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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Alfalfa" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2021/06/21" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="30000890" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501830/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Alfalfa" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Alfalfa oil" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Oils, alfalfa" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="8015-60-9" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Alfalfa" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2021/06/21" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501830/" /><meta name="description" content="Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves and sprouts contain saponins, estrogenic isoflavonoids (e.g., daidzein, genistein), vitamin K, and the amino acid L-canavanine. Alfalfa is a purported galactogogue and is included in some proprietary mixtures promoted to increase milk supply;[1-5] however, no scientifically valid clinical trials support this use. Galactogogues should never replace evaluation and counseling on modifiable factors that affect milk production.[6,7] Daidzein and genistein are excreted into breastmilk in small amounts,[8-11] but have not been measured specifically after alfalfa intake. No data exist on the excretion of other components of alfalfa into breastmilk or on the safety and efficacy of alfalfa in nursing mothers or infants. Alfalfa is generally well tolerated and is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Worsening of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported, possibly caused by immune system stimulation by L-canavanine. Because of its vitamin K content, alfalfa should be avoided in persons taking warfarin." /><meta name="og:title" content="Alfalfa" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves and sprouts contain saponins, estrogenic isoflavonoids (e.g., daidzein, genistein), vitamin K, and the amino acid L-canavanine. Alfalfa is a purported galactogogue and is included in some proprietary mixtures promoted to increase milk supply;[1-5] however, no scientifically valid clinical trials support this use. Galactogogues should never replace evaluation and counseling on modifiable factors that affect milk production.[6,7] Daidzein and genistein are excreted into breastmilk in small amounts,[8-11] but have not been measured specifically after alfalfa intake. No data exist on the excretion of other components of alfalfa into breastmilk or on the safety and efficacy of alfalfa in nursing mothers or infants. Alfalfa is generally well tolerated and is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Worsening of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported, possibly caused by immune system stimulation by L-canavanine. Because of its vitamin K content, alfalfa should be avoided in persons taking warfarin." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501830/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-lactmed-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/lactmed/LM916/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501830/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK501830_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Alfalfa</span></h1><p class="small">Last Revision: <span itemprop="dateModified">June 21, 2021</span>.</p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 2 minutes</em></p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><p>CASRN: 8015-60-9</p><div id="LM916.Drug_Levels_and_Effects"><h2 id="_LM916_Drug_Levels_and_Effects_">Drug Levels and Effects</h2><div id="LM916.Summary_of_Use_during_Lactation"><h3>Summary of Use during Lactation</h3><p>Alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) leaves and sprouts contain saponins, estrogenic isoflavonoids (e.g., daidzein, genistein), vitamin K, and the amino acid L-canavanine. Alfalfa is a purported galactogogue and is included in some proprietary mixtures promoted to increase milk supply;[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM916.REF.1">1</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM916.REF.5">5</a>] however, no scientifically valid clinical trials support this use. Galactogogues should never replace evaluation and counseling on modifiable factors that affect milk production.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM916.REF.6">6</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM916.REF.7">7</a>] Daidzein and genistein are excreted into breastmilk in small amounts,[<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM916.REF.8">8</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#LM916.REF.11">11</a>] but have not been measured specifically after alfalfa intake. No data exist on the excretion of other components of alfalfa into breastmilk or on the safety and efficacy of alfalfa in nursing mothers or infants. Alfalfa is generally well tolerated and is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Worsening of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported, possibly caused by immune system stimulation by L-canavanine. Because of its vitamin K content, alfalfa should be avoided in persons taking warfarin.</p><p>Dietary supplements do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not need to <i>prove</i> the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their amounts. A manufacturer may contract with an independent organization to verify the quality of a product or its ingredients, but that does <i>not</i> certify the safety or effectiveness of a product. Because of the above issues, clinical testing results on one product may not be applicable to other products. More detailed information <a href="/books/n/lactmed/LactMedDietarySupps/">about dietary supplements</a> is available elsewhere on the LactMed Web site.</p></div><div id="LM916.Drug_Levels"><h3>Drug Levels</h3><p><i>Maternal Levels.</i> Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p><p><i>Infant Levels.</i> Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM916.Effects_in_Breastfed_Infants"><h3>Effects in Breastfed Infants</h3><p>Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM916.Effects_on_Lactation_and_Breastmil"><h3>Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk</h3><p>Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM916.References"><h3>References</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.1">Eriksson R, Fransson GB, Kylberg E. <span><span class="ref-journal">Jordemodern. </span>1983;<span class="ref-vol">96</span>:133–6.</span> [Lucerne -- can it influence milk production?] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6552257" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6552257</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.2">Kopec K. Herbal medications and breastfeeding. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Hum Lact. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">15</span>:157–61.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10578793" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10578793</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.3">Allaire AD, Moos MK, Wells SR. Complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy: A survey of North Carolina certified nurse-midwives. <span><span class="ref-journal">Obstet Gynecol. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">95</span>:19–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10636495" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10636495</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.4">Scott CR, Jacobson H. A selection of international nutritional and herbal remedies for breastfeeding concerns. <span><span class="ref-journal">Midwifery Today Int Midwife. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">75</span>:38–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16320878" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16320878</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.5">Alachkar A, Jaddouh A, Elsheikh MS, et al. Traditional medicine in Syria: Folk medicine in Aleppo governorate. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Prod Commun. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>:79–84.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21366051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21366051</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.6">Brodribb W. ABM Clinical Protocol #9. Use of galactogogues in initiating or augmenting maternal milk production, second revision 2018. <span><span class="ref-journal">Breastfeed Med. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:307–14.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29902083" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29902083</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.7">Breastfeeding challenges: ACOG Committee Opinion, Number 820. <span><span class="ref-journal">Obstet Gynecol. </span>2021;<span class="ref-vol">137</span>:e42–e53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33481531" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33481531</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.8">Franke AA, Custer LJ, Tanaka Y. Isoflavones in human breast milk and other biological fluids. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Clin Nutr. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">68</span>(6) Suppl:1466S–73S.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9848518" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9848518</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.9">Franke AA, Custer LJ, Wang W, et al. HPLC analysis of isoflavonoids and other phenolic agents from foods and from human fluids. <span><span class="ref-journal">Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">217</span>:263–73.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9492334" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9492334</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.10">Choi MH, Kim KR, Hong JK, et al. Determination of non-steroidal estrogens in breast milk, plasma, urine and hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. <span><span class="ref-journal">Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>:2221–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12478564" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12478564</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM916.REF.11">Min J, Wang Z, Liang C, et al. Detection of phytoestrogen metabolites in breastfed infants' urine and the corresponding breast milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Agric Food Chem. </span>2020;<span class="ref-vol">68</span>:3485–94.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32093471" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32093471</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div></div><div id="LM916.Substance_Identification"><h2 id="_LM916_Substance_Identification_">Substance Identification</h2><div id="LM916.Substance_Name"><h3>Substance Name</h3><p>Alfalfa</p></div><div id="LM916.Scientific_Name"><h3>Scientific Name</h3><p>Medicago sativa</p></div><div id="LM916.CAS_Registry_Number"><h3>CAS Registry Number</h3><p>8015-60-9</p></div><div id="LM916.Drug_Class"><h3>Drug Class</h3><p>Breast Feeding</p><p>Lactation</p><p>Complementary Therapies</p><p>Food</p><p>Phytotherapy; Plants</p><p>Medicinal</p></div></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><p><b>Disclaimer: </b>Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. The U.S. government does not warrant or assume any liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information on this Site.</p></p></div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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