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title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK43605_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">From Africa to the Arctic</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">how the woolly mammoth adapted to the cold</div><p class="contribs">Dean L.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK43605_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><p>Mammoths, African elephants, and Asian elephants diverged from one another about 7 million years ago in Africa. These members of the elephantid family were adapted to living in the hot tropical climates. This is why elephants today have large ears to maximize heat loss.</p><p>
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</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figA011" co-legend-rid="figlgndA011"><a href="/books/NBK43605/figure/A011/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA011" rid-ob="figobA011"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK43605/bin/mammoth.gif" src-large="/books/NBK43605/bin/mammoth.jpg" alt="Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndA011"><h4 id="A011"><a href="/books/NBK43605/figure/A011/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA011">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin"><i>Mammuthus primigenius</i> (woolly mammoth). The woolly mammoth lived in the late Pleistocene era across Asia, Europe, and North America. By using fossil DNA from preserved remains of woolly mammoth samples, scientists have decoded its mitochondrial genome, <a href="/books/NBK43605/figure/A011/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA011">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>But mammoths migrated North at the same time as a sudden climate change saw temperatures plunge in the Arctic. And so 2 million years ago they adapted to survive the Arctic cold. To minimize heat loss, they developed small ears and tails, and a woolly undercoat that led to their common name of woolly mammoth.</p><p>On a molecular level, scientists have found that specific mammoth proteins contain amino acid changes that are not found in elephants. But it had not been possible to link these genetic changes to how the mammoth might have physiologically adapted to the cold. Until now. </p><p><a class="bibr" href="#A012" rid="A012">Campbell et al.</a> have found that amino acid changes in hemoglobin would have given the mammoth a unique genotypic adaptation to the cold. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells. In humans and in most mammals, an increase in temperature decreases the stickiness of oxygen to hemoglobin. This helps release additional oxygen where it is needed, to warm exercising muscles. However, Arctic mammals such as reindeer keep their limbs cold to minimize heat loss. Their hemoglobin is much less sensitive to changes in temperature as oxygen needs to be delivered to the tissues even when they are cold. </p><p>The genes encoding woolly mammoth hemoglobin acquired three nucleotide mutations that similarly helped oxygen delivery in its new Arctic environment. These three changes occurred on the HBB/HBD globin gene such that the chimeric β/δ globin chain had three amino acid substitutions: T12A, A86S and E101Q. African and Asian elephants, who remained in warmer climes, do not have these changes. </p><p>All three amino acid substitutions are on the same side of the hemoglobin protein. The T12A and A86S substitutions are exposed on the outer surface of the protein. Molecular modelling indicated that the E101Q substitution may be structurally important, as it occurs at the highly conserved interface between the two sliding αβ dimer subunits. To confirm their function, the three changes were spliced into cDNA of Asian elephants and the mammoth hemoglobin protein faithfully synthesized in <i>E. coli</i>. As expected, the substitutions had large phenotypic effect, thereby reducing the energy (heat) requirements for releasing oxygen.</p><p>The mammoth became extinct from mainland areas about 10,000 years ago, and the last mammoths died about 3700 years ago on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean. Their extinction was possibly caused by hunting by man, further climate change, or a combination of the two. By sequencing and resurrecting phenotypic attributes of extinct species such as the woolly mammoth, we can discover functional differences that are not attainable by studying fossils. But just as we are discovering genetic factors that are beneficial in evolution, we may also discover genetic factors that played a part in the extinction of the woolly mammoth and other species.</p><p>
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<i>This Coffee Break was reviewed by <a href="http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~campbelk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Kevin L. Campbell, Ph.D.</a></i>
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</p><div id="A013"><h2 id="_A013_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="A012">Campbell Kevin L, Roberts Jason E E, Watson Laura N, Stetefeld Jörg, Sloan Angela M, Signore Anthony V, Howatt Jesse W, Tame Jeremy R H, Rohland Nadin, Shen Tong-Jian, Austin Jeremy J, Hofreiter Michael, Ho Chien, Weber Roy E, Cooper Alan. Substitutions in woolly mammoth hemoglobin confer biochemical properties adaptive for cold tolerance. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nature genetics. </span>2010</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20436470" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20436470</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK43605_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Laura Dean</span>, MD.</p><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">May 31, 2010</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Dean L. From Africa to the Arctic: how the woolly mammoth adapted to the cold. 2010 May 31. In: Dean L, McEntyre J, editors. Coffee Break: Tutorials for NCBI Tools [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 1999-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/coffeebrk/neand01/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/coffeebrk/A001/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobA011"><div id="A011" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK43605/bin/mammoth.jpg" alt="Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth)." /></div><h3><span class="title"><i>Mammuthus primigenius</i> (woolly mammoth)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p><br />The woolly mammoth lived in the late Pleistocene era across Asia, Europe, and North America. By using fossil DNA from preserved remains of woolly mammoth samples, scientists have decoded its mitochondrial genome, and are now sequencing other mammoth genes.</p><p>Image source: <a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2276526/?tool=pubmed" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">What Killed the Woolly Mammoth?</a> Sedwick C <i>PLoS Biology</i> Vol. 6, No. 4, e99</p></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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