commonly located in the upper trachea, and rarely metastasize. Intrabronchial (pulmonary) inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors are incredibly rare compared with other sites of disease. For more information, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000806827/">Childhood Pulmonary Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors Treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<b>Rhabdomyosarcomas.</b>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Granular cell tumors.</b> Malignant transformation of these tumors has not been documented in pediatric patients.</div></li></ul><a id="CDR0000799362__2021"></a>
|
|
<div id="CDR0000799362__2022" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201&p=BOOKS&id=610906_CDR0000791369.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK547407/bin/CDR0000791369.jpg" alt="Drawing showing the most representative primary tracheobronchial tumors in children: myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor, carcinoid, rhabdomyoma, granular cell tumor, and mucoepidermoid K." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Figure 1. The most representative primary tracheobronchial tumors are described with their more frequent location. Reprinted from <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/seminars-in-pediatric-surgery" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Seminars in Pediatric Surgery</a>, Volume 25, Issue 3,
|
|
Patricio Varela, Luca Pio, Michele Torre, Primary tracheobronchial tumors in children, Pages 150–155, Copyright (2016), with permission from Elsevier.</p></div></div>
|
|
<div id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_1">Yu DC, Grabowski MJ, Kozakewich HP, et al.: Primary lung tumors in children and adolescents: a 90-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 45 (6): 1090-5, 2010. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20620301" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20620301</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_2">Rojas Y, Shi YX, Zhang W, et al.: Primary malignant pulmonary tumors in children: a review of the national cancer data base. J Pediatr Surg 50 (6): 1004-8, 2015. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25812444" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25812444</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_3">Hancock BJ, Di Lorenzo M, Youssef S, et al.: Childhood primary pulmonary neoplasms. J Pediatr Surg 28 (9): 1133-6, 1993. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8308677" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8308677</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_4">Vadasz P, Palffy G, Egervary M, et al.: Diagnosis and treatment of bronchial carcinoid tumors: clinical and pathological review of 120 operated patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 7 (1): 8-11, 1993. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8431307" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8431307</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_5">Kulke MH, Mayer RJ: Carcinoid tumors. N Engl J Med 340 (11): 858-68, 1999. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10080850" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10080850</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_6">Oliaro A, Filosso PL, Donati G, et al.: Atypical bronchial carcinoids. Review of 46 patients. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 41 (1): 131-5, 2000. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10836239" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10836239</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_7">Moraes TJ, Langer JC, Forte V, et al.: Pediatric pulmonary carcinoid: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Pulmonol 35 (4): 318-22, 2003. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12629632" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12629632</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_8">Al-Qahtani AR, Di Lorenzo M, Yazbeck S: Endobronchial tumors in children: Institutional experience and literature review. J Pediatr Surg 38 (5): 733-6, 2003. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12720182" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12720182</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_9">Roby BB, Drehner D, Sidman JD: Pediatric tracheal and endobronchial tumors: an institutional experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137 (9): 925-9, 2011. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21930983" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21930983</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_10">Varela P, Pio L, Torre M: Primary tracheobronchial tumors in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 25 (3): 150-5, 2016. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27301601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27301601</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2302_11">Potter SL, HaDuong J, Okcu F, et al.: Pediatric Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 41 (1): 67-70, 2019. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6085147/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6085147</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29432305" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29432305</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000799362__1024"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__1024_">Clinical Presentation</h2><p id="CDR0000799362__2395">When epithelial cancers of the lung occur, they tend to be of advanced stage. Prognosis is dependent on both histology and stage.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1024_1">1</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000799362__1025">The presenting symptoms of tracheobronchial tumors are usually caused by an incomplete tracheobronchial obstruction and include the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000799362__1493"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cough.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent pneumonitis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hemoptysis.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000799362__1494">Because of difficulties in diagnosis, symptoms are frequently present for months. Occasionally, children with wheezing are treated for asthma, and diagnosis can be delayed for as long as 4 to 5 years.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1024_2">2</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000799362__1026">Metastatic lesions are reported in approximately 6% of patients with carcinoid tumors, and recurrences are reported in 2% of cases. Atypical carcinoid tumors are rare but more aggressive, and 50% of these patients present with metastatic disease at diagnosis.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1024_1">1</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1024_3">3</a>] One study reported a single child with a carcinoid tumor and metastatic disease who developed the classic carcinoid syndrome.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1024_4">4</a>] Octreotide nuclear scans may demonstrate uptake of
|
|
radioactivity by the tumor or lymph nodes, suggesting metastatic spread.</p><div id="CDR0000799362_rl_1024"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1024_1">Lal DR, Clark I, Shalkow J, et al.: Primary epithelial lung malignancies in the pediatric population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 45 (5): 683-6, 2005. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15714450" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15714450</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1024_2">Abuzetun JY, Hazin R, Suker M, et al.: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with bony metastasis in a 13-year-old boy: case report and review of literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 30 (8): 635-7, 2008. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18799946" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18799946</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1024_3">Rizzardi G, Marulli G, Calabrese F, et al.: Bronchial carcinoid tumours in children: surgical treatment and outcome in a single institution. Eur J Pediatr Surg 19 (4): 228-31, 2009. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19513967" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19513967</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1024_4">Lack EE, Harris GB, Eraklis AJ, et al.: Primary bronchial tumors in childhood. A clinicopathologic study of six cases. Cancer 51 (3): 492-7, 1983. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6295603" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6295603</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000799362__2396"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__2396_">Diagnostic Evaluation</h2><p id="CDR0000799362__1028">The management of tracheobronchial tumors is somewhat controversial because tracheobronchial tumors are usually visible endoscopically. </p><p id="CDR0000799362__2397">Biopsy of these lesions may be hazardous because of the risk of hemorrhage. New endoscopic techniques have allowed biopsy to be performed more safely.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2396_1">1</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2396_2">2</a>] However, endoscopic resection is not recommended except in highly selected cases.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2396_2">2</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2396_4">4</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000799362__2398">Bronchography or computed tomography may be helpful to determine the degree of bronchiectasis distal to the obstruction since the degree of pulmonary destruction may influence surgical therapy.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_2396_5">5</a>] </p><div id="CDR0000799362_rl_2396"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2396_1">Roby BB, Drehner D, Sidman JD: Pediatric tracheal and endobronchial tumors: an institutional experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137 (9): 925-9, 2011. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21930983" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21930983</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2396_2">Malkan AD, Sandoval JA: Controversial tumors in pediatric surgical oncology. Curr Probl Surg 51 (12): 478-520, 2014. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25524425" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25524425</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2396_3">Luckraz H, Amer K, Thomas L, et al.: Long-term outcome of bronchoscopically resected endobronchial typical carcinoid tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132 (1): 113-5, 2006. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16798310" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16798310</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2396_4">Varela P, Pio L, Torre M: Primary tracheobronchial tumors in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 25 (3): 150-5, 2016. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27301601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27301601</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_2396_5">Ahel V, Zubovic I, Rozmanic V: Bronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma with saccular bronchiectasis as a cause of recurrent pneumonia in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 12 (4): 260-2, 1992. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1319566" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1319566</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000799362__1022"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__1022_">Prognosis</h2><p id="CDR0000799362__1023">With the exception of rhabdomyosarcomas, tracheobronchial tumors of all histological types are associated with an excellent prognosis after surgical resection in children, even in the presence of local invasion.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1022_1">1</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1022_2">2</a>]; [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1022_3">3</a>][<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary_loe/def-item/glossary_loe_CDR0000810033/" class="def">Level of evidence B4</a>]</p><div id="CDR0000799362_rl_1022"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1022_1">Soga J, Yakuwa Y: Bronchopulmonary carcinoids: An analysis of 1,875 reported cases with special reference to a comparison between typical carcinoids and atypical varieties. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 5 (4): 211-9, 1999. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10508944" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10508944</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1022_2">Fauroux B, Aynie V, Larroquet M, et al.: Carcinoid and mucoepidermoid bronchial tumours in children. Eur J Pediatr 164 (12): 748-52, 2005. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16133240" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16133240</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1022_3">Redlich A, Wechsung K, Boxberger N, et al.: Extra-appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms in children - data from the GPOH-MET 97 Study. Klin Padiatr 225 (6): 315-9, 2013. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24158887" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24158887</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000799362__1027"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__1027_">Treatment of Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors</h2><p id="CDR0000799362__1029">The treatment of choice is conservative pulmonary resection, including sleeve segmental resection (when feasible), with the removal of the involved lymphatics.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_1">1</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_2">2</a>]; [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_3">3</a>][<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary_loe/def-item/glossary_loe_CDR0000810033/" class="def">Level of evidence B4</a>] </p><p id="CDR0000799362__2399">Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are not indicated for tracheobronchial tumors, unless evidence of metastasis is documented or the tumor is a rhabdomyosarcoma.</p><p id="CDR0000799362__2019">Treatment options for tracheobronchial tumors, according to histological type, are as follows:</p><div id="CDR0000799362__2400"><h3>Carcinoid Tumors (Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Bronchus)</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__2401">The treatment of choice is surgical resection with lymph node sampling. The overall survival rate is higher than 90% for these patients.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_4">4</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_6">6</a>] One study reported no deaths among patients who did not have lymph node involvement, and the 10-year survival rate was 89% for patients with one or more involved lymph nodes.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_6">6</a>]</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__2402"><h3>Mucoepidermoid Carcinomas</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__2403">The recommended treatment is open surgical resection and lymph node sampling. Endoscopic resection is not recommended.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_7">7</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_8">8</a>]</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__2404"><h3>Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__2405">The treatment of choice is surgery. However, if the tumor has an <i>ALK</i> variant, treatment with crizotinib may be effective.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_8">8</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_11">11</a>]</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__2406"><h3>Rhabdomyosarcomas</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__2407">Surgery is not indicated. These tumors are very responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, even with lymph node metastasis.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_8">8</a>] For more information, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062792/">Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__2408"><h3>Granular Cell Tumors</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__2409">Surgical resection is based on morbidity risk.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_8">8</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_12">12</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1027_13">13</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000799362__1529">For information about other neuroendocrine carcinoid tumors, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000799718/">Pediatric Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_1">Gaissert HA, Mathisen DJ, Grillo HC, et al.: Tracheobronchial sleeve resection in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg 29 (2): 192-7; discussion 197-8, 1994. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8176590" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8176590</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_2">Jalal A, Jeyasingham K: Bronchoplasty for malignant and benign conditions: a retrospective study of 44 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17 (4): 370-6, 2000. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10773557" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10773557</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_3">Redlich A, Wechsung K, Boxberger N, et al.: Extra-appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms in children - data from the GPOH-MET 97 Study. Klin Padiatr 225 (6): 315-9, 2013. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24158887" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24158887</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_4">Travis WD, Rush W, Flieder DB, et al.: Survival analysis of 200 pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors with clarification of criteria for atypical carcinoid and its separation from typical carcinoid. Am J Surg Pathol 22 (8): 934-44, 1998. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9706973" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9706973</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_5">McMullan DM, Wood DE: Pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 15 (3): 289-300, 2003. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12973707" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12973707</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_6">Raikot SR, Day CN, Boesch RP, et al.: Factors Associated With Long-term Survival in Children With Bronchial and Lung Carcinoid Tumors. J Pediatr Surg 59 (8): 1626-1630, 2024. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38490884" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 38490884</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_7">Qian X, Sun Z, Pan W, et al.: Childhood bronchial mucoepidermoid tumors: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 6 (5): 1409-1412, 2013. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3813739/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3813739</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24179533" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24179533</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_8">Varela P, Pio L, Torre M: Primary tracheobronchial tumors in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 25 (3): 150-5, 2016. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27301601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27301601</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_9">Jindal A, Bal A, Agarwal R: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the trachea in the pediatric age group: case report and systematic review of the literature. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 22 (1): 58-65, 2015. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25590486" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25590486</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_10">Butrynski JE, D'Adamo DR, Hornick JL, et al.: Crizotinib in ALK-rearranged inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. N Engl J Med 363 (18): 1727-33, 2010. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3014292/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3014292</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20979472" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20979472</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_11">Chavez C, Hoffman MA: Complete remission of ALK-negative plasma cell granuloma (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor) of the lung induced by celecoxib: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 5 (5): 1672-1676, 2013. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3678867/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3678867</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23761833" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23761833</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_12">Finck C, Moront M, Newton C, et al.: Pediatric granular cell tumor of the tracheobronchial tree. J Pediatr Surg 43 (3): 568-70, 2008. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18358305" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18358305</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1027_13">Pernas FG, Younis RT, Lehman DA, et al.: Management of pediatric airway granular cell tumor: role of laryngotracheal reconstruction. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 70 (6): 957-63, 2006. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16466812" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16466812</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000799362__1902"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__1902_">Treatment Options Under Clinical Evaluation for Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors</h2><p id="CDR0000799362__1903">Information about National Cancer Institute (NCI)–supported clinical trials can be found on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>. For information about clinical trials sponsored by other organizations, see the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__1864"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__1864_">Special Considerations for the Treatment of Children With Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_3">Cancer in children and adolescents is rare, although the overall incidence has slowly increased since 1975.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_1">1</a>] Children and adolescents with cancer should be referred to medical centers that have a multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists with experience treating the cancers that occur during childhood and adolescence. This multidisciplinary team approach incorporates the skills
|
|
of the following pediatric specialists and others to ensure that children receive treatment, supportive care, and rehabilitation
|
|
to achieve optimal survival and quality of life:</p><ul id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_4"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary care physicians.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatric surgeons.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pathologists.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatric radiation
|
|
oncologists.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatric medical oncologists and hematologists.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ophthalmologists.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Rehabilitation
|
|
specialists.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatric oncology nurses.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Social workers.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Child-life professionals.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychologists.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nutritionists.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_5">For specific information about supportive care for children and adolescents with cancer, see the summaries on <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/information-summaries/supportive-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Supportive and Palliative Care</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_6">The American Academy of Pediatrics has outlined guidelines for
|
|
pediatric cancer centers and their role in the treatment of children and adolescents
|
|
with cancer.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_2">2</a>] At
|
|
these centers, clinical trials are available for most types of cancer that occur in children and adolescents, and the opportunity
|
|
to participate is offered to most patients and their families. Clinical
|
|
trials for children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer are generally
|
|
designed to compare potentially better therapy with current standard therapy. Other types of clinical trials test novel therapies when there is no standard therapy for a cancer diagnosis. Most of the progress in identifying curative
|
|
therapies for childhood cancers has been achieved through clinical trials.
|
|
Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_7">Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Between 1975 and 2020, childhood cancer mortality decreased by more than 50%.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_3">3</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_5">5</a>] Childhood and adolescent cancer survivors require close monitoring because side effects of cancer therapy may persist or develop months or years after treatment. For information about the incidence, type, and monitoring of late effects in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000343584/">Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_8">Childhood cancer is a rare disease, with about 15,000 cases diagnosed annually in the United States in individuals younger than 20 years.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_6">6</a>] The U.S. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/107/plaws/publ280/PLAW-107publ280.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Rare Diseases Act of 2002</a> defines a rare disease as one that affects populations smaller than 200,000 people in the United States. Therefore, all pediatric cancers are considered rare.</p><p id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_9">The designation of a rare tumor is not uniform among pediatric and adult groups. In adults, rare cancers are defined as those with an annual incidence of fewer than six cases per 100,000 people. They account for up to 24% of all cancers diagnosed in the European Union and about 20% of all cancers diagnosed in the United States.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_7">7</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_8">8</a>] In children and adolescents, the designation of a rare tumor is not uniform among international groups, as follows:</p><ul id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_10"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">A consensus effort between the European Union Joint Action on Rare Cancers and the European Cooperative Study Group for Rare Pediatric Cancers estimated that 11% of all cancers in patients younger than 20 years could be categorized as very rare. This consensus group defined very rare cancers as those with annual incidences of fewer than two cases per 1 million people. However, three additional histologies (thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, and testicular cancer) with incidences of more than two cases per 1 million people were also included in the very rare group due to a lack of knowledge and expertise in the management of these tumors.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_9">9</a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">The Children's Oncology Group defines rare pediatric cancers as those listed in the International Classification of Childhood Cancer subgroup XI, which includes thyroid cancers, melanomas and nonmelanoma skin cancers, and multiple types of carcinomas (e.g., adrenocortical carcinomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and most adult-type carcinomas such as breast cancers and colorectal cancers).[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_10">10</a>] These diagnoses account for about 5% of the cancers diagnosed in children aged 0 to 14 years and about 27% of the cancers diagnosed in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000799362_rl_1864_4">4</a>]</div><div class="half_rhythm"> Most cancers in subgroup XI are either melanomas or thyroid cancers, with other cancer types accounting for only 2% of the cancers diagnosed in children aged 0 to 14 years and 9.3% of the cancers diagnosed in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000799362__1864_md_12">These rare cancers are extremely challenging to study because of the relatively few patients with any individual diagnosis, the predominance of rare cancers in the adolescent population, and the small number of clinical trials for adolescents with rare cancers.</p><div id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_1">Smith MA, Seibel NL, Altekruse SF, et al.: Outcomes for children and adolescents with cancer: challenges for the twenty-first century. J Clin Oncol 28 (15): 2625-34, 2010. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2881732/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2881732</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20404250" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20404250</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_2">American Academy of Pediatrics: Standards for pediatric cancer centers. Pediatrics 134 (2): 410-4, 2014. <a href="https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/2/410" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Also available online</a>. Last accessed August 23, 2024.</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_3">Smith MA, Altekruse SF, Adamson PC, et al.: Declining childhood and adolescent cancer mortality. Cancer 120 (16): 2497-506, 2014. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4136455/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4136455</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24853691" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24853691</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_4">National Cancer Institute: NCCR*Explorer: An interactive website for NCCR cancer statistics. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. <a href="https://NCCRExplorer.ccdi.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Available online</a>. Last accessed August 23, 2024.</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_5">Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute: SEER*Explorer: An interactive website for SEER cancer statistics. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. <a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Available online</a>. Last accessed December 30, 2024.</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_6">Ward E, DeSantis C, Robbins A, et al.: Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 64 (2): 83-103, 2014 Mar-Apr. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24488779" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24488779</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_7">Gatta G, Capocaccia R, Botta L, et al.: Burden and centralised treatment in Europe of rare tumours: results of RARECAREnet-a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 18 (8): 1022-1039, 2017. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28687376" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28687376</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_8">DeSantis CE, Kramer JL, Jemal A: The burden of rare cancers in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin 67 (4): 261-272, 2017. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28542893" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28542893</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_9">Ferrari A, Brecht IB, Gatta G, et al.: Defining and listing very rare cancers of paediatric age: consensus of the Joint Action on Rare Cancers in cooperation with the European Cooperative Study Group for Pediatric Rare Tumors. Eur J Cancer 110: 120-126, 2019. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30785015" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30785015</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000799362_rl_1864_10">Pappo AS, Krailo M, Chen Z, et al.: Infrequent tumor initiative of the Children's Oncology Group: initial lessons learned and their impact on future plans. J Clin Oncol 28 (33): 5011-6, 2010. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3020699/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3020699</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20956621" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20956621</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000799362__2299"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__2299_">Latest Updates to This Summary (01/06/2025)</h2><p id="CDR0000799362__2300">The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as
|
|
new information becomes available. This section describes the latest
|
|
changes made to this summary as of the date above.</p><p id="CDR0000799362__2464">Editorial changes were made to this summary.</p><p id="CDR0000799362__disclaimerHP_3">This summary is written and maintained by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/pediatric-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board</a>, which is
|
|
editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of
|
|
the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More
|
|
information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in
|
|
maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the <a href="#CDR0000799362__AboutThis_1">About This PDQ Summary</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ® Cancer Information for Health Professionals</a> pages.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000799362__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_2"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_3">This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of childhood tracheobronchial tumors. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_4"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_5">This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/pediatric-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board</a>, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).</p><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_22"> Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:</p><ul id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>be discussed at a meeting,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>be cited with text, or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>replace or update an existing article that is already cited.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_7">Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.</p><p>The lead reviewers for Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Denise Adams, MD (Children's Hospital Boston)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Karen J. Marcus, MD, FACR (Dana-Farber of Boston Children's Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Harvard Medical School)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>William H. Meyer, MD</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paul A. Meyers, MD (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thomas A. Olson, MD (Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta - Egleston Campus)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arthur Kim Ritchey, MD (Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, MD (St. Jude Children's Research Hospital)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stephen J. Shochat, MD (St. Jude Children's Research Hospital)</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_9">Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the NCI website's <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Email Us</a>. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_10"><h3>Levels of Evidence</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_11">Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062796/">formal evidence ranking system</a> in developing its level-of-evidence designations.</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_12"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_13">PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary].”</p><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_14">The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_15">PDQ® Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/child-tracheobronchial-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/child-tracheobronchial-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 31593395]</p><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_18">Based on the strength of the available evidence, treatment options may be described as either “standard” or “under clinical evaluation.” These classifications should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_20"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000799362__AboutThis_21">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Email Us</a>.</p></div></div><div style="display:none"><div style="display:none" id="figCDR00007993622022"><img alt="Image CDR0000791369" src-large="/books/NBK547407/bin/CDR0000791369.jpg" /></div></div></div></div>
|
|
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK547407</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31593395" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">31593395</a></span></div></div></div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content below content -->
|
|
<div class="col4">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom contetnt below bottom nav -->
|
|
<div class="col5">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="rightcolumn" class="four_col col last">
|
|
<!-- Custom content above discovery portlets -->
|
|
<div class="col6">
|
|
<div id="ncbi_share_book"><a href="#" class="ncbi_share" data-ncbi_share_config="popup:false,shorten:true" ref="id=NBK547407&db=books">Share</a></div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK547407/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK547407/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK547407" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK547407" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. 2025 Jan 6. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK547407.14</span> January 6, 2025 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.13/">NBK547407.13</a></span> November 29, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.12/">NBK547407.12</a></span> August 13, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.11/">NBK547407.11</a></span> April 26, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.10/">NBK547407.10</a></span> January 3, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.9/">NBK547407.9</a></span> April 10, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.8/">NBK547407.8</a></span> December 9, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.7/">NBK547407.7</a></span> November 3, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.6/">NBK547407.6</a></span> June 8, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.5/">NBK547407.5</a></span> March 3, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.4/">NBK547407.4</a></span> December 16, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.3/">NBK547407.3</a></span> October 7, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.2/">NBK547407.2</a></span> April 17, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK547407.1/">NBK547407.1</a></span> October 2, 2019</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__2302" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Types of Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__1024" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Clinical Presentation</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__2396" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Diagnostic Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__1022" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Prognosis</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__1027" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__1902" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options Under Clinical Evaluation for Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__1864" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Special Considerations for the Treatment of Children With Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__2299" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Latest Updates to This Summary (01/06/2025)</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000799362__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK547397/">Patient Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=4847992" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=4847992" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31593384" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Cardiac Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Cardiac Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31593386" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Breast Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Breast Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/29337477" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Laryngeal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Laryngeal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/35412727" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Pulmonary Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Pulmonary Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/29337478" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Salivary Gland Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Salivary Gland Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=31593395" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=31593395" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80d3efeee5b00ac3590a0">Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summ...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80d3d6d1ec11b6f94f052">Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80d3bb70fbb19603aa475">Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summarie...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80d3afeee5b00ac356ac0">Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80d39feee5b00ac356372">Spirituality in Cancer Care (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Spirituality in Cancer Care (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content below discovery portlets -->
|
|
<div class="col7">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content after all -->
|
|
<div class="col8">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col9">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.scrollTo-1.4.2.js"></script>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
(function($){
|
|
$('.skiplink').each(function(i, item){
|
|
var href = $($(item).attr('href'));
|
|
href.attr('tabindex', '-1').addClass('skiptarget'); // ensure the target can receive focus
|
|
$(item).on('click', function(event){
|
|
event.preventDefault();
|
|
$.scrollTo(href, 0, {
|
|
onAfter: function(){
|
|
href.focus();
|
|
}
|
|
});
|
|
});
|
|
});
|
|
})(jQuery);
|
|
</script>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="bottom">
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
var PBooksSearchTermData = {
|
|
highlighter: "bold",
|
|
dateTime: "03/05/2025 03:12:13",
|
|
terms: [
|
|
'2010'
|
|
]
|
|
};
|
|
</script>
|
|
<div id="NCBIFooter_dynamic">
|
|
<!--<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="breadcrumbs"/>
|
|
<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="helpdesk"/>-->
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="footer" id="footer">
|
|
<section class="icon-section">
|
|
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
|
|
<div class="grid-container container">
|
|
<div class="icon-section_container">
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<defs>
|
|
<style>
|
|
.cls-11 {
|
|
fill: #737373;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
</defs>
|
|
<title>Twitter</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M250.11,105.48c-7,3.14-13,3.25-19.27.14,8.12-4.86,8.49-8.27,11.43-17.46a78.8,78.8,0,0,1-25,9.55,39.35,39.35,0,0,0-67,35.85,111.6,111.6,0,0,1-81-41.08A39.37,39.37,0,0,0,81.47,145a39.08,39.08,0,0,1-17.8-4.92c0,.17,0,.33,0,.5a39.32,39.32,0,0,0,31.53,38.54,39.26,39.26,0,0,1-17.75.68,39.37,39.37,0,0,0,36.72,27.3A79.07,79.07,0,0,1,56,223.34,111.31,111.31,0,0,0,116.22,241c72.3,0,111.83-59.9,111.83-111.84,0-1.71,0-3.4-.1-5.09C235.62,118.54,244.84,113.37,250.11,105.48Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<title>Facebook</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<title>LinkedIn</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<defs>
|
|
<style>
|
|
.cls-11,
|
|
.cls-12 {
|
|
fill: #737373;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.cls-11 {
|
|
fill-rule: evenodd;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
</defs>
|
|
<title>GitHub</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 40 40">
|
|
<defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs>
|
|
<title>NCBI Insights Blog</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"></path>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
|
|
<div class="container pt-5">
|
|
<div class="row mt-3">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
|
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
|
|
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st20 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st30 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<title>Twitter</title>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st20" d="M192.9,88.1c-5,2.2-9.2,2.3-13.6,0.1c5.7-3.4,6-5.8,8.1-12.3c-5.4,3.2-11.4,5.5-17.6,6.7 c-10.5-11.2-28.1-11.7-39.2-1.2c-7.2,6.8-10.2,16.9-8,26.5c-22.3-1.1-43.1-11.7-57.2-29C58,91.6,61.8,107.9,74,116 c-4.4-0.1-8.7-1.3-12.6-3.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,13.2,9.3,24.6,22.3,27.2c-4.1,1.1-8.4,1.3-12.5,0.5c3.6,11.3,14,19,25.9,19.3 c-11.6,9.1-26.4,13.2-41.1,11.5c12.7,8.1,27.4,12.5,42.5,12.5c51,0,78.9-42.2,78.9-78.9c0-1.2,0-2.4-0.1-3.6 C182.7,97.4,189.2,93.7,192.9,88.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<circle class="st30" cx="124.4" cy="128.8" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg></a></li>
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st10 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st110 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<title>Facebook</title>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</a></li>
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<title>Youtube</title>
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st4 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st5 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
|
|
<path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg></a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
|
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
|
|
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<nav class="bottom-links">
|
|
<ul class="mt-3">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentOmnitureBaseJS/InstrumentNCBIConfigJS/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js?v=1"> </script>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/static/js/hfjs2.js"> </script>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.page-->
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.wrap-->
|
|
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- /.grid -->
|
|
|
|
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- BESelector tab -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK547407&ncbi_domain=pdqcis&ncbi_report=record&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK547407/&ncbi_pagename=Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf&ncbi_bookparttype=chapter&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
|
|
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal107 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/4062932/4209313/4212053/4076480/3921943/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html> |