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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Gentian Violet - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Gentian Violet">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2024/08/15">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Crystal violet">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gentian violet">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Basic violet">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Aniline Violet">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Gentiaverm">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Pyoktanin">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Adergon">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Atmonil">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Avermin">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Axuris">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Vianin">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Viocid">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Badil">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Bismuth Violet">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Gentioletten">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Hexamethyl Violet">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Gentersal">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Genticid">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Oxycolor">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Vermicid">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Oxiuran">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Oxyozyl">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Methyl Violet 10B">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Meroxyl-Wander">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Gentianaviolett">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Meroxylan">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Genapax">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Meroxyl">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Meroxylan-Wander">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Methylrosaniline chloride">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Hecto Violet R">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Methylviolett">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet CP">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Calcozine Violet C">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Crystal Violet O">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Paper Blue R">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Pyoverm">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet XXIII">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet 5BO">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet 6BN">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Brilliant Violet 5B">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Blaues pyoktanin">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Hexamethylpararosaniline chloride">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Calcozine Violet 6BN">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="methylrosanilinium chloride">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Hectograph Violet SR">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet cristallise">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Kristall-violett">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet gencianova">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet krystalova">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Plastoresin Violet 5BO">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Methylrosanilinchlorid">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="12416 Violet">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet zasadita 3">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Aniline Violet Pyoktanine">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Methylrosanilini chloridum">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Methylviolett [German]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Caswell No. 264A">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Metilrosanilinio cloruro">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Methylrosanilinii chloridum">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Gentianaviolett [German]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Cloruro de metilrosanilina">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Blaues pyoktanin [German]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Kristall-violett [German]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet gencianova [Czech]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet krystalova [Czech]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Crystal Violet Extra Pure APN">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Violet zasadita 3 [Czech]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Crystal Violet Pure DSC Brilliant">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="UNII-J4Z741D6O5">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="CCRIS 2464">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Chlorure de methylrosanilinum">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Methylrosanilinchlorid [German]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="NCI-C55969">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Metilrosanilinio cloruro [DCIT]">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Sentry aq mardel quick aid">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="C.I. 42555">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="HSDB 4366">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Hexamethyl p-rosaniline hydrochloride">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="NSC 3090">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="CI 42555">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="EINECS 208-953-6">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="J4Z741D6O5">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 039502">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="EC 208-953-6">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="[4-[bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]-dimethylazanium">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="chloride">
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Gentian Violet">
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<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development">
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<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/08/15">
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<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501869/">
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<meta name="description" content="Gentian violet (crystal violet) was used in the past to treat oral and nipple thrush during breastfeeding. Gentian violet is potentially toxic to the mucous membranes, causing oral ulceration with partial airway obstruction in one case,[1-6] and potentially tattooing the skin. It can also interact with DNA,[7] is carcinogenic and mutagenic in animals, and occasionally causes allergic sensitization, with cross-reactions to other triphenylmethane dyes.[8] Its use has been severely curtailed by authorities in Australia, Canada, England and France.[9-11] It is also very messy, staining skin and clothing. A 2001 survey of the members of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) found that gentian violet is rarely (1 to 2% of respondents) used by breastfeeding experts for initial treatment of oral thrush and is very infrequently (3 to 4% of respondents) used for recurrent or persistent thrush.[10] ABM guidelines for treating Candida infection of the nipples state that an aqueous solution of gentian violet of less than 0.5% can be used for no more than 7 days on the nipple.[9] However, safer alternatives for treating thrush are available.[12]">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Gentian violet (crystal violet) was used in the past to treat oral and nipple thrush during breastfeeding. Gentian violet is potentially toxic to the mucous membranes, causing oral ulceration with partial airway obstruction in one case,[1-6] and potentially tattooing the skin. It can also interact with DNA,[7] is carcinogenic and mutagenic in animals, and occasionally causes allergic sensitization, with cross-reactions to other triphenylmethane dyes.[8] Its use has been severely curtailed by authorities in Australia, Canada, England and France.[9-11] It is also very messy, staining skin and clothing. A 2001 survey of the members of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) found that gentian violet is rarely (1 to 2% of respondents) used by breastfeeding experts for initial treatment of oral thrush and is very infrequently (3 to 4% of respondents) used for recurrent or persistent thrush.[10] ABM guidelines for treating Candida infection of the nipples state that an aqueous solution of gentian violet of less than 0.5% can be used for no more than 7 days on the nipple.[9] However, safer alternatives for treating thrush are available.[12]">
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class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK501869_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Gentian Violet</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK501869_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 2 minutes</em></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><p>CASRN: 548-62-9</p><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134977819" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134977819" alt="image 134977819 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a><div id="LM951.Drug_Levels_and_Effects"><h2 id="_LM951_Drug_Levels_and_Effects_">Drug Levels and Effects</h2><div id="LM951.Summary_of_Use_during_Lactation"><h3>Summary of Use during Lactation</h3><p>Gentian violet (crystal violet) was used in the past to treat oral and nipple thrush during breastfeeding. Gentian violet is potentially toxic to the mucous membranes, causing oral ulceration with partial airway obstruction in one case,[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.1" rid="LM951.REF.1">1</a>-<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.6" rid="LM951.REF.6">6</a>] and potentially tattooing the skin. It can also interact with DNA,[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.7" rid="LM951.REF.7">7</a>] is carcinogenic and mutagenic in animals, and occasionally causes allergic sensitization, with cross-reactions to other triphenylmethane dyes.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.8" rid="LM951.REF.8">8</a>] Its use has been severely curtailed by authorities in Australia, Canada, England and France.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.9" rid="LM951.REF.9">9</a>-<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.11" rid="LM951.REF.11">11</a>] It is also very messy, staining skin and clothing. A 2001 survey of the members of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) found that gentian violet is rarely (1 to 2% of respondents) used by breastfeeding experts for initial treatment of oral thrush and is very infrequently (3 to 4% of respondents) used for recurrent or persistent thrush.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.10" rid="LM951.REF.10">10</a>] ABM guidelines for treating <i>Candida</i> infection of the nipples state that an aqueous solution of gentian violet of less than 0.5% can be used for no more than 7 days on the nipple.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.9" rid="LM951.REF.9">9</a>] However, safer alternatives for treating thrush are available.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.12" rid="LM951.REF.12">12</a>]</p></div><div id="LM951.Effects_in_Breastfed_Infants"><h3>Effects in Breastfed Infants</h3><p>Gentian violet has caused oral ulceration in breastfed infants treated with 1% or 2% solution applied to the mouth and tongue for thrush.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.3" rid="LM951.REF.3">3</a>-<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.5" rid="LM951.REF.5">5</a>]</p><p>A 2-week-old exclusively breastfed infant was treated for oral thrush with aqueous 1% gentian violet solution twice daily for 1 day. The parents discontinued it because they thought it was causing airway discomfort. After 2 days, it was restarted at 4 times a day. Cough and difficulty feeding developed after 1 day and the infant was then admitted to the hospital, ultimately requiring intubation.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM951.REF.6" rid="LM951.REF.6">6</a>]</p></div><div id="LM951.Effects_on_Lactation_and_Breastmil"><h3>Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk</h3><p>Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM951.Alternate_Drugs_to_Consider"><h3>Alternate Drugs to Consider</h3><p><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM346/?report=reader">Clotrimazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM357/?report=reader">Fluconazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM368/?report=reader">Miconazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM374/?report=reader">Nystatin</a></p></div><div id="LM951.References"><h3>References</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.1">Slotkowski
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EL. Formation of mucous membrane lesions secondary to prolonged use of one per cent aqueous gentian violet.
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J Pediatr
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1957;51:652-4.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13481803" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13481803</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.2">John
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RW. Necrosis of oral mucosa after local application of crystal violet.
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Br Med J
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1968;1:157-8.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1984530/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1984530</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20791427" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20791427</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.3">Björnberg
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A, Mobacken
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H. Necrotic skin reactions caused by 1 per cent gentian violet and brilliant green.
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Acta Derm Venereol
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1972;52:55-60.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4111108" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4111108</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.4">Utter
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AR. Gentian violet and thrush.
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J Hum Lact
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1992;8:6.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1558661" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1558661</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.5">Utter
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AR. Gentian violet treatment for thrush: Can its use cause breastfeeding problems.
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J Hum Lact
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1990;6:178-80.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2271112" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2271112</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.6">Baca
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D, Drexler
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C, Cullen
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E. Obstructive laryngotracheitis secondary to gentian violet exposure.
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Clin Pediatr (Phila)
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2001;40:233-5.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11336425" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11336425</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.7">Rosenkranz
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HS, Carr
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HS. Possible hazard in use of gentian violet.
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Br Med J
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1971;3:702-3.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1799004/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1799004</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5569557" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5569557</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.8">Bielicky
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T, Novak
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M. Contact-group sensitization to triphenylmethane dyes. Gentian violet, brilliant green, and malachite green.
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Arch Dermatol
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1969;100:540-3.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5350405" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5350405</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.9">Berens
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P, Eglash
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A, Malloy
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M, et al.
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ABM Clinical Protocol #26: Persistent pain with breastfeeding.
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Breastfeed Med
|
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2016;11:46-53.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26881962" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26881962</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.10">Brent
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NB. Thrush in the breastfeeding dyad: Results of a survey on diagnosis and treatment.
|
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Clin Pediatr (Phila)
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2001;40:503-6.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11583049" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11583049</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.11">Anon.
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Gentian violet when breastfeeding: Irritant and carcinogenic.
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Prescrire Int
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2020;29:243.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM951.REF.12">Stoukides
|
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C.
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Topical medications and breastfeeding.
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J Hum Lact
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1993;9:185-7.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8260040" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8260040</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div id="LM951.Substance_Identification"><h2 id="_LM951_Substance_Identification_">Substance Identification</h2><div id="LM951.Substance_Name"><h3>Substance Name</h3><p>Gentian Violet</p></div><div id="LM951.CAS_Registry_Number"><h3>CAS Registry Number</h3><p>548-62-9</p></div><div id="LM951.Drug_Class"><h3>Drug Class</h3><p>Breast Feeding</p><p>Lactation</p><p>Milk, Human</p><p>Anti-Infective Agents, Local</p></div></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><p><b>Disclaimer: </b>Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. The U.S. government does not warrant or assume any liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information on this Site.</p></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK501869_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Revision: <span itemprop="dateModified">August 15, 2024</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a><p class="small"><b>Attribution Statement:</b> LactMed is a registered trademark of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Child Health and Human Development</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Gentian Violet. [Updated 2024 Aug 15].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM125/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/gepirone/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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