399 lines
55 KiB
Text
399 lines
55 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK500991">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="lactmed">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK500991/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Insulin - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Insulin - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="auto">
|
|
<meta name="jr-prev-unit" content="/books/n/lactmed/LM1249/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="jr-next-unit" content="/books/n/lactmed/LM148/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="bk-toc-url" content="/books/n/lactmed/?report=toc">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE">
|
|
<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="Insulin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2024/11/15">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="30000050">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500991/">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Ultraphane">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Actrapid">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Basalgar">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Biohulin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Humuline">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Isuhuman">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Jusuline">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Lantus">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Velosulin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Afrezza">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Humulin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insugen">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Novolin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Semglee">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Viaject">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Umulin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulina humana">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulin glargine">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulin deglutec">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulin detemir">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulin glulisine">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="insulin lispro">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Levemir">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Tresiba">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insuman Rapid">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Umulin Rapide">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insuline humaine">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Incelligent AF">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Incelligent SG">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Human Protaphane">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Velosuline HM">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Oral-lyn">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Velosulin HM">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulinum humanum">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Actrapid HM">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Humulin N">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Humulin R">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Humulin S">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Novolin R">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="H-Tronin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Penfil R">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Regular human insulin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Humulin N-U 100">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Humulin 70/30">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="UNII-1Y17CTI5SR">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulin, human synthetic">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulin, Regular, Human">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulin aspart">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="1Y17CTI5SR">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Novolog">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Fiasp">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Apidra">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Humalog">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Admelog">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Lyumjev">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulina humana">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insuline humaine">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Insulinum humanum">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="ORMD 0801">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="EINECS 234-279-7">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="IN 105">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="NN 1953">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Insulin">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/11/15">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500991/">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Mothers with diabetes using insulin may nurse their infants. Exogenous insulin is excreted into breastmilk, including newer biosynthetic insulins (e.g., aspart, deglutec, detemir, glargine glulisine, lispro). Even direct administration of recombinant insulin orally to preterm infants is safe.[1] Insulin is a normal component of breastmilk and may decrease the risk of type 1 diabetes in breastfed infants.[2-5] Women taking insulin for type 2 diabetes have higher milk insulin levels than those controlled with diet alone.[6]">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="Insulin">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:description" content="Mothers with diabetes using insulin may nurse their infants. Exogenous insulin is excreted into breastmilk, including newer biosynthetic insulins (e.g., aspart, deglutec, detemir, glargine glulisine, lispro). Even direct administration of recombinant insulin orally to preterm infants is safe.[1] Insulin is a normal component of breastmilk and may decrease the risk of type 1 diabetes in breastfed infants.[2-5] Women taking insulin for type 2 diabetes have higher milk insulin levels than those controlled with diet alone.[6]">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500991/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-lactmed-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/lactmed/LM147/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500991/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8B97A27D820EC10000000000950084.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK500991/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM1249/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Insulin</div><div class="j">Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM148/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-rtoc-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500991/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500991/&text=Insulin"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-rtoc-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Table of Content</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/?report=reader">Title Information</a><a href="/books/n/lactmed/toc/?report=reader">Table of Contents Page</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK500991/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/NBK500991/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK500991.pdf">PDF (140K)</a><a href="/books/NBK500991/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK500991%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8B97A27D820EC10000000000950084.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK500991_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Insulin</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK500991_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 9 minutes</em></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><p>CASRN: 11061-68-0</p><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134989413" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134989413" alt="image 134989413 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a><div id="LM147.Drug_Levels_and_Effects"><h2 id="_LM147_Drug_Levels_and_Effects_">Drug Levels and Effects</h2><div id="LM147.Summary_of_Use_during_Lactation"><h3>Summary of Use during Lactation</h3><p>Mothers with diabetes using insulin may nurse their infants. Exogenous insulin is excreted into breastmilk, including newer biosynthetic insulins (e.g., aspart, deglutec, detemir, glargine glulisine, lispro). Even direct administration of recombinant insulin orally to preterm infants is safe.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.1" rid="LM147.REF.1">1</a>] Insulin is a normal component of breastmilk and may decrease the risk of type 1 diabetes in breastfed infants.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.2" rid="LM147.REF.2">2</a>-<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.5" rid="LM147.REF.5">5</a>] Women taking insulin for type 2 diabetes have higher milk insulin levels than those controlled with diet alone.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.6" rid="LM147.REF.6">6</a>]</p><p>Insulin requirements are reduced postpartum in women with type 1 diabetes,[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.7" rid="LM147.REF.7">7</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.8" rid="LM147.REF.8">8</a>] although postpartum insulin requirements do not significantly differ between breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding women.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.9" rid="LM147.REF.9">9</a>] In general, insulin requirements are 30% to 50% lower than prepregnancy dosages immediately postpartum. Then the insulin requirements during breastfeeding average 21% lower than prepregnancy dosages, but there is wide variation.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.8" rid="LM147.REF.8">8</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.10" rid="LM147.REF.10">10</a>] In one study, insulin requirements were lower than prepregnancy dosage only during the first week postpartum: 54% of prepregnancy dosage on day 2 and 73% on day 3 postpartum. On day 7 postpartum, insulin dosage returned to prepregnancy requirements.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.11" rid="LM147.REF.11">11</a>] Another study found that dosage requirements did not return to normal for up to 6 weeks in some mothers.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.12" rid="LM147.REF.12">12</a>] A third study found that at 4 months postpartum, patients with type 1 diabetes who exclusively breastfed had an average of 13% lower (range -52% to +40%) insulin requirement than their prepregnancy requirement.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.13" rid="LM147.REF.13">13</a>] A retrospective case-control study found a 34% decrease in postpartum insulin requirement compare to preconception values. There was a nonsignificant trend towards lower requirements in exclusively breastfeeding mothers compared to partial or full formula feeding.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.6" rid="LM147.REF.6">6</a>] A small study found that mothers on insulin pumps were found to have an average basal insulin rates 14% lower and carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios were 10% higher than pre-pregnancy settings.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.14" rid="LM147.REF.14">14</a>] Breastfeeding appears to improve glucose postpartum glucose tolerance in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus and in normal women.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.15" rid="LM147.REF.15">15</a>-<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.17" rid="LM147.REF.17">17</a>]</p><p>A small, well-controlled study of women with type 1 diabetes mellitus using continuous subcutaneous insulin found that the average basal insulin requirement in women with type 1 diabetes who breastfed was 0.21 units/kg daily and the total insulin requirement was 0.56 units/kg daily. In similar women who did not breastfeed, the basal insulin requirement was 0.33 units/kg daily and the total insulin requirement was 0.75 units/kg daily. The 36% lower basal insulin requirement was thought to be caused by glucose use for milk production.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.18" rid="LM147.REF.18">18</a>]</p><p>Lactation onset occurs later in patients with type 1 diabetes than in women without diabetes, with a greater delay in mothers with poor glucose control.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.11" rid="LM147.REF.11">11</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.19" rid="LM147.REF.19">19</a>] Mothers with type 1 diabetes also discontinue nursing at a higher rate during the first week postpartum.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.20" rid="LM147.REF.20">20</a>-<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.22" rid="LM147.REF.22">22</a>] Women with any form of diabetes during pregnancy had more problems with low milk supply than women without diabetes.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.23" rid="LM147.REF.23">23</a>] Once established, lactation persists as long in mothers with diabetes as in mothers without diabetes.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.19" rid="LM147.REF.19">19</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.24" rid="LM147.REF.24">24</a>] However, as in women without diabetes, smoking has a strong negative impact on lactation among mothers with type 1 diabetes.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.13" rid="LM147.REF.13">13</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.25" rid="LM147.REF.25">25</a>] Other factors that have been identified as causes of shorter duration of breastfeeding among type 1 diabetic patients are more frequent caesarean sections and earlier delivery.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.26" rid="LM147.REF.26">26</a>] Among patients with gestational diabetes, those treated with insulin have a delayed onset of lactogenesis II and lower exclusive breastfeeding rates compared to those not treated with insulin.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.27" rid="LM147.REF.27">27</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.28" rid="LM147.REF.28">28</a>]</p></div><div id="LM147.Drug_Levels"><h3>Drug Levels</h3><p><i>Maternal Levels.</i> Insulin is normally present in breastmilk.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.29" rid="LM147.REF.29">29</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.30" rid="LM147.REF.30">30</a>] In one study, insulin levels in milk were 60 milliunits/L (range 6.5 to 306 milliunits/L) in 42 mothers without diabetes who had fullterm infants between 3 and 30 days postpartum.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.2" rid="LM147.REF.2">2</a>] Insulin levels averaged 59 milliunits/L on day 3 postpartum and 40 milliunits/L on day 7 postpartum in 24 mothers without diabetes who had fullterm infants. Mothers of preterm infants had nonsignificant changes in milk insulin levels.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.31" rid="LM147.REF.31">31</a>]</p><p>In a study of 7 diabetic nursing mothers and 10 nondiabetic nursing mothers, blood glucose was elevated to about 300 mg/dL using a continuous intravenous glucose infusion. Regular pork insulin was then given intravenously to lower the blood glucose. Glucose and insulin were measured in the breastmilk of all the mothers. The milk glucose of women with diabetes approximately tripled during the experiment, but milk glucose remained low in the nondiabetic women. Milk insulin was elevated in the diabetic women, with the peak milk insulin level occurring between 30 to 50 minutes after the intravenous injection. Nine of the 10 nondiabetic women had detectable insulin levels in breastmilk which ranged from 5.1 to 13 milli-IU/mL.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.32" rid="LM147.REF.32">32</a>]</p><p>Insulin was measured in donor milk from 34 nondiabetic women who were between 1 month and 1 year postpartum. The average insulin concentration was 163 picomoles/L. After pasteurization using the Holder method (62.5 degrees C for 30 min), the average concentration was 88 picomoles/L.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.33" rid="LM147.REF.33">33</a>]</p><p>A small study measured breastmilk insulin concentrations in control mothers (n = 5; 1 to 6 months postpartum), mothers with type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 4; 2 to 5 months postpartum) and type 2 diabetes (n = 5; 5 to 6 months postpartum). No differences were found in the insulin content among the 3 groups and little circadian variation was found. Mothers with type 1 diabetes were well controlled on insulin aspart and insulin glargine. No endogenous insulin was found in their breastmilk, but the milk of 3 of the mothers contained an average 20.5 milliunits/L of insulin, presumed to be of exogenous origin. No indication of paracellular diffusion of insulin was apparent in these women and C-peptide levels in milk were only 5 to 7% those of control mothers. These findings indicate that insulin is likely actively transported into breastmilk.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.34" rid="LM147.REF.34">34</a>]</p><p>A cohort study compared insulin levels in the breastmilk of mothers who had normal weight and those who were overweight or obese. Breastmilk insulin concentrations were higher in the overweight and obese mothers at 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months postpartum. The average milk insulin concentration was almost twice as great as fasting insulin serum insulin in one study at 2 weeks postpartum and a third higher at 4 months postpartum.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.35" rid="LM147.REF.35">35</a>]</p><p>A study compared milk insulin levels in mothers who either had type 2 diabetes controlled with insulin with or without oral agents, women whose glucose was controlled by diet alone or women without diabetes. The group receiving insulin had higher milk insulin levels than the other two groups and their milk insulin increased as mean nocturnal serum glucose increased.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.6" rid="LM147.REF.6">6</a>]</p><p>A study of the milk of the mothers of preterm infants found insulin levels to average 86.4 pmol/L in the first 2 months postpartum and 119.1 pmol/L in months 3 to 6 postpartum, which was a statistically significant difference. The average concentration of insulin in preterm milk was 109.1 pmol/L over the first 6 months postpartum compared to 96.7 pmol/L in the milk of fullterm milk, although this difference was not statistically significant.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.36" rid="LM147.REF.36">36</a>]</p><p><i>Infant Levels.</i> Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM147.Effects_in_Breastfed_Infants"><h3>Effects in Breastfed Infants</h3><p>Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. Insulin in breastmilk is thought to be necessary for intestinal maturation of the infant and may help decrease the risk of contracting type 1 diabetes in breastfed infants.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.2" rid="LM147.REF.2">2</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.3" rid="LM147.REF.3">3</a>]</p></div><div id="LM147.Effects_on_Lactation_and_Breastmil"><h3>Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk</h3><p>Proper insulin levels are necessary for lactation. Good glycemic control enhances maternal serum and milk prolactin concentrations and decreases the delay in the establishment of lactation that can occur in mothers with type 1 diabetes.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.19" rid="LM147.REF.19">19</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.37" rid="LM147.REF.37">37</a>]</p><p>One-hundred two of 107 consecutive mothers with type 1 diabetes mellitus who delivered were followed at a Danish hospital. Mothers were given prenatal information on breastfeeding and were offered postnatal counseling by a nurse on the benefits of breastfeeding. All infants were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at about 2 hours of age for the following 24 hours. When possible, mothers either breastfed or pumped milk for their infants during this time. Mothers were contacted at 5 days and 4 months postpartum to determine their breastfeeding status. The rates of initiation of exclusive and nonexclusive breastfeeding and exclusive formula feeding and the rates at 4 months postpartum were no different from those of the Danish population.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.13" rid="LM147.REF.13">13</a>]</p><p>Eight hundred eighty-three women with gestational diabetes were interviewed at 6 to 9 weeks postpartum. Those who had been treated with insulin more frequently reported having a delayed onset of lactogenesis II (>72 hours) postpartum than those not treated with insulin, independent of other maternal risk factors. The odds ratio of having delayed lactogenesis II was 3.1 among insulin-treated mothers compared to mothers with gestational diabetes who did not receive insulin.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.27" rid="LM147.REF.27">27</a>]</p><p>A small, controlled trial of women with gestational diabetes compared those treated with insulin to women treated with diet and exercise. Those treated with insulin had a lower rate of exclusive breastfeeding than those treated with diet and exercise (57% vs 81%).[<a class="bibr" href="#LM147.REF.28" rid="LM147.REF.28">28</a>]</p></div><div id="LM147.References"><h3>References</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.1">Mank
|
|
E, Sáenz de Pipaón
|
|
M, Lapillonne
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Efficacy and safety of enteral recombinant human insulin in preterm infants: A randomized clinical trial.
|
|
JAMA Pediatr
|
|
2022;176:452-60.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8886453/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8886453</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35226099" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35226099</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.2">Shehadeh
|
|
N, Gelertner
|
|
L, Blazer
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Importance of insulin content in infant diet: Suggestion for a new infant formula.
|
|
Acta Paediatr
|
|
2001;90:93-5.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11227343" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11227343</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.3">Shehadeh
|
|
N, Shamir
|
|
R, Berant
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Insulin in human milk and the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Pediatr Diabetes
|
|
2001;2:175-7.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15016183" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15016183</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.4">Tiittanen
|
|
M, Paronen
|
|
J, Savilahti
|
|
E, et al.
|
|
Dietary insulin as an immunogen and tolerogen.
|
|
Pediatr Allergy Immunol
|
|
2006;17:538-43.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17014631" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17014631</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.5">Mank
|
|
E, van Toledo
|
|
L, Heijboer
|
|
AC, et al.
|
|
Insulin concentration in human milk in the first ten days postpartum: Course and associated factors.
|
|
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
|
|
2021;73:e115-e9.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34183615" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34183615</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.6">Rodel
|
|
RL, Farabi
|
|
SS, Hirsch
|
|
NM, et al.
|
|
Human milk imparts higher insulin concentration in infants born to women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med
|
|
2021;35:7676-84.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34465258" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34465258</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.7">Roeder
|
|
HA, Moore
|
|
TR, Ramos
|
|
GA. Changes in postpartum insulin requirements for patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Am J Perinatol
|
|
2016;33:683-7.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26862721" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26862721</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.8">Ringholm
|
|
L, Stougaard
|
|
EB, Nørgaard
|
|
SK, et al.
|
|
Diabetes management during breastfeeding in women with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Curr Diab Rep
|
|
2020;20:34.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32562097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32562097</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.9">Skajaa
|
|
GØ, Kampmann
|
|
U, Ovesen
|
|
PG, et al.
|
|
Breastfeeding and insulin requirements in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the first year postpartum.
|
|
Acta Diabetol
|
|
2023;60:899-906.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991223" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36991223</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.10">Kakoulidis
|
|
I, Ilias
|
|
I, Linardi
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Insulin requirements during lactation in women with diabetes mellitus type 1 in comparison with pre-pregnancy levels: A 10-year retrospective study.
|
|
Health Care Women Int
|
|
2022;43:309-12.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34586960" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34586960</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.11">Stanley
|
|
K, Fraser
|
|
R, Bruce
|
|
C. Physiological changes in insulin resistance in human pregnancy: Longitudinal study with the hyperinsulinaemic euglycemic clamp technique.
|
|
Br J Obstet Gynaecol
|
|
1998;105:756-9.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9692417" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9692417</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.12">Davies
|
|
HA, Clark
|
|
JD, Dalton
|
|
KJ, et al.
|
|
Insulin requirements of diabetic women who breast feed.
|
|
BMJ
|
|
1989;298:1357-8.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1836645/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1836645</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2502253" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2502253</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.13">Stage
|
|
E, Norgard
|
|
H, Damm
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Long-term breast-feeding in women with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care
|
|
2006;29:771-4.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16567813" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16567813</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.14">Nørgaard
|
|
SK, Nørgaard
|
|
K, Roskjær
|
|
AB, et al.
|
|
Insulin pump settings during breastfeeding in women with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Technol Ther
|
|
2020;22:314-20.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31580150" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31580150</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.15">O'Reilly
|
|
MW, Avalos
|
|
G, Dennedy
|
|
MC, et al.
|
|
Atlantic DIP: high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance post partum is reduced by breast-feeding in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Eur J Endocrinol
|
|
2011;165:953-9.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21937504" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21937504</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.16">Gunderson
|
|
EP, Hedderson
|
|
MM, Chiang
|
|
V, et al.
|
|
Lactation intensity and postpartum maternal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in women with recent GDM: The SWIFT cohort.
|
|
Diabetes Care
|
|
2012;35:50-6.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3241296/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3241296</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22011407" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22011407</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.17">Da Costa
|
|
TH, Bluck
|
|
LJ. High lactation index is associated with insulin sensitivity.
|
|
J Nutr Biochem
|
|
2011;22:446-9.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20655718" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20655718</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.18">Riviello
|
|
C, Mello
|
|
G, Jovanovic
|
|
LG. Breastfeeding and the basal insulin requirement in type 1 diabetic women.
|
|
Endocr Pract
|
|
2009;15:187-93.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19364685" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19364685</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.19">Neubauer
|
|
SH, Ferris
|
|
AM, Chase
|
|
CG, et al.
|
|
Delayed lactogenesis in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Am J Clin Nutr
|
|
1993;58:54-60.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8317390" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8317390</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.20">Ferris
|
|
AM, Dalidowitz
|
|
CK, Ingardia
|
|
CM, et al.
|
|
Lactation outcome in insulin-dependent diabetic women.
|
|
J Am Diet Assoc
|
|
1988;88:317-22.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3279099" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3279099</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.21">Hummel
|
|
S, Winkler
|
|
C, Schoen
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Breastfeeding habits in families with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabet Med
|
|
2007;24:671-6.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17403118" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17403118</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.22">Finkelstein
|
|
SA, Keely
|
|
E, Feig
|
|
DS, et al.
|
|
Breastfeeding in women with diabetes: Lower rates despite greater rewards. A population-based study.
|
|
Diabet Med
|
|
2013;30:1094-101.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23692476" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23692476</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.23">Riddle
|
|
SW, Nommsen-Rivers
|
|
LA. A case control study of diabetes during pregnancy and low milk supply.
|
|
Breastfeed Med
|
|
2016;11:80-5.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4782029/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4782029</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26859784" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26859784</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.24">Schoen
|
|
S, Sichert-Hellert
|
|
W, Hummel
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Breastfeeding duration in families with type 1 diabetes compared to non-affected families: results from BABYDIAB and DONALD studies in Germany.
|
|
Breastfeed Med
|
|
2008;3:171-5.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18778212" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18778212</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.25">Knudsen
|
|
A, Pedersen
|
|
H, Klebe
|
|
JG. Impact of smoking on the duration of breastfeeding in mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes melllitus.
|
|
Acta Paediatr
|
|
2001;90:926-30.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11529544" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11529544</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.26">Sorkio
|
|
S, Cuthbertson
|
|
D, Barlund
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Breastfeeding patterns of mothers with type 1 diabetes: results from an infant feeding trial.
|
|
Diabetes Metab Res Rev
|
|
2010;26:206-11.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4225619/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4225619</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20474068" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20474068</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.27">Matias
|
|
SL, Dewey
|
|
KG, Quesenberry
|
|
CP, Jr, et al.
|
|
Maternal prepregnancy obesity and insulin treatment during pregnancy are independently associated with delayed lactogenesis in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Am J Clin Nutr
|
|
2014;99:115-21.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3862450/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3862450</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24196401" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24196401</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.28">de Souza
|
|
PC, da Silva
|
|
AGA, Santos
|
|
CMAM, et al.
|
|
Comparison of perinatal outcomes of women with gestational diabetes mellitus according to type of treatment for glycemic control.
|
|
J Pediatr (Rio J)
|
|
2024.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39362638" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 39362638</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.29">Kulski
|
|
JK, Hartmann
|
|
PE. Milk insulin, GH and TSH: Relationship to changes in milk lactose, glucose and protein during lactogenesis in women.
|
|
Endocrinol Exp
|
|
1983;17:317-26.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6360660" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6360660</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.30">Koldovský
|
|
O.
|
|
Hormones in milk.
|
|
Vitam Horm
|
|
1995;50:77-149.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7709605" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7709605</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.31">Shehadeh
|
|
N, Khaesh-Goldberg
|
|
E, Shamir
|
|
R, et al.
|
|
Insulin in human milk: Postpartum changes and effect of gestational age.
|
|
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed
|
|
2003;88:F214-6.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2291508/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2291508</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12719395" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12719395</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.32">Jovanovic-Peterson
|
|
L, Fuhrmann
|
|
K, Hedden
|
|
K, et al.
|
|
Maternal milk and plasma glucose and insulin levels: Studies in normal and diabetic subjects.
|
|
J Am Coll Nutr
|
|
1989;8:125-31.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2651503" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2651503</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.33">Ley
|
|
SH, Hanley
|
|
AJ, Stone
|
|
D, et al.
|
|
Effects of pasteurization on adiponectin and insulin concentrations in donor human milk.
|
|
Pediatr Res
|
|
2011;70:278-81.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21587097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21587097</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.34">Whitmore
|
|
TJ, Trengove
|
|
NJ, Graham
|
|
DF, et al.
|
|
Analysis of insulin in human breast milk in mothers with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Int J Endocrinol
|
|
2012;2012:296368.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3303574/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3303574</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22500167" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22500167</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.35">Young
|
|
BE, Patinkin
|
|
Z, Palmer
|
|
C, et al.
|
|
Human milk insulin is related to maternal plasma insulin and BMI: But other components of human milk do not differ by BMI.
|
|
Eur J Clin Nutr
|
|
2017;71:1094-100.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5587359/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5587359</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28513622" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28513622</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.36">Vass
|
|
RA, Bell
|
|
EF, Roghair
|
|
RD, et al.
|
|
Insulin, testosterone, and albumin in term and preterm breast milk, donor milk, and infant formula.
|
|
Nutrients
|
|
2023;15:1476.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10051190/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10051190</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36986206" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36986206</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM147.REF.37">Ostrom
|
|
KM, Ferris
|
|
AM. Prolactin concentrations in serum and milk of mothers with and without insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Am J Clin Nutr
|
|
1993;58:49-53.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8317389" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8317389</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div id="LM147.Substance_Identification"><h2 id="_LM147_Substance_Identification_">Substance Identification</h2><div id="LM147.Substance_Name"><h3>Substance Name</h3><p>Insulin</p></div><div id="LM147.CAS_Registry_Number"><h3>CAS Registry Number</h3><p>11061-68-0</p></div><div id="LM147.Drug_Class"><h3>Drug Class</h3><p>Breast Feeding</p><p>Lactation</p><p>Milk, Human</p><p>Hypoglycemic Agents</p></div></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><p><b>Disclaimer: </b>Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. The U.S. government does not warrant or assume any liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information on this Site.</p></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK500991_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Revision: <span itemprop="dateModified">November 15, 2024</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a><p class="small"><b>Attribution Statement:</b> LactMed is a registered trademark of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Child Health and Human Development</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Insulin. [Updated 2024 Nov 15].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM1249/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM148/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal104 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|