288 lines
43 KiB
Text
288 lines
43 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK500951">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="lactmed">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK500951/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Vitamin E - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Vitamin E - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="auto">
|
|
<meta name="jr-prev-unit" content="/books/n/lactmed/LM1323/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="jr-next-unit" content="/books/n/lactmed/LM1330/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="bk-toc-url" content="/books/n/lactmed/?report=toc">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE">
|
|
<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="Vitamin E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2024/06/15">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="30000010">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500951/">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="VITAMIN E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="alpha-Tocopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="D-alpha-Tocopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Phytogermine">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Eprolin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="5,7,8-Trimethyltocol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="(+)-alpha-Tocopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Syntopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Denamone">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Viteolin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Aquasol E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Esorb">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="alpha Tocopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Tocopherol alpha">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Evitaminum">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Profecundin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Almefrol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Emipherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Etamican">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Tokopharm">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Vascuals">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Viprimol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Vitayonon">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Epsilan">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Etavit">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Ilitia">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Verrol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Evion">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="alpha-Tokoferol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Vitaplex E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Vitamin E alpha">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Covi-ox">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Eprolin S">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Mixed tocopherols">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Viterra E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="E Prolin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Spavit E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="E-Vimin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="(R,R,R)-alpha-Tocopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="D-alpha tocopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Endo E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Vita E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Lan-E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Med-E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="alpha-Tocopherol, D-">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Antisterility vitamin">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="alpha-Tocopherol acid">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Tenox GT 1">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Rhenogran Ronotec 50">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Vi-E">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Covitol F 1000">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="(2R,4'R,8'R)-alpha-Tocopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="59-02-9">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="E 307 (tocopherol)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="(all-R)-alpha-Tocopherol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="UNII-N9PR3490H9">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="E-Oil 1000">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="CCRIS 3588">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="HSDB 2556">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="N9PR3490H9">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="EINECS 200-412-2">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="NSC 20812">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="E 307">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="EC 200-412-2">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-(4',8',12'-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-, (2R-(2R*(4R*,8R*)))-">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="(2R,4'R,8'R)-2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-(4',8',12'-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1- -benzopyran-6-ol">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-, (2R)-">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Vitamin E">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/06/15">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500951/">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Vitamin E is a normal component of human milk. Maternal obesity, smoking and possibly preterm birth (<37 weeks gestational age) are associated with lower milk vitamin E levels. Lactating mothers may need to supplement their dietary intake of vitamin E to achieve the recommended daily intake of 19 mg.[1] Daily maternal vitamin E supplementation from prenatal multivitamins can safely and modestly increase milk vitamin E levels and improve the vitamin E status of the breastfed infant compared to no supplementation. Higher daily dosages have not been studied.">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="Vitamin E">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:description" content="Vitamin E is a normal component of human milk. Maternal obesity, smoking and possibly preterm birth (<37 weeks gestational age) are associated with lower milk vitamin E levels. Lactating mothers may need to supplement their dietary intake of vitamin E to achieve the recommended daily intake of 19 mg.[1] Daily maternal vitamin E supplementation from prenatal multivitamins can safely and modestly increase milk vitamin E levels and improve the vitamin E status of the breastfed infant compared to no supplementation. Higher daily dosages have not been studied.">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500951/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-lactmed-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/lactmed/LM1357/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500951/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8C8A2D7D84457100000000000A000A.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK500951/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM1323/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Vitamin E</div><div class="j">Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM1330/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-rtoc-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500951/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500951/&text=Vitamin%20E"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-rtoc-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Table of Content</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/?report=reader">Title Information</a><a href="/books/n/lactmed/toc/?report=reader">Table of Contents Page</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK500951/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/NBK500951/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK500951.pdf">PDF (123K)</a><a href="/books/NBK500951/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK500951%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8C8A2D7D84457100000000000A000A.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK500951_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Vitamin E</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK500951_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 5 minutes</em></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><p>CASRN: 59-02-9</p><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134972125" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134972125" alt="image 134972125 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a><div id="LM1357.Drug_Levels_and_Effects"><h2 id="_LM1357_Drug_Levels_and_Effects_">Drug Levels and Effects</h2><div id="LM1357.Summary_of_Use_during_Lactation"><h3>Summary of Use during Lactation</h3><p>Vitamin E is a normal component of human milk. Maternal obesity, smoking and possibly preterm birth (<37 weeks gestational age) are associated with lower milk vitamin E levels. Lactating mothers may need to supplement their dietary intake of vitamin E to achieve the recommended daily intake of 19 mg.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.1" rid="LM1357.REF.1">1</a>] Daily maternal vitamin E supplementation from prenatal multivitamins can safely and modestly increase milk vitamin E levels and improve the vitamin E status of the breastfed infant compared to no supplementation. Higher daily dosages have not been studied.</p></div><div id="LM1357.Drug_Levels"><h3>Drug Levels</h3><p>Alpha-tocopherol is the major isoform of vitamin E present in the human diet and in breastmilk.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.1" rid="LM1357.REF.1">1</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.2" rid="LM1357.REF.2">2</a>] Levels are highest in colostrum and decrease postnatally.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.3" rid="LM1357.REF.3">3</a>] Higher alpha-tocopherol milk levels result in greater milk antioxidant capacity.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.2" rid="LM1357.REF.2">2</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.4" rid="LM1357.REF.4">4</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.5" rid="LM1357.REF.5">5</a>] Maternal serum levels correlate with breastmilk levels during the early postpartum period, but this relationship has not been studied in mature milk.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.6" rid="LM1357.REF.6">6</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.7" rid="LM1357.REF.7">7</a>] Vitamin E is naturally found in plant seed oils, and women with higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids during lactation have higher alpha-tocopherol in breastmilk.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.8" rid="LM1357.REF.8">8</a>] A serum alpha-tocopherol concentration <12 micromoles/L indicates vitamin E deficiency in adults and children.</p><p>United States Food and Drug Administration standards for dietary supplement labeling recommend mcg rather than the traditional “international units” (IU) when describing vitamin E doses. One IU = 0.67 mg = 1.556 micromoles (0.43 mg per micromole) of the naturally occurring stereoisomer d-alpha-tocopherol, also known as RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Some vitamin E supplements and food fortifiers are manufactured using the synthetic racemic dl-alpha-tocopherol form where 1 IU = 0.45 mg.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.1" rid="LM1357.REF.1">1</a>]</p><p><i>Maternal Levels.</i> In mothers not taking a vitamin E supplement, average alpha-tocopherol levels reported in colostrum range from 20 to 50 micromoles/L. At 1 to 2 weeks postpartum, milk levels are 7 to 14 micromoles/L, and beyond 2 weeks they are 3 to 9 micromoles/L.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.3" rid="LM1357.REF.3">3</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.9" rid="LM1357.REF.9">9</a>] Hindmilk levels are higher than foremilk.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.10" rid="LM1357.REF.10">10</a>] Maternal obesity and smoking are associated with lower milk alpha-tocopherol levels.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.11" rid="LM1357.REF.11">11</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.12" rid="LM1357.REF.12">12</a>] Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestational age) may also be associated with lower milk levels.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.10" rid="LM1357.REF.10">10</a>] In some comparative studies, reported levels range from 1/3 to 2/3 lower in preterm than term milk.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.11" rid="LM1357.REF.11">11</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.12" rid="LM1357.REF.12">12</a>] Others have not found a difference associated with prematurity.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.13" rid="LM1357.REF.13">13</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.14" rid="LM1357.REF.14">14</a>]</p><p>In a series of prospective studies conducted by the same research group in Brazil, a single supplemental dose of vitamin E given to mothers in the first 48 hours postpartum produced small to modest short-term increases in colostrum and milk levels compared to no supplementation. The best results came from 400 IU (268 mg) of natural vitamin E which increased colostrum levels by nearly 60%, from about 35 micromoles/L at baseline to 50 micromoles/L at 24 hours after the dose compared to a 36% increase from the same dose of synthetic vitamin E.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.15" rid="LM1357.REF.15">15</a>] By 7 days after the dose, mothers who received 400 IU (268 mg) of natural vitamin E had milk levels return to baseline, although still significantly higher than milk of unsupplemented mothers whose levels were below baseline. By 30 days, both groups had similar milk levels, which were about one-third of baseline levels.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.16" rid="LM1357.REF.16">16</a>] A single 110 IU (50 mg) dose of synthetic vitamin E did not significantly change colostrum levels 24 hours after the dose.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.17" rid="LM1357.REF.17">17</a>]</p><p>In Tanzania, 320 women with vitamin E deficiency (serum vitamin E levels of approximately 10 micromoles/L) were given a daily multivitamin containing 30 mg of natural vitamin E during pregnancy and postpartum. Their average milk levels of alpha-tocopherol at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum were significantly higher (12.5, 11.5 and 10.3 micromoles/L, respectively) than in 306 women not given the multivitamin (10.3, 8.8, and 8.4 micromoles/L).[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.18" rid="LM1357.REF.18">18</a>]</p><p><i>Infant Levels.</i> The average serum level observed in healthy children is 20 micromoles/L.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.19" rid="LM1357.REF.19">19</a>]</p><p>In 306 HIV positive Tanzanian women who were given a daily multivitamin containing 30 mg daily of natural vitamin E starting at 12 to 27 weeks of pregnancy and continuing postpartum, the average serum alpha-tocopherol levels in their exclusively breastfed infants were significantly higher (17 and 15.7 micromoles/L, respectively) at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum compared to 288 women not given the multivitamin (15.2 and 14.6 micromoles/L, respectively). All the women studied had similar serum vitamin E levels of approximately 23 micromoles/L at baseline. The contribution of breastmilk to the higher infant vitamin E levels cannot be determined.[<a class="bibr" href="#LM1357.REF.20" rid="LM1357.REF.20">20</a>]</p></div><div id="LM1357.Effects_in_Breastfed_Infants"><h3>Effects in Breastfed Infants</h3><p>Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM1357.Effects_on_Lactation_and_Breastmi"><h3>Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk</h3><p>Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.</p></div><div id="LM1357.References"><h3>References</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.1">National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin E fact sheet for health professionals. 2016. <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://ods<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.od.nih.gov<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.2">Elisia
|
|
I, Kitts
|
|
DD. Quantification of hexanal as an index of lipid oxidation in human milk and association with antioxidant components.
|
|
J Clin Biochem Nutr
|
|
2011;49:147-52.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3208008/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3208008</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22128211" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22128211</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.3">Xi
|
|
Y, Wang
|
|
X, Liu
|
|
K, et al.
|
|
Vitamin E concentration in breast milk in different periods of lactation: Meta-analysis.
|
|
Front Nutr
|
|
2022;9:1050011.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9691403/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9691403</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36438759" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36438759</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.4">Tijerina-Sáenz
|
|
A, Innis
|
|
SM, Kitts
|
|
DD. Antioxidant capacity of human milk and its association with vitamins A and E and fatty acid composition.
|
|
Acta Paediatr
|
|
2009;98:1793-8.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2773529/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2773529</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19807706" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19807706</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.5">Quiles
|
|
JL, Ochoa
|
|
JJ, Ramírez-Tortosa
|
|
MC, et al.
|
|
Coenzyme Q concentration and total antioxidant capacity of human milk at different stages of lactation in mothers of preterm and full-term infants.
|
|
Free Radic Res
|
|
2006;40:199-206.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16390829" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16390829</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.6">Fares
|
|
S, Sethom
|
|
MM, Kacem
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Retinol and alpha-tocopherol in the colostrum of lactating Tunisian women delivering prematurely: Associations with maternal characteristics.
|
|
Pediatr Neonatol
|
|
2016;57:120-6.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26293321" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26293321</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.7">Lou
|
|
Z, Dang
|
|
G, Wu
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
The natural occurring RRR-α-tocopherol and synthetic α-tocopherol stereoisomers in maternal plasma, cord plasma and breast milk among six regions of China.
|
|
Br J Nutr
|
|
2023;130:878-86.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35757962" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35757962</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.8">da Mata
|
|
AMB, da Silva
|
|
AGCL, Medeiros
|
|
JFP, et al.
|
|
Dietary lipid intake influences the alpha-tocopherol levels in human milk.
|
|
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
|
|
2020;70:858-63.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443047" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32443047</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.9">Silva
|
|
ALCD, Ribeiro
|
|
KDDS, Melo
|
|
LRM, et al.
|
|
Vitamin E in human milk and its relation to the nutritional requirement of the term newborn.
|
|
Rev Paul Pediatr
|
|
2017;35:158-64.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5496727/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5496727</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28977333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28977333</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.10">Bishara
|
|
R, Dunn
|
|
MS, Merko
|
|
SE, et al.
|
|
Nutrient composition of hindmilk produced by mothers of very low birth weight infants born at less than 28 weeks' gestation.
|
|
J Hum Lact
|
|
2008;24:159-67.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436967" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18436967</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.11">Sámano
|
|
R, Martínez-Rojano
|
|
H, Hernández
|
|
RM, et al.
|
|
Retinol and alpha-tocopherol in the breast milk of women after a high-risk pregnancy.
|
|
Nutrients
|
|
2017;9:E14.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5295058/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5295058</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045436" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28045436</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.12">Ortega
|
|
RM, López-Sobaler
|
|
AM, Martínez
|
|
RM, et al.
|
|
Influence of smoking on vitamin E status during the third trimester of pregnancy and on breast-milk tocopherol concentrations in Spanish women.
|
|
Am J Clin Nutr
|
|
1998;68:662-7.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9734745" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9734745</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.13">Haug
|
|
M, Laubach
|
|
C, Burke
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Vitamin E in human milk from mothers of preterm and term infants.
|
|
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
|
|
1987;6:605-9.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3430268" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3430268</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.14">Grilo
|
|
EC, Lira
|
|
LQ, Dimenstein
|
|
R, et al.
|
|
Influence of prematurity and birth weight on the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum milk.
|
|
Rev Paul Pediatr
|
|
2013;31:473-9.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4183043/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4183043</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24473952" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24473952</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.15">Clemente
|
|
HA, Ramalho
|
|
HM, Lima
|
|
MS, et al.
|
|
Maternal supplementation with natural or synthetic vitamin E and its levels in human colostrum.
|
|
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
|
|
2015;60:533-7.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25419678" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25419678</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.16">Pires Medeiros
|
|
JF, Ribeiro
|
|
KD, Lima
|
|
MS, et al.
|
|
alpha-Tocopherol in breast milk of women with preterm delivery after a single postpartum oral dose of vitamin E.
|
|
Br J Nutr
|
|
2016;115:1424-30.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26931347" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26931347</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.17">Dimenstein
|
|
R, Lira
|
|
L, Medeiros
|
|
AC, et al.
|
|
[Effect of vitamin E supplementation on alpha-tocopherol levels in human colostrum]. Rev Panam Salud Publica
|
|
2011;29:399-403.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21829962" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21829962</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.18">Webb
|
|
AL, Aboud
|
|
S, Furtado
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
Effect of vitamin supplementation on breast milk concentrations of retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols in HIV-infected Tanzanian women.
|
|
Eur J Clin Nutr
|
|
2009;63:332-9.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3095494/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3095494</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17940544" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17940544</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.19">Traber
|
|
MG. Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: Causes and consequences.
|
|
Adv Nutr
|
|
2014;5:503-14.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4188222/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4188222</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25469382" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25469382</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="LM1357.REF.20">Baylin
|
|
A, Villamor
|
|
E, Rifai
|
|
N, et al.
|
|
Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants.
|
|
Eur J Clin Nutr
|
|
2005;59:960-8.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15956998" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15956998</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div id="LM1357.Substance_Identification"><h2 id="_LM1357_Substance_Identification_">Substance Identification</h2><div id="LM1357.Substance_Name"><h3>Substance Name</h3><p>Vitamin E</p></div><div id="LM1357.CAS_Registry_Number"><h3>CAS Registry Number</h3><p>59-02-9</p></div><div id="LM1357.Drug_Class"><h3>Drug Class</h3><p>Breast Feeding</p><p>Lactation</p><p>Milk, Human</p><p>Vitamins</p><p>Antioxidants</p></div></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><p><b>Disclaimer: </b>Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. The U.S. government does not warrant or assume any liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information on this Site.</p></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK500951_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Revision: <span itemprop="dateModified">June 15, 2024</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a><p class="small"><b>Attribution Statement:</b> LactMed is a registered trademark of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Child Health and Human Development</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Vitamin E. [Updated 2024 Jun 15].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM1323/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/lactmed/LM1330/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal105 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|