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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="StatPearls [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Anatomy, Head and Neck, Sinus Function and Development" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2023/01/30" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Sevda Lafci Fahrioglu" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Nate VanKampen" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Claudio Andaloro" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="30422521" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532926/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Anatomy, Head and Neck, Sinus Function and Development" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sevda Lafci Fahrioglu" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Nate VanKampen" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Claudio Andaloro" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2023/01/30" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532926/" /><meta name="description" content="The paranasal sinuses (the hollow spaces in the skull and facial bones around the nose) are air-filled cavities within the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary bones.[1] They are outgrowths from the nasal cavity. All of them drain into the superior or lateral aspect of the nose.[2] The sinuses' lining mucosa is continuous with the nasal cavity; therefore, any infections from the nasal mucosa can easily spread to the sinuses.[3] See Image. Nasal Cavity." /><meta name="og:title" content="Anatomy, Head and Neck, Sinus Function and Development" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="The paranasal sinuses (the hollow spaces in the skull and facial bones around the nose) are air-filled cavities within the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary bones.[1] They are outgrowths from the nasal cavity. All of them drain into the superior or lateral aspect of the nose.[2] The sinuses' lining mucosa is continuous with the nasal cavity; therefore, any infections from the nasal mucosa can easily spread to the sinuses.[3] See Image. Nasal Cavity." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532926/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-statpearls-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/statpearls/article-29056/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532926/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK532926_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Anatomy, Head and Neck, Sinus Function and Development</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Sevda Lafci Fahrioglu</span><sup>1</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Nate VanKampen</span><sup>2</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Claudio Andaloro</span><sup>3</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Near East University Faculty of Medicine</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>2</sup> University of Tennessee College of Medicine</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>3</sup> Santa Marta e Santa Venera Hospital</div><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 30, 2023</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="article-29056.s1"><h2 id="_article-29056_s1_">Introduction</h2><p>The paranasal sinuses (the hollow spaces in the skull and facial bones around the nose) are air-filled cavities within the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary bones.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r1">[1]</a> They are outgrowths from the nasal cavity. All of them drain into the superior or lateral aspect of the nose.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r2">[2]</a> The sinuses' lining mucosa is continuous with the nasal cavity; therefore, any infections from the nasal mucosa can easily spread to the sinuses.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r3">[3]</a> See <b>Image.</b> Nasal Cavity.</p></div><div id="article-29056.s2"><h2 id="_article-29056_s2_">Structure and Function</h2><p>There are 4 pairs of the paranasal sinuses:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maxillary sinuses (the biggest)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frontal sinuses</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ethmoidal air cells</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sphenoid sinus</div></li></ul><p>The pyramid-shaped maxillary sinuses are located within the body of the maxilla. The apex of the sinus extends into the zygomatic process of the maxilla, and the lateral wall of the nose forms the base.  The roof is formed by the floor of the orbit, while the alveolar process forms the floor. These sinuses are located at just above the level of the first and second premolars and of the third molar, and sometimes the root of the canine, bilaterally. It drains into the middle meatus of the nose via the hiatus semilunaris. The sinus readily accumulates fluid because the ostium as a drainage point is located high on the medial wall of the sinus.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r4">[4]</a></p><p>The frontal sinuses, which are separated from each other by a thin bony lamella, lie within the frontal bone. They are triangular in shape and extend upward above the medial end of the supraorbital crest and backward into the medial part of the orbit. Each frontal sinus drains into the middle meatus of the nose via infundibulum.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r3">[3]</a></p><p>The ethmoidal sinuses are variable in both size and the number of small cavities within the ethmoid labyrinth of the ethmoid bone. A collection of air cells (3 to 18) are located between the nose and the orbit. The lamina papyracea, which is a thin, orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, separates the sinuses from the orbit. The ethmoid sinuses are divided into 3 groups of cells by bony basal lamellae. The most important of these lamellae is the basal lamellae of the middle turbinate, which separates the ethmoid from the anterior and posterior groups with different drainage pathways.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r5">[5]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r6">[6]</a></p><p>The sphenoidal sinuses lie within the body of the sphenoid bone. They are located at the most posterior (farthest toward the back of the head) of the paranasal sinuses. Each sinus opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess, which is above the superior concha.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r3">[3]</a> See <b>Image.</b> Anatomical Positioning of Sinuses.</p><p>The paranasal sinuses have a wide variety of functions, including lightening the weight of the head, humidifying and heating inhaled air, increasing the resonance of speech, and serving as a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the case of facial trauma (see <b>Image.</b> Paranasal Sinuses). Most sinuses are absent or rudiments in newborns; extend into the regarding bones during childhood and reach their mature size in the early 20s; and their shape and development vary greatly, and they enlarge slowly until death.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r3">[3]</a></p></div><div id="article-29056.s3"><h2 id="_article-29056_s3_">Embryology</h2><p>The embryological development of the nasal cavities and sinuses is related to each other. Although the origin of the sinuses is the same, they develop at different times.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r7">[7]</a></p><p>During the 25 to 28 weeks of the intrauterine period, 3 horizontal protrusions originating from the lateral wall of the nose are the beginning of the formation of the maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses. The maxillary sinus is formed by the inferior projection, which is called maxilloturbinate. Ethmoidal air cells and their corresponding drainage channels are formed by the superior projection called ethmoid turbinate. The maxillary sinuses are rudimentary at birth. They enlarge after the eighth year and occur completely during adolescence. Because the drainage pathway of the paranasal sinuses passes through the ethmoid sinus or is adjacent to its lateral wall, it is regarded as a "keystone" in all paranasal sinuses. Ethmoidal air cells (or sinuses) are not present at birth, but they can be recognized using computed tomography (CT) scan until 2 years of age. Phylogenetically, the ethmoid sinus is not considered a true paranasal sinus because it is related to olfactory function and does not have pneumatization.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r8">[8]</a></p><p>The frontal sinus may develop with the migration of anterior ethmoidal air cells to the area between the outer and inner laminae of the frontal bone or as the direct continuation of the embryonic infundibula and the frontal recess at the 16th gestational week. It reaches adulthood size in adolescence.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r9">[9]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r10">[10]</a></p></div><div id="article-29056.s4"><h2 id="_article-29056_s4_">Blood Supply and Lymphatics</h2><p>
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<b>Arterial Supply and Lymphatic Drainage of the Maxillary Sinuses</b>
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</p><p>The arterial supplies are from the facial, infraorbital, and greater palatine arteries, and their venous drainage is into the facial, infraorbital, and greater palatine veins. The lymphatics of the maxillary sinuses drain to the submandibular nodes.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r3">[3]</a></p><p>
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<b>Arterial Supply and Lymphatic Drainage of the Frontal Sinuses</b>
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</p><p>The blood vessels are the supraorbital and anterior ethmoidal arteries and supraorbital and superior ophthalmic veins. The lymphatic drainage is to the submandibular nodes.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r3">[3]</a></p><p>
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<b>Arterial Supply and Lymphatic Drainage of the Ethmoidal Sinuses</b>
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</p><p>Both external and internal carotid systems provide the arterial blood supply of the ethmoid sinuses. The ophthalmic artery, one of the ethmoid sinus arteries, is part of the internal carotid system, the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, and the sphenopalatine artery are part of the external carotid system. Their venous drainage is by the corresponding veins. The lymphatic drainage of the anterior and the middle ethmoidal cells are to the submandibular node. The lymphatics of the posterior ethmoidal cells drain to the retropharyngeal nodes.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r11">[11]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r12">[12]</a></p><p>
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<b>Arterial Supply and Lymphatic Drainage of the Sphenoidal Sinuses</b>
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</p><p>The arterial supply is from the posterior ethmoidal artery and venous drainage through the corresponding vein. The lymphatic drainage is to the retropharyngeal nodes.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r13">[13]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r14">[14]</a></p></div><div id="article-29056.s5"><h2 id="_article-29056_s5_">Nerves</h2><p>The nerve supply of the maxillary sinuses is from the infraorbital and the anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r15">[15]</a></p><p>The nerve supply of the frontal sinuses is from the supraorbital nerve.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r16">[16]</a></p><p>The sensorial nerve supply of the ethmoidal cells is from the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves nerve. The parasympathetic secretomotor fibers of these sinuses are from orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r16">[16]</a></p><p>The sensorial nerve supply of the sphenoidal sinuses is from the posterior ethmoidal nerves, and its parasympathetic secretomotor fibers are from orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r16">[16]</a></p></div><div id="article-29056.s6"><h2 id="_article-29056_s6_">Clinical Significance</h2><p>Sinusitis may occur as a combination of frontomaxillary, frontoethmoidal, or ethmoidal, sphenoidal sinusitis, as well as individual sinuses. Maxillary sinusitis is the most common sinus infection. The most significant symptom of maxillary sinusitis is suborbital pain spreading to the teeth. Pressure on the infra-orbital nerve exacerbates this pain.</p><p>The frontal sinusitis produces pain in the suborbital and frontal regions. The orbital rim, the superior medial corner of the orbit, and the root of the nose are sensitive to the touch because of the supra-orbital nerve. Patients feel the pressure on their faces and head.</p><p>An anterior headache behind the nose characterizes ethmoidal sinusitis. In the patient with anterior ethmoiditis, purulent discharge drains into the middle meatus of the nasal fossa, while in the posterior ethmoiditis patient, mucus discharge drains into the olfactory fissure and the superior meatus. Chronic ethmoid sinusitis attacks contribute to the formation of nasal polyps.</p><p>Headaches often extend to the occiput and is a more deeply felt pain in the sphenoidal sinusitis. The purulent discharge drains into the rhinopharynx from the sphenoethmoidal recess. Unlike other sinusitis types, patients rarely blow their noses.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-29056.r17">[17]</a></p></div><div id="article-29056.s7"><h2 id="_article-29056_s7_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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</div></li></ul></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-29056.s8"></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-29056.s9"></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-29056.s10"></div><div id="article-29056.s11"><h2 id="_article-29056_s11_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r1">Nuñez-Castruita A, López-Serna N, Guzmán-López S. Prenatal development of the maxillary sinus: a perspective for paranasal sinus surgery. <span><span class="ref-journal">Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. </span>2012 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">146</span>(6):997-1003.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22267494" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22267494</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r2">Vaid S, Vaid N. Normal Anatomy and Anatomic Variants of the Paranasal Sinuses on Computed Tomography. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroimaging Clin N Am. </span>2015 Nov;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>(4):527-48.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26476378" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26476378</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r3">Henson B, Drake TM, Edens MA. <span class="ref-journal">StatPearls [Internet].</span> StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jul 24, 2023. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Nose Sinuses. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30020644" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30020644</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r4">Cavalcanti MC, Guirado TE, Sapata VM, Costa C, Pannuti CM, Jung RE, César Neto JB. Maxillary sinus floor pneumatization and alveolar ridge resorption after tooth loss: a cross-sectional study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Braz Oral Res. </span>2018 Aug 06;<span class="ref-vol">32</span>:e64.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30088551" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30088551</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r5">Zha Y, Lv W, Gao YL, Zhu ZZ, Gao ZQ. [Design of cross-sectional anatomical model focused on drainage pathways of paranasal sinuses]. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. </span>2018 May;<span class="ref-vol">32</span>(9):683-686.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29771086" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29771086</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r6">Liu J, Dai J, Wen X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang N. Imaging and anatomical features of ethmomaxillary sinus and its differentiation from surrounding air cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Surg Radiol Anat. </span>2018 Feb;<span class="ref-vol">40</span>(2):207-215.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29368251" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29368251</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r7">Kuntzler S, Jankowski R. Arrested pneumatization: witness of paranasal sinuses development? <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. </span>2014 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">131</span>(3):167-70.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24709406" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24709406</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r8">Pohunek P. Development, structure and function of the upper airways. <span><span class="ref-journal">Paediatr Respir Rev. </span>2004 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">5</span>(1):2-8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15222948" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15222948</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r9">Villarreal R, Wrobel BB, Macias-Valle LF, Davis GE, Prihoda TJ, Luong AU, McMains KC, Weitzel EK, Yao WC, Brunworth J, Clark DW, Nair S, Valdés CJ, Halderman A, Jang DW, Sivasubramaniam R, Zhang Z, Chen PG. International assessment of inter- and intrarater reliability of the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification system. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. </span>2019 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>(1):39-45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30216705" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30216705</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r10">Demiralp KO, Kursun Cakmak S, Aksoy S, Bayrak S, Orhan K, Demir P. Assessment of paranasal sinus parameters according to ancient skulls' gender and age by using cone-beam computed tomography. <span><span class="ref-journal">Folia Morphol (Warsz). </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">78</span>(2):344-350.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30280374" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30280374</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r11">Bird B, Stawicki SP. <span class="ref-journal">StatPearls [Internet].</span> StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Aug 8, 2023. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Ophthalmic Arteries. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29493942" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29493942</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r12">Turri-Zanoni M, Arosio AD, Stamm AC, Battaglia P, Salzano G, Romano A, Castelnuovo P, Canevari FR. Septal branches of the anterior ethmoidal artery: anatomical considerations and clinical implications in the management of refractory epistaxis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. </span>2018 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">275</span>(6):1449-1456.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29600317" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29600317</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r13">D P, Prabhu LV, Kumar A, Pai MM, Kvn D. The anatomical variations in the neurovascular relations of the sphenoid sinus: an evaluation by coronal computed tomography. <span><span class="ref-journal">Turk Neurosurg. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>(2):289-93.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26014015" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26014015</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r14">Praweswararat P. Cholesterol Granule of the Ethmoid Sinus: A Case Report. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Med Assoc Thai. </span>2016 Feb;<span class="ref-vol">99 Suppl 2</span>:S220-2.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27266241" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27266241</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r15">Bahşi I, Orhan M, Kervancıoğlu P, Yalçın ED. Morphometric evaluation and surgical implications of the infraorbital groove, canal and foramen on cone-beam computed tomography and a review of literature. <span><span class="ref-journal">Folia Morphol (Warsz). </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">78</span>(2):331-343.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30178457" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30178457</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r16">Shumway CL, Motlagh M, Wade M. <span class="ref-journal">StatPearls [Internet].</span> StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jul 24, 2023. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Orbit Bones. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30285385" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30285385</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-29056.r17">Pipolo C, Saibene AM, Felisati G. Prevalence of pain due to rhinosinusitis: a review. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neurol Sci. </span>2018 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">39</span>(Suppl 1):21-24.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29904833" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29904833</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Sevda Lafci Fahrioglu declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Nate VanKampen declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Claudio Andaloro declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></div><div class="bk_prnt_sctn"><h2>Figures</h2><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj bk_first_prnt_obj"><div id="article-29056.image.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK532926/bin/Nasal.jpg" alt="Nasal Cavity" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Nasal Cavity. Anatomy of the nasal cavity, including the frontal sinus, superior turbinate, middle turbinate, inferior turbinate, sphenoid sinus, nasopharynx, adenoid pad, eustachian tube orifice, fossa of Rosenmuller, and nasal vestibule. Contributed by B Palmer</p></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="article-29056.image.f2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK532926/bin/Gray1199.jpg" alt="Anatomical Positioning of Sinuses" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomical Positioning of Sinuses. Illustrated image depicting the facial bone outline, highlighting the positions of air sinuses, including the frontal sinus, line of the nasolacrimal duct, and the maxillary sinus. Henry Vandyke Carter, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Gray+plate+1199&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image&filemime=png" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Public Domain</a>, via Wikimedia Commons</p></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="article-29056.image.f3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK532926/bin/Paranasal_Sinuses-01.jpg" alt="Paranasal Sinuses" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Paranasal Sinuses. The illustrated image shows the frontal, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoid air cells. StatPearls Publishing Illustration</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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