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class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK501293_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Ethinyl Estradiol</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK501293_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 3 minutes</em></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><p>CASRN: 57-63-6</p><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134971024" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134971024" alt="image 134971024 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a><div id="LM420.Drug_Levels_and_Effects"><h2 id="_LM420_Drug_Levels_and_Effects_">Drug Levels and Effects</h2><div id="LM420.Summary_of_Use_during_Lactation"><h3>Summary of Use during Lactation</h3><p>This record contains information specific to ethinyl estradiol used alone. Users with an interest in an oral contraceptive should consult the record entitled, record entitled, <a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM422/?report=reader">Contraceptives, Oral, Combined</a>.</p><p>There is little information available on the use of ethinyl estradiol alone during breastfeeding. Levels in milk appear to be low. Based on studies on oral contraceptives that contain ethinyl estradiol, immediate side effects such as breast enlargement appear to occur rarely. It seems likely that doses of 30 mcg daily or greater can suppress lactation. The magnitude of the effect on lactation likely depends on the dose and the time of introduction postpartum. It is most likely to occur if the estrogen is started before the milk supply is well established at about 6 weeks postpartum. The decrease can happen over the first few days of estrogen exposure.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.1" rid="LM420.REF.1">1</a>]</p></div><div id="LM420.Drug_Levels"><h3>Drug Levels</h3><p><i>Maternal Levels.</i> Four women who were fully nursing their infants were given a contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol 50 mcg and megestrol acetate 4 mg beginning at 2 months postpartum. Another 4 women who were 6 to 18 months postpartum were given a single dose of 500 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. After 10 days of therapy, ethinyl estradiol was undetectable (<50 ng/L) in the milk of women who received the 50 mcg dose at several times after the dose. In those who receive 500 mcg, peak milk levels usually were found in the 3-hour sample although the peak was found in the 7-hour sample in one. Peak milk levels ranged from about 170 to 300 ng/L; levels dropped rapidly and were usually undetectable by 23 hours after the dose. Based on the higher dose, the authors estimated that a fully breastfed infant whose mother was taking 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol daily would receive a dose of about 10 ng daily.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.1" rid="LM420.REF.1">1</a>]</p><p>Milk was collected and pooled from 2 groups of women who were taking ethinyl estradiol 100 mcg 3 times daily either immediately postpartum or after 1 to 6 months postpartum. Milk samples were collected 2 hours after the dose. Pooled milk was bioassayed for estrogenic activity and compared with the milk from lactating mothers taking no exogenous estrogens whose milk was collected at various times postpartum. No estrogenic activity was detected (<10 ng/80 mL of pooled milk [<0.125 mcg/L]) from women taking ethinyl estradiol above background estrogenic activity found in control colostrum.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.2" rid="LM420.REF.2">2</a>]</p><p><i>Infant Levels.</i> Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM420.Effects_in_Breastfed_Infants"><h3>Effects in Breastfed Infants</h3><p>Published information was not found as of the revision date on the effects of ethinyl estradiol alone on breastfed infants. However, case reports exist of breast enlargement in the infants of mothers taking combination oral contraceptives that contained ethinyl estradiol or its prodrug, mestranol.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.1" rid="LM420.REF.1">1</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.3" rid="LM420.REF.3">3</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.4" rid="LM420.REF.4">4</a>]</p></div><div id="LM420.Effects_on_Lactation_and_Breastmil"><h3>Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk</h3><p>Published information was not found as of the revision date on the effects of ethinyl estradiol on milk production. However, numerous studies on combination contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol or its prodrug mestranol indicate that doses of 30 mcg daily or greater might interfere with lactation.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.5" rid="LM420.REF.5">5</a>-<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.10" rid="LM420.REF.10">10</a>] One study that used a contraceptive containing 10 mcg of ethinyl estradiol found no effect on lactation.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.11" rid="LM420.REF.11">11</a>]</p><p>A retrospective cohort study compared 371 women who received high-dose estrogen (either 3 mg of diethylstilbestrol or 150 mcg of ethinyl estradiol daily)during adolescence for adult height reduction to 409 women who did not receive estrogen. No difference in breastfeeding duration was found between the two groups, indicating that high-dose estrogen during adolescence has no effect on later breastfeeding.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM420.REF.12" rid="LM420.REF.12">12</a>]</p></div><div id="LM420.Alternate_Drugs_to_Consider"><h3>Alternate Drugs to Consider</h3><p>
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<a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM423/?report=reader">Estradiol</a>
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</p></div><div id="LM420.References"><h3>References</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.1">Nilsson
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S, Nygren
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KG, Johansson
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ED. Ethinyl estradiol in human milk and plasma after oral administration.
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Contraception
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1978;17:131-9.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/630883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 630883</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.2">Betrabet
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SS, Shikary
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ZK, Toddywalla
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VS, et al.
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ICMR Task Force Study on hormonal contraception. Biological activity of ethinyl estradiol present in the breast milk.
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Contraception
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1986;34:169-75.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3780231" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3780231</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.3">Madhavapeddi
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R, Ramachandran
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P. Side effects of oral contraceptive use in lactating women - enlargement of breast in a breast-fed child.
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Contraception
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1985;32:437-43.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4085247" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4085247</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.4">Marriq
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P, Oddo
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G. Gynecomastia in the newborn induced by maternal milk? An unusual complication of oral contraceptives.
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Nouv Presse Med
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1974;3:2579.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4467130" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4467130</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.5">Kaern
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T.
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Effect of an oral contraceptive immediately post partum on initiation of lactation.
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Br Med J
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1967;3:644-5.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1842938/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1842938</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6038336" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6038336</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.6">Guiloff
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E, Ibarra-Polo
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A, Zanartu
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J, et al.
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Effect of contraception on lactation.
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Am J Obstet Gynecol
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1974;118:42-5.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4128673" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4128673</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.7">Peralta
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O, Díaz
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S, Juez
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G, et al.
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Fertility regulation in nursing women: V. Long-term influence of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive initiated at day 90 postpartum on lactation and infant growth.
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Contraception
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1983;27:27-38.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6404597" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6404597</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.8">Croxatto
|
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HB, Díaz
|
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S, Peralta
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O, et al.
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Fertility regulation in nursing women: IV. Long-term influence of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive initiated at day 30 postpartum upon lactation and infant growth.
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Contraception
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1983;27:13-25.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6404596" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6404596</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.9">Díaz
|
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S, Peralta
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O, Juez
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G, et al.
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Fertility regulation in nursing women: III. Short-term influence of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive upon lactation and infant growth.
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Contraception
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1983;27:1-11.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6404595" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6404595</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.10">Nilsson
|
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S, Mellbin
|
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T, Hofvander
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Y, et al.
|
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Long-term follow-up of children breast-fed by mothers using oral contraceptives.
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Contraception
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1986;34:443-57.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3816229" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3816229</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.11">Toddywalla
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VS, Joshi
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L, Virkar
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K. Effect of contraceptive steroids on human lactation.
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Am J Obstet Gynecol
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1977;127:245-9.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/835620" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 835620</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM420.REF.12">Jordan
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HL, Bruinsma
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FJ, Thomson
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RJ, et al.
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Adolescent exposure to high-dose estrogen and subsequent effects on lactation.
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Reprod Toxicol
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2007;24:397-402.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531440" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17531440</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div id="LM420.Substance_Identification"><h2 id="_LM420_Substance_Identification_">Substance Identification</h2><div id="LM420.Substance_Name"><h3>Substance Name</h3><p>Ethinyl Estradiol</p></div><div id="LM420.CAS_Registry_Number"><h3>CAS Registry Number</h3><p>57-63-6</p></div><div id="LM420.Drug_Class"><h3>Drug Class</h3><p>Breast Feeding</p><p>Lactation</p><p>Milk, Human</p><p>Estrogens</p><p>Estrogenic Steroids, Alkylated</p></div></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><p><b>Disclaimer: </b>Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. The U.S. government does not warrant or assume any liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information on this Site.</p></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK501293_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Revision: <span itemprop="dateModified">September 15, 2024</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a><p class="small"><b>Attribution Statement:</b> LactMed is a registered trademark of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Child Health and Human Development</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Ethinyl Estradiol. [Updated 2024 Sep 15].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM460/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM701/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
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</html>
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