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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="StatPearls [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Anorexia Nervosa" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2023/08/28" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Christine A. Moore" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Brooke R. Bokor" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="29083743" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Anorexia Nervosa" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Christine A. Moore" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Brooke R. Bokor" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2023/08/28" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/" /><meta name="description" content="Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder defined by restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight. Patients will have an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body image with the inability to recognize the seriousness of their significantly low body weight.[1][2][3]" /><meta name="og:title" content="Anorexia Nervosa" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder defined by restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight. Patients will have an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body image with the inability to recognize the seriousness of their significantly low body weight.[1][2][3]" /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-statpearls-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/statpearls/article-17626/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK459148_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Anorexia Nervosa</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Christine A. Moore</span><sup>1</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Brooke R. Bokor</span><sup>2</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> East Tennessee State University</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>2</sup> Children's National Health System</div><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">August 28, 2023</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="article-17626.s1"><h2 id="_article-17626_s1_">Continuing Education Activity</h2><p>Anorexia nervosa is defined by the restriction of nutrient intake relative to requirements, which leads to significantly low body weight. Patients with this eating disorder will have a fear of gaining weight along and a distorted body image with the inability to comprehend the seriousness of their condition. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of anorexia nervosa and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition.</p><p>
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<b>Objectives:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Outline the epidemiology of anorexia nervosa.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Explain the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Describe the management of anorexia nervosa.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Summarize the importance of improving care coordination among the interprofessional team members to enhance the delivery of care for those with anorexia nervosa.</div></li></ul>
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</p></div><div id="article-17626.s2"><h2 id="_article-17626_s2_">Introduction</h2><p>Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder defined by restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight. Patients will have an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body image with the inability to recognize the seriousness of their significantly low body weight.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r1">[1]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r2">[2]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r3">[3]</a></p></div><div id="article-17626.s3"><h2 id="_article-17626_s3_">Etiology</h2><p>The success of many professions depends on a person's weight. Models and actors portray a level of thinness that is difficult to attain, and it is enhanced by make-up and photographic alterations. Athletes in sports such as ballet, long-distance running, and martial arts are pressured to maintain lean body weights to outperform the competition. Media outlets promote diet secrets and weight loss tips in excess. Populations such as maturing females identify thin body types with increased self-esteem and link weight loss with self-control.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r4">[4]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r5">[5]</a></p></div><div id="article-17626.s4"><h2 id="_article-17626_s4_">Epidemiology</h2><p>Anorexia nervosa is more common in females than males. Onset is late adolescence and early adulthood. Lifetime prevalence is 0.3% to 1% (European studies have demonstrated a prevalence of 2% to 4%), irrespective of culture, ethnicity, and race. Risk factors for eating disorders include childhood obesity, female sex, mood disorders, personality traits (impulsivity and perfectionism), sexual abuse, or weight-related concerns from family or peer environments.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r6">[6]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r7">[7]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r8">[8]</a></p></div><div id="article-17626.s5"><h2 id="_article-17626_s5_">Pathophysiology</h2><p>Studies demonstrate biological factors play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa in addition to environmental factors. Genetic correlations exist between educational attainment, neuroticism, and schizophrenia. Patients with anorexia nervosa have altered brain function and structure there are deficits in neurotransmitters dopamine (eating behavior and reward) and serotonin (impulse control and neuroticism), differential activation of the corticolimbic system (appetite and fear), and diminished activity among the frontostriatal circuits (habitual behaviors). Patients have co-morbid psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.</p></div><div id="article-17626.s6"><h2 id="_article-17626_s6_">History and Physical</h2><p>Patients will report symptoms such as amenorrhea, cold intolerance, constipation, extremity edema, fatigue, and irritability. They may describe restrictive behaviors related to food like calorie counting or portion control, and purging methods, for example, self-induced vomiting or use of diuretics or laxatives. Many exercise compulsively for extended periods of time. Patients with anorexia nervosa develop multiple complications related to prolonged starvation and purging behaviors.</p></div><div id="article-17626.s7"><h2 id="_article-17626_s7_">Evaluation</h2><p>Workup includes a thorough medical history (comprehensive review of systems, family and social history, medications including nonprescribed, past medical and psychiatric history, prior abuse) and physical exam (looking for complications above). Basic labs include coagulation panel, complete blood count, complete metabolic profile, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, testosterone (males), thyroid-stimulating hormone, and urine testing (beta-hCG [females] and drugs, either illicit or prescription). An electrocardiogram is recommended to assess for life-threatening arrhythmias. Additional studies may be necessary if BMI is less than 14 kg/m, for example, echocardiogram in patients with hemodynamic compromise (dyspnea, murmurs, syncope) or computed tomography of the abdomen to rule out superior mesenteric artery syndrome or amenorrhea more than 9 months (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r9">[9]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r8">[8]</a></p><p>Complications of anorexia nervosa are listed:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cardiovascular: bradycardia, dilated cardiomyopathy, electrolyte-induced arrhythmias, hypotension, mitral valve prolapse, pericardial effusion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Constitutional: arrested growth, hypothermia, low body mass index (BMI), muscle wasting</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dermatologic: carotenoderma, lanugo, xerosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endocrine: hypothalamic hypogonadism, osteoporosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gastrointestinal: constipation (laxative abuse), gastroparesis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hematologic: cytopenias (inc. normocytic anemia), bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurologic: brain atrophy, peripheral neuropathy (mineral and vitamin deficiencies)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Obstetric: antenatal and postnatal complications</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychiatric: depression, impaired concentration, insomnia, irritability</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Renal and electrolytes: hypokalemic metabolic acidosis or alkalosis (laxative or diuretic abuse, resp.), prerenal renal failure, refeeding syndrome.</div></li></ul><p>The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) provides the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (A-C). It classifies the disease by type, status, and severity.</p><p>Of note, amenorrhea has been removed from the DSM-5 criteria. Patients who meet the new criteria and continue to menstruate have similar outcomes as those who do not.</p><p>Other eating disorders have similar features to anorexia nervosa. Avoidant or restrictive food intake disorder involves food restriction with failure to meet the nutritional need. While patients are often underweight, this disturbance does not meet diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. Individuals with binge eating disorder eat excessive amounts of calories in a short period with a lack of self-control but do not display compensatory behaviors such as purging or restriction. Patients with bulimia nervosa will binge and purge without a corresponding low BMI. Pica refers to chronic ingestion of nonfood substances and may be a manifestation of underlying medical or psychiatric condition. For example, patients with anorexia nervosa may eat toilet paper when they are hungry. Rumination disorder occurs when patients repeatedly regurgitate food for one month when no other medical condition can be identified and does not occur solely during the course of another eating disorder. Other specified feeding or eating disorder refers to conditions with symptoms that impair functioning but do not meet criteria for a specific eating disorder, for example, patients who meet criteria for anorexia nervosa but have BMI more than 18.5 kg/m are classified as “atypical anorexia nervosa.”</p><p>Major depressive disorder can cause anorexia and weight loss. However, patients are not obsessed with body habitus. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder may have food rituals but maintain a normal weight. Patients who abuse stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine experience weight loss through increased metabolism and concentrated efforts to obtain illicit substances rather than consume calories.</p><p>Medical conditions can cause weight loss. Examples are celiac disease, hyperthyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, primary adrenal insufficiency, and tuberculosis. The diagnosis will come from the history and physical examination. Order labs as dictated by the clinical picture.</p></div><div id="article-17626.s8"><h2 id="_article-17626_s8_">Treatment / Management</h2><p>Treatment for anorexia nervosa is centered on nutrition rehabilitation and psychotherapy. Patients who need inpatient treatment have the following characteristics:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Existing psychiatric disorders requiring hospitalization</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High risk for suicide (intent with highly lethal plan or failed attempt)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of support system (severe family conflict or homelessness)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limited access (lives too far away to participate in a daily treatment program)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medically unstable (bradycardia, dehydration, hypoglycemia or poorly controlled diabetes, hypokalemia or other electrolyte imbalances indicative of refeeding syndrome, hypothermia, hypotension, organ compromise requiring acute treatment)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poorly motivated to recover (uncooperative, preoccupied with intrusive thoughts)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Purging behaviors that are persistent, severe, and occur multiple times a day</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe anorexia nervosa (less than 70% of ideal body weight or acute weight loss with food refusal)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Supervised feeding and/or specialized feeding (nasogastric tube) required</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unable to stop compulsively exercising (not a sole indication for hospitalization).</div></li></ul><p>Outpatient treatment includes intensive therapy (2 to 3 hours per weekday) and partial hospitalization (6 hours per day). Pediatric patients benefit from family-based psychotherapy to explore underlying dynamics and restructure the home environment.</p><p>Refeeding syndrome can occur following prolonged starvation. As the body utilizes glucose to produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it depletes the remaining stores of phosphorus. Also, glucose entry into cells is mediated by insulin and occurs rapidly following long periods without food. Both cause electrolyte abnormalities such as hypophosphatemia and hypokalemia, triggering cardiac and respiratory compromise. Patients should be followed carefully for signs of refeeding syndrome and electrolytes closely monitored.</p><p>Pharmacotherapy is not used initially. For acutely ill patients who do not respond to initial treatment, olanzapine is a first-line medication. Other antipsychotics have not demonstrated similar effects on weight gain. For patients who are not acutely ill but have co-morbid psychiatric conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder, combination therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and therapy is best. Patients who do not respond to SSRIs may need a second-generation antipsychotic. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are less preferred due to concerns about cardiotoxicity, especially in malnourished patients. Bupropion is contraindicated in patients with eating disorders due to the increased risk of seizures.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r10">[10]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r11">[11]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r12">[12]</a></p></div><div id="article-17626.s9"><h2 id="_article-17626_s9_">Differential Diagnosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cancer</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chronic mesenteric ischemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Achalasia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Malabsorption</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hyperthyroidism</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Irritable bowel syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Celiac disease</div></li></ul></div><div id="article-17626.s10"><h2 id="_article-17626_s10_">Prognosis</h2><p>Remission in AN varies. Three-fourths of patients treated in out-patient settings remit within 5 years and the same percentage experience intermediate-good outcomes (including weight gain). Relapse is more common in patients who are older with a longer duration of disease or lower body fat/weight at the end of treatment, have co-morbid psychiatric disorders, or receive therapy outside of a specialized clinic. Patients who achieve partial remission often develop another form of eating disorder (ex. bulimia nervosa or unspecified eating disorder).</p><p>All-cause mortality is greater in AN compared to the rest of the population. It has one of the highest mortality rates of all eating disorders due to medical complications, substance abuse, and suicide. Patients with AN have increased rates of suicide and this accounts for 25% of deaths associated.</p></div><div id="article-17626.s11"><h2 id="_article-17626_s11_">Complications</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Amenorrhea</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Delayed puberty</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypercarotenemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypothermia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypoglycemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Osteoporosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Failure to thrive </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cardiomyopathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bradycardia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arrhythmias</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Renal failure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Constipation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Peripheral neuropathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pancytopenia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infertility</div></li></ul></div><div id="article-17626.s12"><h2 id="_article-17626_s12_">Deterrence and Patient Education</h2><p>Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disease in which patients restrict their food intake relative to their energy requirements through eating less, exercising more, and/or purging food through laxatives and vomiting. Despite being severely underweight, they do not recognize it and have distorted body images. They can develop complications from being underweight and purging food. Diagnose by history, physical, and lab work that rules out other conditions that can make people lose weight. Treatment includes gain weight (sometimes in a hospital if severe), therapy to address body image, and management of complications from malnourishment.</p></div><div id="article-17626.s13"><h2 id="_article-17626_s13_">Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes </h2><p>Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that has very high morbidity. The disorder is usually managed with an interprofessional team that consists of a psychiatrist, dietitian, social worker, internist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, and nurses.  The disorder cannot be prevented and there is no cure. Hence patient and family education is key to preventing high morbidity. The dietitian should educate the family on the importance of nutrition and limiting exercise. The mental health nurse should educate the patient on changes in behavior, easing stress, and overcoming any emotional issues. The pharmacist should educate the patient and family on the use of drugs like laxatives and weight loss pills. Only through close follow-up and monitoring can patient outcomes be improved. <a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r13">[13]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r14">[14]</a> [Level 5]</p><p>
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<b>Evidence-based Outcomes</b>
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</p><p>Remission in anorexia nervosa varies. Three-fourths of patients treated in out-patient settings remit within five years and the same percentage experience intermediate-good outcomes, including weight gain. Relapse is more common in patients who are older with a longer duration of disease or lower body fat/weight at the end of treatment, have co-morbid psychiatric disorders, or receive therapy outside of a specialized clinic. Often, patients who achieve partial remission develop another form of eating disorders like bulimia nervosa or unspecified eating disorder.</p><p>All-cause mortality is greater in anorexia nervosa compared to the rest of the population. It has one of the highest mortality rates of all eating disorders due to medical complications, substance abuse, and suicide. Patients with anorexia nervosa have increased rates of suicide, and this accounts for 25% of deaths associated with the disorder. <a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r15">[15]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r16">[16]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-17626.r9">[9]</a> [Level 5]</p></div><div id="article-17626.s14"><h2 id="_article-17626_s14_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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</div></li></ul></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-17626.s15"></div><div id="article-17626.s16"><h2 id="_article-17626_s16_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r1">Strand M, von Hausswolff-Juhlin Y, Welch E. [ARFID: food restriction without fear of weight gain]. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lakartidningen. </span>2018 Sep 11;<span class="ref-vol">115</span></span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30226628" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30226628</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r2">Phillipou A, Rossell SL, Castle DJ. Anorexia nervosa or starvation? <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Neurosci. </span>2018 Dec;<span class="ref-vol">48</span>(11):3317-3318.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30218629" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30218629</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r3">Burton AL, Mitchison D, Hay P, Donnelly B, Thornton C, Russell J, Swinbourne J, Basten C, Goldstein M, Touyz S, Abbott MJ. Beliefs about Binge Eating: Psychometric Properties of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) in Eating Disorder, Obese, and Community Samples. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nutrients. </span>2018 Sep 14;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>(9)</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6165353/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6165353</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30223500" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30223500</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r4">Gander M, Sevecke K, Buchheim A. Disorder-specific attachment characteristics and experiences of childhood abuse and neglect in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and a major depressive episode. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Psychol Psychother. </span>2018 Nov;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>(6):894-906.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6585713/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6585713</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30216616" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30216616</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r5">Zayas LV, Wang SB, Coniglio K, Becker K, Murray HB, Klosterman E, Kay B, Bean P, Weltzin T, Franko DL, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ. Gender differences in eating disorder psychopathology across DSM-5 severity categories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Eat Disord. </span>2018 Sep;<span class="ref-vol">51</span>(9):1098-1102.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7192048/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7192048</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30193008" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30193008</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r6">Levinson CA, Zerwas SC, Brosof LC, Thornton LM, Strober M, Pivarunas B, Crowley JJ, Yilmaz Z, Berrettini WH, Brandt H, Crawford S, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, Johnson C, Kaplan AS, La Via M, Mitchell J, Rotondo A, Woodside DB, Kaye WH, Bulik CM. Associations between dimensions of anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder: An examination of personality and psychological factors in patients with anorexia nervosa. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Eat Disord Rev. </span>2019 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>(2):161-172.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6913175/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6913175</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30136346" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30136346</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r7">Nagata JM, Garber AK, Tabler JL, Murray SB, Bibbins-Domingo K. Prevalence and Correlates of Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Young Adults with Overweight or Obesity. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Gen Intern Med. </span>2018 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">33</span>(8):1337-1343.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6082209/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6082209</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29948810" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29948810</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r8">Sacco B, Kelley U. Diagnosis and Evaluation of Eating Disorders in the Pediatric Patient. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pediatr Ann. </span>2018 Jun 01;<span class="ref-vol">47</span>(6):e244-e249.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29898236" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29898236</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r9">Dittmer N, Voderholzer U, von der Mühlen M, Marwitz M, Fumi M, Mönch C, Alexandridis K, Cuntz U, Jacobi C, Schlegl S. Specialized group intervention for compulsive exercise in inpatients with eating disorders: feasibility and preliminary outcomes. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Eat Disord. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>:27.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6131908/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6131908</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30214803" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30214803</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r10">Hale MD, Logomarsino JV. The use of enteral nutrition in the treatment of eating disorders: a systematic review. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eat Weight Disord. </span>2019 Apr;<span class="ref-vol">24</span>(2):179-198.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196528" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30196528</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r11">Lock J. 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Psychotherapy for eating disorders: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. <span><span class="ref-journal">Psychother Res. </span>2019 Oct;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(7):833-845.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29958509" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29958509</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r13">Vust S, Cook-Darzens S, Lier F, Ambresin AE. 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[Consensus document about the nutritional evaluation and management of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa]. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nutr Hosp. </span>2018 Mar 07;<span class="ref-vol">35</span>(Spec No1):11-48.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29565628" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29565628</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-17626.r15">Vásquez N, Urrejola P, Vogel M. 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Effectiveness of body image directed interventions in patients with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Eat Disord. </span>2018 Oct;<span class="ref-vol">51</span>(10):1121-1127.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30189104" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30189104</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Christine Moore declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Brooke Bokor declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></div><div class="bk_prnt_sctn"><h2>Figures</h2><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj bk_first_prnt_obj"><div id="article-17626.image.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK459148/bin/DSM5_AN.jpg" alt="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa Contributed by Christine Moore, D" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa Contributed by Christine Moore, D.O.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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