130 lines
No EOL
38 KiB
XML
130 lines
No EOL
38 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
|
||
|
||
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
||
<!-- AppResources meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="paf-app-resources" content="" />
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources meta end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- TemplateResources meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="paf_template" content="" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- TemplateResources meta end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
||
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK538425" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="statpearls" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="printable" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK538425/?report=printable" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
|
||
<!-- Logger end -->
|
||
|
||
<title>Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Anterior Thigh Muscles - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources external_resources begin -->
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/jig/1.15.2/css/jig.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/jig/1.15.2/js/jig.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources external_resources end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Page meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="StatPearls [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Anterior Thigh Muscles" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2023/03/17" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Ayesha Khan" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Abdul Arain" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="30860696" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538425/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Anterior Thigh Muscles" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ayesha Khan" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Abdul Arain" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2023/03/17" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538425/" /><meta name="description" content="The thigh muscles subdivide into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments (see Figure. Anterior View of the Thigh). The function of the anterior compartment muscles is to extend the lower limb at the knee joint. The innervation of the anterior compartment of the thigh is from the femoral nerve, which originates from spinal roots L2-L4, and blood supply is from the femoral artery and its first branches (see Figure. Nerve Roots L2-L4 Join to Form the Femoral Nerve). This anatomical region is crucial to human locomotion and dynamic movements, given the critical attachments of the quadriceps group to the patella and the resulting force exerted on knee extension." /><meta name="og:title" content="Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Anterior Thigh Muscles" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="The thigh muscles subdivide into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments (see Figure. Anterior View of the Thigh). The function of the anterior compartment muscles is to extend the lower limb at the knee joint. The innervation of the anterior compartment of the thigh is from the femoral nerve, which originates from spinal roots L2-L4, and blood supply is from the femoral artery and its first branches (see Figure. Nerve Roots L2-L4 Join to Form the Femoral Nerve). This anatomical region is crucial to human locomotion and dynamic movements, given the critical attachments of the quadriceps group to the patella and the resulting force exerted on knee extension." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538425/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-statpearls-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/statpearls/article-32250/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538425/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Page meta end -->
|
||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico" /><meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8B7EF37D8661110000000000070007.m_5" />
|
||
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3985586/3808861/4121862/3974050/3917732/251717/4216701/14534/45193/4113719/3849091/3984811/3751656/4033350/3840896/3577051/3852958/3984801/12930/3964959.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3411343/3882866.css" media="print" /></head>
|
||
<body class="book-part">
|
||
<div class="grid no_max_width">
|
||
<div class="col twelve_col nomargin shadow">
|
||
<!-- System messages like service outage or JS required; this is handled by the TemplateResources portlet -->
|
||
<div class="sysmessages">
|
||
<noscript>
|
||
<p class="nojs">
|
||
<strong>Warning:</strong>
|
||
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
|
||
<a href="/guide/browsers/#enablejs" title="Learn how to enable JavaScript" target="_blank">more...</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</noscript>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.sysmessage-->
|
||
<div class="wrap">
|
||
<div class="page">
|
||
<div class="top">
|
||
|
||
<div class="header">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!--<component id="Page" label="headcontent"/>-->
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<!-- site messages -->
|
||
<div class="container content">
|
||
<div class="document">
|
||
<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. </p></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK538425_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Anterior Thigh Muscles</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Ayesha Khan</span>; <span itemprop="author">Abdul Arain</span><sup>1</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Albany Medical Center</div><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 17, 2023</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="article-32250.s1"><h2 id="_article-32250_s1_">Introduction</h2><p>The thigh muscles subdivide into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments (see<b> Figure</b><b>.</b> Anterior View of the Thigh). The function of the anterior compartment muscles is to extend the lower limb at the knee joint. The innervation of the anterior compartment of the thigh is from the femoral nerve, which originates from spinal roots L2-L4, and blood supply is from the femoral artery and its first branches (see <b>Figure.</b> Nerve Roots L2-L4 Join to Form the Femoral Nerve). This anatomical region is crucial to human locomotion and dynamic movements, given the critical attachments of the quadriceps group to the patella and the resulting force exerted on knee extension.</p></div><div id="article-32250.s2"><h2 id="_article-32250_s2_">Structure and Function</h2><p>The function of the anterior compartment of the thigh is to extend the leg at the knee joint. Three major muscles (better described as two muscles and one muscle group) comprise the anterior compartment of the thigh — the pectineus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris. Additionally, the end of the iliopsoas muscle passes through the anterior compartment. </p><p>
|
||
<b>Quadriceps Femoris</b>
|
||
</p><p>The quadriceps femoris is a group of four muscles: vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.<b><b> </b></b>This group is the primary extensor of the knee. </p><p>The quadriceps femoris connects to the patella via the quadriceps tendon, which then extends to insert at the tuberosity of the tibia.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r1">[1]</a> It receives innervation by the femoral nerve. The vastus muscles are responsible for knee extension and stabilization of the patella. The rectus femoris is responsible for thigh flexion at the hip and knee extension.</p><p>The vastus lateralis is the largest of the four muscles. It originates from the greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera and inserts at the lateral base and border of the patella, forming the lateral patellar retinaculum and the lateral side of the quadriceps femoris tendon.</p><p>The vastus medialis originates at the inferior portion of the intertrochanteric line and medial lip of the linea aspera. It inserts at the medial base and border of the patella, forming the medial patellar retinaculum and the medial side of the quadriceps femoris tendon.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r2">[2]</a></p><p>The vastus intermedius originates at the anterior and lateral surfaces of the femoral shaft. It inserts at the lateral border of the patella, forming the deep portion of the quadriceps tendon.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r2">[2]</a></p><p>The rectus femoris is comprised of two proximal heads: the straight head, originating at the anterior inferior iliac spine (ASIS) of the ilium, and the reflected head, originating from a groove superior to the acetabulum. The two heads converge to join as the anterior part of the quadriceps femoris tendon.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r3">[3]</a></p><p>
|
||
<b>Sartorius</b>
|
||
</p><p>The sartorius muscle is responsible for flexion of the knee and flexion and lateral rotation of the hip joint and is the longest muscle in the body. It is positioned more superficially in the leg than the other muscles in the anterior thigh; the long parallel fibers run anteriorly from lateral to medial over the quadriceps. The sartorius originates from the ASIS and inserts at the superior, medial surface of the tibia, and it is innervated by the femoral nerve.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r4">[4]</a></p><p>
|
||
<b>Pectineus</b>
|
||
</p><p>The pectineus muscle is responsible for flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of the hip. The pectineus forms the base of the femoral triangle and is flat and quadrangular in shape (see <b>Image.</b> Femoral Triangle). The pectineus is considered a transitional muscle between the anterior and medial thigh; this is due to innervation mainly from the femoral nerve and sometimes from the obturator nerve. The pectineus muscle originates at the pectineal line of the pubis and inserts at the posterior aspect of the femur, immediately inferior to the lesser trochanter.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r5">[5]</a></p><p>
|
||
<b>Iliopsoas</b> </p><p>The iliopsoas muscle does not cross the knee joint and is responsible for flexion of the thigh and lateral rotation of the hip. The iliopsoas consists of two muscles: the psoas major and the iliacus. The psoas major originates in the lumbar vertebrae, and the iliacus originates from the iliac fossa of the pelvis. Both muscles insert onto the lesser trochanter of the femur. The psoas major is innervated by the short collateral branches of the lumbar plexus (L1-L3), while the femoral nerve (L1-L4) innervates the iliacus muscle. See <b>Image.</b> Femoral Muscles.</p><p>
|
||
<b>Adductor Canal</b>
|
||
</p><p>The adductor canal is an important anatomical space of the anterior thigh region because it is a neurovascular conduit carrying the femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve, and the nerve to vastus medialis.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r6">[6]</a> It is roofed by a fascial layer on which the sartorius lies, and the medial and lateral walls are defined by the adductor muscles and the vastus medialis, respectively.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r7">[7]</a> Its floor is also muscular, with the adductor longus occupying the upper part of the floor and the adductor magnus occupying the floor below it.</p></div><div id="article-32250.s3"><h2 id="_article-32250_s3_">Embryology</h2><p>At five weeks of development, the lower limb bud begins to appear. It grows laterally from the L2 through S2 segments. The embryological development of the apical ectoderm ridge gives rise to the cell precursors necessary for anterior thigh muscle development.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r8">[8]</a> The cell precursors known as mesenchyme differentiate away from the apical ectoderm ridge and give rise to the muscles that make up the limb bud and, eventually, the anterior thigh muscles. Once there is a 90-degree rotation of the lower limb medially along the longitudinal axis, the knee moves to an anterior position.</p></div><div id="article-32250.s4"><h2 id="_article-32250_s4_">Blood Supply and Lymphatics</h2><p>The femoral artery supplies blood to the anterior compartment of the thigh. The artery enters the thigh by passing under the inguinal ligament at the mid-inguinal point, the halfway point between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic symphysis. The largest branch of the femoral artery is the deep femoral artery. It branches further into the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, with significant inter-individual variability of their origins. It runs around the head of the femur to supply the surrounding musculature.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r9">[9]</a> See <b>Image.</b> Branches of the Femoral Artery.</p><p>The external iliac lymphatic plexus is the lymphatic system that drains the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, which merges into the common iliac plexus, further draining into the cisterna chyli and then the thoracic duct.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r10">[10]</a></p></div><div id="article-32250.s5"><h2 id="_article-32250_s5_">Nerves</h2><p>The femoral nerve innervates the sartorius, pectineus, quadriceps femoris, and iliacus muscle of the iliopsoas. It receives nerve supply from the nerve roots L2-L4, innervating both the hip flexor and quadriceps muscle groups. The femoral nerve is also responsible for anterior thigh and medial leg sensation. The motor division of the femoral nerve is further divided into anterior and posterior divisions.</p><p>The anterior motor division innervates the: sartorius, pectineus (sometimes the obturator nerve also provides additional innervation), iliacus (from the muscular branches of the femoral nerve L1 through L3)<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r11">[11]</a></p><p>The posterior motor division innervates the quadriceps femoris muscle group (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r11">[11]</a></p></div><div id="article-32250.s6"><h2 id="_article-32250_s6_">Surgical Considerations</h2><p>Thorough knowledge of regional anatomy is crucial to operating safely, avoiding neurovascular injury, and correctly identifying intermuscular planes in the region. Knowledge of anatomy allows the surgeon to find the area of the pathology, and understanding of the origins and insertions of the muscles helps to find a tendinous portion appropriate for graft reconstruction. Identifying the correct nerves when performing peripheral nerve blocks is essential.</p><p>One of the most common surgical approaches in orthopedics involving the anterior compartment of the thigh is the lateral approach to the femur.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r12">[12]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r13">[13]</a> This procedure is useful for open reduction and plate fixation for various proximal, middle, and distal femur fractures. The lateral approach involves marking out the skin at the level of the fracture. Following a skin incision, an incision is cut through the subcutaneous tissue and then through a thick band-like structure called the tensor fascia lata (TFL). This structure is easy to find, has a glistening white appearance, and is repairable at the time of wound closure. Once through the TFL, the vastus lateralis can be split, giving access to the femur.</p><p>Alternatively, one can take a 'subvastus' approach by going posterior to the vastus lateralis and elevating it subperiostially off the bone.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r14">[14]</a></p></div><div id="article-32250.s7"><h2 id="_article-32250_s7_">Clinical Significance</h2><p>In addition to a complete history and physical examination, it is essential to understand the anatomy of the musculature in the anterior compartment of the thigh to effectively diagnose and formulate a treatment plan for patients. Muscle pain and weakness may accompany a nerve injury. Femoral nerve damage often results in loss of hip flexion and leg extension; this is especially important in distinguishing between focal injuries and systemic conditions.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r15">[15]</a></p><p>
|
||
<b>Snapping Hip Syndrome</b>
|
||
</p><p>Snapping hip syndrome, or coxa saltans, is found in approximately 10% of the populations with a particular propensity for professional sporting athletes and dancers.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r16">[16]</a> It is usually a painless clinical phenomenon in which the patient can hear or feel a snapping sound or sensation when flexing the hip. The most common cause is the iliotibial tract sliding over the greater trochanter. Other causes, however, include abnormal movement of the iliopsoas tendon over the iliopectineal eminence.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r17">[17]</a> Rarer causes include labral tears, synovial osteochondromatosis, or intra-articular bodies.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r18">[18]</a> Treatment depends variably on the cause and clinical and functional effects on the patient; it can range from conservative treatment and physiotherapy to surgical intervention to correct an anatomical defect.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-32250.r16">[16]</a></p></div><div id="article-32250.s8"><h2 id="_article-32250_s8_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<a href="https://www.statpearls.com/account/trialuserreg/?articleid=32250&utm_source=pubmed&utm_campaign=reviews&utm_content=32250" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.</a>
|
||
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<a href="https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/commentarticle/32250/?utm_source=pubmed&utm_campaign=comments&utm_content=32250" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Comment on this article.</a>
|
||
</div></li></ul></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-32250.s9"></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-32250.s10"></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-32250.s11"></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-32250.s12"></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-32250.s13"></div><div id="article-32250.s14"><h2 id="_article-32250_s14_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r1">Grob K, Manestar M, Filgueira L, Ackland T, Gilbey H, Kuster MS. New insight in the architecture of the quadriceps tendon. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Exp Orthop. </span>2016 Dec;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>(1):32.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5095096/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5095096</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27813020" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27813020</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r2">Grob K, Manestar M, Filgueira L, Kuster MS, Gilbey H, Ackland T. The interaction between the vastus medialis and vastus intermedius and its influence on the extensor apparatus of the knee joint. <span><span class="ref-journal">Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. </span>2018 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">26</span>(3):727-738.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28124107" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28124107</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r3">Waligora AC, Johanson NA, Hirsch BE. Clinical anatomy of the quadriceps femoris and extensor apparatus of the knee. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Orthop Relat Res. </span>2009 Dec;<span class="ref-vol">467</span>(12):3297-306.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2772911/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2772911</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19690926" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19690926</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r4">Chang A, Breeland G, Black AC, Hubbard JB. <span class="ref-journal">StatPearls [Internet].</span> StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Nov 17, 2023. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Femur. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30422577" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30422577</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r5">Kim H, Kim WK, Kim YS, Nam YS. Morphologic classification and innervation patterns of the pectineus muscle. <span><span class="ref-journal">Anat Sci Int. </span>2021 Sep;<span class="ref-vol">96</span>(4):524-530.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34156649" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34156649</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r6">Burckett-St Laurant D, Peng P, Girón Arango L, Niazi AU, Chan VW, Agur A, Perlas A. The Nerves of the Adductor Canal and the Innervation of the Knee: An Anatomic Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Reg Anesth Pain Med. </span>2016 May-Jun;<span class="ref-vol">41</span>(3):321-7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27015545" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27015545</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r7">Bendtsen TF, Moriggl B, Chan V, Pedersen EM, Børglum J. Defining adductor canal block. <span><span class="ref-journal">Reg Anesth Pain Med. </span>2014 May-Jun;<span class="ref-vol">39</span>(3):253-4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24747312" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24747312</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r8">Launico MV, Sinkler MA, Nallamothu SV. <span class="ref-journal">StatPearls [Internet].</span> StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Oct 24, 2023. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Femoral Muscles. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC500008/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC500008</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29763184" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29763184</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r9">Tomaszewski KA, Vikse J, Henry BM, Roy J, Pękala PA, Svensen M, Guay D, Saganiak K, Walocha JA. The variable origin of the lateral circumflex femoral artery: a meta-analysis and proposal for a new classification system. <span><span class="ref-journal">Folia Morphol (Warsz). </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">76</span>(2):157-167.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27714726" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27714726</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r10">Ramage JL, Varacallo M. <span class="ref-journal">StatPearls [Internet].</span> StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Aug 21, 2023. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Medial Thigh Muscles. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC534775/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC534775</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521196" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30521196</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r11">Page BJ, Mrowczynski OD, Payne RA, Tilden SE, Lopez H, Rizk E, Harbaugh K. The Relative Location of the Major Femoral Nerve Motor Branches in the Thigh. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cureus. </span>2019 Jan 14;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>(1):e3882.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6420329/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6420329</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30899633" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30899633</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r12">Morinaga S, Takeuchi A, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Miwa S, Igarashi K, Yonezawa H, Asano Y, Saito S, Nojima T, Tsuchiya H. Compartment-specific Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Thigh. <span><span class="ref-journal">Anticancer Res. </span>2022 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">42</span>(6):3143-3150.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35641265" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35641265</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r13">Kinoshita S, Ishimatsu T, Suzuki M, Seo H, Sakamoto T, Kinoshita K, Yamamoto T. Femoral nerve status during the anterolateral approach for total hip arthroplasty: Motor-evoked potential analysis and an influencing factor. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Orthop Sci. </span>2023 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">28</span>(1):152-155.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34716063" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34716063</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r14">Sakamoto A, Okamoto T, Matsuda S. Subvastus approach for resection of subvastus osteochondroma in the distal femur. <span><span class="ref-journal">Asian J Surg. </span>2019 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">42</span>(8):842-843.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31036474" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31036474</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r15">Lo L, Duarte A, Bencardino JT. Nerve Entrapments in the Pelvis and Hip. <span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. </span>2022 Apr;<span class="ref-vol">26</span>(2):153-162.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35609576" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35609576</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r16">Lee KS, Rosas HG, Phancao JP. Snapping hip: imaging and treatment. <span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. </span>2013 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>(3):286-94.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23787983" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23787983</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r17">Ilizaliturri VM, Camacho-Galindo J. Endoscopic treatment of snapping hips, iliotibial band, and iliopsoas tendon. <span><span class="ref-journal">Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. </span>2010 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>(2):120-7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20473131" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20473131</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-32250.r18">Czerny C, Hofmann S, Urban M, Tschauner C, Neuhold A, Pretterklieber M, Recht MP, Kramer J. MR arthrography of the adult acetabular capsular-labral complex: correlation with surgery and anatomy. <span><span class="ref-journal">AJR Am J Roentgenol. </span>1999 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">173</span>(2):345-9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10430132" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10430132</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
|
||
<b>Disclosure: </b>Ayesha Khan declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
|
||
<b>Disclosure: </b>Abdul Arain declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></div><div class="bk_prnt_sctn"><h2>Figures</h2><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj bk_first_prnt_obj"><div id="article-32250.image.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK538425/bin/Circumflex_femoral_arteries.jpg" alt="Branches of the Femoral Artery" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Branches of the Femoral Artery. This illustration shows the following structures: common femoral artery, deep femoral artery (femoral profunda), superficial femoral artery, perforating arteries, lateral circumflex artery, medial circumflex artery, descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery, anastomotica magna, and superior external and internal articular branches of the popliteal artery. Mikael Häggström, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Mikael+Haggstrom+femoral&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Public Domain</a>, via Wikimedia Commons</p></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="article-32250.image.f2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK538425/bin/800px-Anterior_view_of_the_thigh.jpg" alt="Image 800px-Anterior_view_of_the_thigh" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Anterior View of the Thigh Johannes Sobotta, MD, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=View+of+anterior+thigh&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Public Domain</a>, via Wikimedia Commons</p></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="article-32250.image.f3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK538425/bin/Gray822.jpg" alt="Image Gray822" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Nerve Roots L2-L4 Jointo Form the Femoral Nerve Henry Vandyke Carter, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=gray+plate+822&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Public Domain</a>, via Wikimedia Commons</p></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="article-32250.image.f4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK538425/bin/Femoral_Muscles-01.jpg" alt="Femoral Muscles" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Femoral Muscles. The gluteal and femoral muscles are shown in this illustration. Illustration by E Gregory</p></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="article-32250.image.f5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Femoral%20Triangle&p=BOOKS&id=538425_medical__new__2-01.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK538425/bin/medical__new__2-01.jpg" alt="Femoral Triangle" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Femoral Triangle. This figure illustrates the femoral triangle, which is bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament, laterally by the medial border of the sartorius muscle, and medially by the lateral border of the adductor longus muscle. Clinically, this area is used for femoral vein access for central venous catheterization. From medial to lateral, the structures are in the following order VAN: femoral vein, femoral artery, and femoral nerve. Contributed by Amina Tariq, MD</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2025, StatPearls Publishing LLC.<p class="small">
|
||
This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
|
||
(<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">
|
||
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
|
||
</a>), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.
|
||
</p></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK538425</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30860696" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">30860696</a></span></div></div></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="bottom">
|
||
|
||
<div id="NCBIFooter_dynamic">
|
||
<!--<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="breadcrumbs"/>
|
||
<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="helpdesk"/>-->
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.page-->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.wrap-->
|
||
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- /.grid -->
|
||
|
||
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- BESelector tab -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK538425&ncbi_domain=statpearls&ncbi_report=printable&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK538425/?report=printable&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
|
||
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal104 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
||
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
||
</html> |