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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Evening Primrose" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2021/05/17" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="30000954" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501894/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Evening primrose oil" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Oil of evening primrose" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="UNII-3Q9L08K71N" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="3Q9L08K71N" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="308064-97-3" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Evening Primrose" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2021/05/17" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501894/" /><meta name="description" content="Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) seed oil contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Oral evening primrose oil (EPO) has been used to treat Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple in nursing mothers. It is also used for premenstrual syndrome, cyclical mastalgia, and atopic dermatitis. Supplementation of nursing mothers with EPO increases the breastmilk content of linoleic acid and total GLA plus its metabolite, Duomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and caused no adverse reactions in the breastfed infants.[1] Supplementation of mothers with GLA had no effect on the development of atopic dermatitis in their breastfed infants.[2] Evening primrose oil is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration." /><meta name="og:title" content="Evening Primrose" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) seed oil contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Oral evening primrose oil (EPO) has been used to treat Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple in nursing mothers. It is also used for premenstrual syndrome, cyclical mastalgia, and atopic dermatitis. Supplementation of nursing mothers with EPO increases the breastmilk content of linoleic acid and total GLA plus its metabolite, Duomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and caused no adverse reactions in the breastfed infants.[1] Supplementation of mothers with GLA had no effect on the development of atopic dermatitis in their breastfed infants.[2] Evening primrose oil is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501894/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-lactmed-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/lactmed/LM974/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501894/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK501894_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Evening Primrose</span></h1><p class="small">Last Revision: <span itemprop="dateModified">May 17, 2021</span>.</p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 2 minutes</em></p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><p>CASRN: 308064-97-3</p><div id="LM974.Drug_Levels_and_Effects"><h2 id="_LM974_Drug_Levels_and_Effects_">Drug Levels and Effects</h2><div id="LM974.Summary_of_Use_during_Lactation"><h3>Summary of Use during Lactation</h3><p>Evening primrose (<i>Oenothera biennis</i>) seed oil contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Oral evening primrose oil (EPO) has been used to treat Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple in nursing mothers. It is also used for premenstrual syndrome, cyclical mastalgia, and atopic dermatitis. Supplementation of nursing mothers with EPO increases the breastmilk content of linoleic acid and total GLA plus its metabolite, Duomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and caused no adverse reactions in the breastfed infants.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM974.REF.1">1</a>] Supplementation of mothers with GLA had no effect on the development of atopic dermatitis in their breastfed infants.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM974.REF.2">2</a>] Evening primrose oil is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.</p><p>Heating breastmilk to 63.5 degrees C reduces the concentration of linolenic acid by about 22%. Freezing milk at -20 degrees C and thawing more than once decreases linolenic acid concentration by an average of 63%.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM974.REF.3">3</a>] Dietary supplements do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not need to <i>prove</i> the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their amounts. A manufacturer may contract with an independent organization to verify the quality of a product or its ingredients, but that does <i>not</i> certify the safety or effectiveness of a product. Because of the above issues, clinical testing results on one product may not be applicable to other products. More detailed information <a href="/books/n/lactmed/LactMedDietarySupps/">about dietary supplements</a> is available elsewhere on the LactMed Web site.</p></div><div id="LM974.Drug_Levels"><h3>Drug Levels</h3><p><i>Maternal Levels.</i> Thirty-six nursing mothers who were 2 to 6 months postpartum took either 2 grams of evening primrose oil (Efamol; n = 18) or placebo (n = 18) twice daily. The total daily intake of the treated mothers was 2.8 grams of linoleic acid and 320 mg of GLA. Samples of milk were taken on entry to the study and after 8 months of supplementation. Breastmilk of supplemented mothers contained more linoleic acid and total GLA plus its metabolite, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, than at baseline. Mothers who received placebo had no changes from baseline.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM974.REF.1">1</a>]</p><p><i>Infant Levels.</i> Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM974.Effects_in_Breastfed_Infants"><h3>Effects in Breastfed Infants</h3><p>Eighteen nursing mothers took EPO 2 grams daily for 8 months starting at an average of 3.4 months postpartum. After 8 months of supplementation, no adverse reactions were reported in their breastfed infants.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM974.REF.1">1</a>]</p></div><div id="LM974.Effects_on_Lactation_and_Breastmil"><h3>Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk</h3><p>Supplementation of nursing mothers with EPO for 8 months increased the breastmilk content of linoleic acid and total GLA plus its metabolite, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and caused no adverse reactions in the breastfed infants.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM974.REF.1">1</a>]</p><p>Evening primrose oil purportedly is effective in treating Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple, but it may not provide immediate relief.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM974.REF.4">4</a>] Adequate studies are lacking, however.</p></div><div id="LM974.References"><h3>References</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM974.REF.1">Cant A, Shay J, Horrobin DF. The effect of maternal supplementation with linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids on the fat composition and content of human milk: a placebo-controlled trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">37</span>:573–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1668100" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1668100</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM974.REF.2">Kitz R, Rose MA, Schonborn H, et al. Impact of early dietary gamma-linolenic acid supplementation on atopic eczema in infancy. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pediatr Allergy Immunol. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:112–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16618360" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16618360</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM974.REF.3">Wardell JM, Hill CM, D'Souza SW. Effect of pasteurization and of freezing and thawing human milk on its triglyceride content. <span><span class="ref-journal">Acta Paediatr Scand. </span>1981;<span class="ref-vol">70</span>:467–71.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7315290" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7315290</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM974.REF.4">Anderson JE, Held N, Wright K. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple: A treatable cause of painful breastfeeding. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pediatrics. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">113</span>:e360–4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15060268" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15060268</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div></div><div id="LM974.Substance_Identification"><h2 id="_LM974_Substance_Identification_">Substance Identification</h2><div id="LM974.Substance_Name"><h3>Substance Name</h3><p>Evening Primrose</p></div><div id="LM974.Scientific_Name"><h3>Scientific Name</h3><p>Oenothera biennis</p></div><div id="LM974.CAS_Registry_Number"><h3>CAS Registry Number</h3><p>308064-97-3</p></div><div id="LM974.Drug_Class"><h3>Drug Class</h3><p>Breast Feeding</p><p>Lactation</p><p>Complementary Therapies</p><p>Oils</p><p>Phytotherapy</p><p>Plants, Medicinal</p></div></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><p><b>Disclaimer: </b>Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. The U.S. government does not warrant or assume any liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information on this Site.</p></p></div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a><p class="small"><b>Attribution Statement:</b> LactMed is a registered trademark of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</p></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK501894</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30000954" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">30000954</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/lactmed/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/lactmed/LM964/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/lactmed/LM1069/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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