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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK401261_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK401261_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK401261_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Medicinal Mushrooms (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Health Professional Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: June 14, 2024.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">November 30, 2016</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000778578__169">This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the use of medicinal mushrooms in the treatment of people with cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__170">This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000778578__1_">Introduction</h2><p id="CDR0000778578__2">Medicinal mushrooms have been used for hundreds of years, mainly in Asian countries, for treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infections</a>. More recently, they have also been used in the treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748821/" class="def">pulmonary diseases</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. Medicinal mushrooms have been approved <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367454/" class="def">adjuncts</a> to standard cancer treatments in Japan and China for more than 30 years and have an extensive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044168/" class="def">clinical</a> history of safe use as single agents or combined with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> therapy or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__3">More than 100 species of medicinal mushrooms are used in Asia. Some of the more commonly used species include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000778578__183"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> (reishi).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Trametes versicolor</i> or <i>Coriolus versicolor</i> (turkey tail).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Lentinus edodes</i> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285741/" class="def">shiitake</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Grifola frondosa</i> (maitake).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000778578__4">Studies have examined the effects of mushrooms on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045722/" class="def">immune response</a> pathways and on direct <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446109/" class="def">antitumor</a> mechanisms. The immune effects are mediated through the mushroom's stimulation of innate <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046356/" class="def">immune cells</a>, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046282/" class="def">monocytes</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044062/" class="def">natural killer cells</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044948/" class="def">dendritic cells</a>. The activity is generally considered to be caused by the presence of high-<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000740563/" class="def">molecular-weight</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044162/" class="def">polysaccharides</a> (beta-glucans) in the mushrooms, although other constituents may also be involved. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a> in cancer patients have demonstrated that <i>G. lucidum</i> products are generally well tolerated.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_1_1">1</a>] </p><p id="CDR0000778578__196">Several companies distribute medicinal mushrooms as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373932/" class="def">dietary supplements</a>. In the United States, dietary supplements are regulated by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454785/" class="def">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) as a separate category from foods, cosmetics, and drugs. Unlike drugs, dietary supplements do not require premarket evaluation and approval by the FDA unless specific disease <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> or treatment claims are made. The quality and amount of ingredients in dietary supplements are also regulated by the FDA through Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). The FDA GMPs requires that every finished batch of dietary supplement meets each product specification for identity, purity, strength, composition, and limits on contamination that may <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000686042/" class="def">adulterate</a> dietary supplements. Because dietary supplements are not formally reviewed for manufacturing consistency every year, ingredients may vary considerably from lot to lot and there is no guarantee that ingredients claimed on product labels are present (or are present in the specified amounts). The FDA has not approved the use of medicinal mushrooms as a treatment for cancer or any other medical <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__163">Many of the medical and scientific terms used in this summary are hypertext linked (at first use in each section) to the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms</a>, which is oriented toward nonexperts. When a linked term is clicked, a definition will appear in a separate window.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__164">Reference citations in some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> cancer information summaries may include links to external websites that are operated by individuals or organizations for the purpose of marketing or advocating the use of specific treatments or products. These reference citations are included for informational purposes only. Their inclusion should not be viewed as an endorsement of the content of the websites, or of any treatment or product, by the PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000778578_rl_1"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_1_1">Jin X, Ruiz Beguerie J, Sze DM, et al.: Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6: CD007731, 2012. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22696372" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22696372</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578__7"><h2 id="_CDR0000778578__7_">Turkey Tail and Polysaccharide-K</h2><div id="CDR0000778578__8"><h3>General Information</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__9">Turkey tail is a woody bracket polypore <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044571/" class="def">fungus</a> that grows on dead logs worldwide. The scientific name of turkey tail is <i>Trametes versicolor</i> (L.) Lloyd, although it has been known by other names, notably <i>Coriolus versicolor</i> (L. ex Fr.) Quel. It is known as <i>Yun Zhi</i> in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000449722/" class="def">traditional Chinese medicine</a> and <i>Kawaratake</i> (roof tile fungus) in Japan. The name <i>turkey tail</i> refers to its concentric rings of brown and tan, which resemble the tail feathers of a turkey. There are many other species of <i>Trametes</i>, some of which are difficult to distinguish from turkey tail. Internal transcribed spacer sequences alone have been found inadequate to distinguish turkey tail from other species of <i>Trametes</i>, so additional molecular characters are required for that task.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_1">1</a>] Another <i>Trametes</i> species used primarily in China is <i>Trametes robiniophila Murr</i>, also known as Huaier.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__10"><h3>History</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__11">The fungus has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many years to treat <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748821/" class="def">pulmonary diseases</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_2">2</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_3">3</a>] A purified hot water <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000407760/" class="def">extract</a> prepared from the cultivated fungal mycelium has been used in Japan for its <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367426/" class="def">immunomodulatory</a> effects as an adjuvant treatment for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_4">4</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_6">6</a>] <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044162/" class="def">Polysaccharide</a>-K (PSK) or krestin, from the mushroom <i>T. versicolor</i>, is an approved mushroom product used for cancer treatment in Japan. PSK is a proprietary formulation from the Kureha Corporation. PSK has been used as an adjunctive cancer treatment in thousands of patients since the mid-1970s. The safety record for PSK is well established in Japan. Few <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444960/" class="def">adverse events</a> have been reported in patients treated with PSK. Polysaccharopeptide (PSP) is another <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000407760/" class="def">extract</a> from <i>T. versicolor</i> produced in China.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__97"><h3>Laboratory/Animal/Preclinical Studies</h3><div id="CDR0000778578__98"><h4>Chemistry</h4><p id="CDR0000778578__99">The best known constituent of turkey tail is the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044034/" class="def">glycoprotein</a> mixture known as PSK. PSK is not a homogeneous substance, with a range of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000740563/" class="def">molecular weights</a> averaging 9.4 kDa (range 5–300 kDa). The glycoprotein <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045065/" class="def">molecules</a> are composed of a main chain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044147/" class="def">beta-(1,4) glucan</a> with beta-(1,3)– and beta-(1,6)–linked side chains. Small amounts of galactose, mannose, and arabinose have also been detected in the hydrolysate. Between 25% and 38% of the mass comes from a covalently linked <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">protein</a> whose <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446104/" class="def">amino acid</a> composition has been reported.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_4">4</a>] </p><p id="CDR0000778578__100">PSK <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045857/" class="def">radiolabeled</a> with carbon C-14 has been used to study the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044068/" class="def">oral</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044225/" class="def">bioavailability</a> and distribution of PSK in mice, rats, and rabbits. A fraction of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a> appears to be orally absorbed, more or less intact, and is excreted in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046508/" class="def">bile</a> over several hours. However, most of the radiolabeled dose is found in exhaled air, suggesting that the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463707/" class="def">digestion</a> of PSK may occur in the gut or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046173/" class="def">metabolism</a> of absorbed PSK may occur somewhere else in the body.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_7">7</a>] A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046066/" class="def">monoclonal antibody</a> (specific for PSK) that neutralizes PSK's <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446109/" class="def">antitumor</a> effects has been developed. It has been used to validate the presence of PSK in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285636/" class="def">implanted</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumors</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_8">8</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000778578__101">PSP, a very similar substance, has also been purified from a different strain of turkey tail; PSP and PSK differ somewhat in sugar composition.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_2">2</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000778578__102">A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046068/" class="def">lipid</a> component of PSK has been separated by lipase treatment and found to have toll-like <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044958/" class="def">receptor</a> 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046054/" class="def">agonist</a> activity, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000330184/" class="def">synergistic</a> with the protein-bound <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044147/" class="def">beta-glucan</a>. The lipid component was primarily linoleic <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642987/" class="def">acid</a>, with smaller amounts of other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045689/" class="def">fatty acids</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_9">9</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000778578__103">The nonselective <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000486603/" class="def">protein kinase inhibitor</a> hypothemycin [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_10">10</a>] and the adipocyte fat accumulation–inhibitory cyclic <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045823/" class="def">peptide</a> ternatin [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_11">11</a>] have also been isolated from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476357/" class="def">cultures</a> of <i>T. versicolor</i>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__104"><h4>Mechanistic studies</h4><p id="CDR0000778578__106">Since the earliest reports of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044168/" class="def">clinical</a> benefits, other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044685/" class="def">investigators</a> have sought to define the mechanism of PSK’s beneficial action. One group hypothesized that <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044928/" class="def">T-cell</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390268/" class="def">dysfunction</a>, including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046524/" class="def">apoptosis</a> of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046011/" class="def">peripheral blood</a> T cells, commonly occurs in patients receiving <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_12">12</a>] They postulated that reversal of T-cell dysfunction induced by chemotherapy could reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044922/" class="def">adverse effects</a> or enhance the antitumor effect. PSK is reported to enhance <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044062/" class="def">natural killer (NK) cell</a> and T-cell activities by upregulation of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045256/" class="def">interleukin-2</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045324/" class="def">interferon-gamma</a>. Twenty patients with curatively <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045868/" class="def">resected</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045904/" class="def">stage III gastric cancer</a> were randomly assigned to receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant therapy</a> with the second-generation dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase–inhibitory oral <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386207/" class="def">fluoropyrimidine</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046716/" class="def">S-1</a> alone (n = 10) or S-1 plus PSK (n = 10). At 5 weeks after adjuvant therapy, T-cell apoptosis was significantly higher in the S-1–alone group than in the S-1–plus-PSK group, leading the authors to conclude that PSK could partially prevent the T-cell apoptosis induced by S-1.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__107">Another group of investigators studied the effect of PSK added to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000530325/" class="def">tegafur-uracil</a> (UFT) chemotherapy compared with that of UFT alone.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_13">13</a>] <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000467830/" class="def">Baseline</a> immune parameters were comparable in the two groups. However, CD57-positive T cells decreased more significantly after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> for patients treated with PSK than for those in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044149/" class="def">control group</a> (<i>P</i> = .0486). These investigators had previously noted that a high CD57-positive cell count was an indicator of poor <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> in patients with advanced <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454513/" class="def">gastric cancer</a>, leading them to suggest that PSK may improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000655245/" class="def">overall survival</a> (OS) partly by inhibiting CD57-positive T cells.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__108">Noting that hosts become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045723/" class="def">immunocompromised</a> at the time of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045669/" class="def">tumor progression</a> and that decreased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I by the tumor is one mechanism that allows it to evade destruction by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045664/" class="def">cytotoxic T</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045765/" class="def">lymphocytes</a>, investigators conducted a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044956/" class="def">retrospective study</a> to evaluate the expression of MHC class I by immunohistochemical staining in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary lesions</a> of patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046037/" class="def">stage II</a> or stage III gastric cancer.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_14">14</a>] They analyzed data from 349 patients who had undergone adjuvant therapy (after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318813/" class="def">curative</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046565/" class="def">resection</a>) between 1995 and 2008; 225 patients received <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant chemotherapy</a> with an oral fluoropyrimidine alone, while 124 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy plus PSK 3 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373014/" class="def">g</a>/d. Although this was not a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045858/" class="def">randomized trial</a>, baseline characteristics of the patients were well matched. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285973/" class="def">mean</a> duration of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> was 49 months. Three-year <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045861/" class="def">recurrence</a>-free survival (RFS) rates were the same for both groups (60% for the PSK group and 62% for the chemotherapy-only group). For MHC expression–negative cases, the 3-year RFS rates were 65% for the PSK group and 50% for the chemotherapy-only group; the difference was not considered <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390271/" class="def">significant</a>. For 82 MHC expression–negative patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> status of pN2 or greater, the RFS rates were 65% for the PSK group and 34% for the chemotherapy-only group—a significant difference with no <i>P</i> value offered. The authors concluded that PSK adjuvant <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045729/" class="def">immunotherapy</a> may be effective in MHC class I–negative patients with advanced lymph node <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a> of pN2 or greater.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__109">While the mechanism of action for PSK in general and in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444983/" class="def">colorectal cancer</a> specifically is not clearly defined, the potential activity of PSK as an immunomodulatory adjunct to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">chemoradiation</a> therapy in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000529764/" class="def">rectal cancer</a> has been studied.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_15">15</a>] Thirty patients with stage II or III rectal cancer who were treated with S-1 and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046751/" class="def">external-beam radiation therapy</a> were randomly assigned to receive either the standard <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045864/" class="def">regimen</a> or standard regimen plus PSK. A number of cellular and humoral immune parameters were tested. An increase in peripheral <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a> NK cells after therapy was observed in the PSK-treated group compared with the control group. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044041/" class="def">Immunosuppressive</a> acidic protein (IAP) levels have been reported to be elevated in cancer patients and correlated to cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044078/" class="def">progression</a> and prognosis. In the study, a more-marked decrease in IAP level was observed in patients treated with PSK than in those treated in the control group. In addition, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045664/" class="def">cytotoxic T cells</a> increased in the peritumoral <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> and normal mucosa within the radiation field in the PSK-treated group. The authors of the study concluded that PSK treatment may promote local <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000468803/" class="def">immunity</a> within the radiation field.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__123">One review included <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044517/" class="def">preclinical studies</a> conducted in
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445043/" class="def">lung cancer</a> models using either PSK or other <i>T. versicolor</i>
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preparations.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_16">16</a>]
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Data from the 15 preclinical studies supported the anticancer effects of PSK by way of immunomodulation and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000330176/" class="def">potentiation</a> of immune surveillance. In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000043996/" class="def">animal models</a>, direct antitumor effects resulted in reduced tumor growth and metastases.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578__77"><h3>Human Studies</h3><div id="CDR0000778578__78"><h4>Gastric cancer</h4><div id="CDR0000778578__79"><h5> Observational studies</h5><p id="CDR0000778578__80">Gastric cancer is the most common <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045771/" class="def">malignancy</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> in Korea. Investigators in Korea performed a retrospective <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390238/" class="def">analysis</a> of survival in patients who received PSK in addition to chemotherapy and in those who received chemotherapy only (control group).[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_17">17</a>] Unfortunately, the chemotherapy regimens differed in that the PSK patients were treated with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000635764/" class="def">fluorouracil</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000713798/" class="def">mitomycin-C</a> (207 patients), while the controls received fluorouracil with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000560140/" class="def">doxorubicin</a>-based chemotherapy (103 patients), introducing a potential <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044646/" class="def">bias</a> in the interpretation of the results. Patients with all stages of gastric cancer were included in the analysis. Overall, there was no difference between groups in 5-year <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044023/" class="def">disease-free survival</a> (DFS) or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044782/" class="def">progression-free survival</a> (PFS) rates. In a subgroup analysis, PSK recipients with stage IB or stage II disease showed superior 5-year survival (84.4% vs. 67.6%; <i>P</i> = .019), but no significant benefit was observed in patients with higher-stage disease.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__81">Another retrospective analysis of nonrandomized data evaluated 254 patients with gastric <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045963/" class="def">carcinoma</a> undergoing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000688838/" class="def">curative surgery</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000043980/" class="def">postoperative</a> adjuvant treatment in Japan.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_18">18</a>] Researchers compared 139 patients who received chemotherapy alone with 115 patients who received chemotherapy plus PSK. There were no significant differences between groups in patient demographics or tumor characteristics at baseline. There were no differences between groups in 5-year RFS rates (52.7% in the PSK group and 52.7% in the control group) or 5-year OS rates (57.1% in the PSK group and 58.3% in the control group). In a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285981/" class="def">subset analysis</a> of patients with more than seven involved <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> (pN3), the 5-year OS rate was significantly higher in the PSK group (47.8%) than that in the control group (22.8%; <i>P</i> = .0317). Hence, these results contradict the findings from the Korean analysis.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__110"><h5>Clinical trials</h5><p id="CDR0000778578__122">A study published in 1994 first suggested the clinical benefit of adjuvant PSK for patients who underwent curative resection of gastric cancer in Japan.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_19">19</a>] Investigators randomly assigned 262 patients who had undergone curative <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046397/" class="def">gastrectomy</a> to receive either <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046682/" class="def">intravenous</a> mitomycin and oral fluorouracil, or chemotherapy plus protein-bound PSK. Patients were <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454803/" class="def">monitored</a> for 5 to 7 years. PSK improved both the 5-year DFS rate (70.7% vs. 59.4%; <i>P</i> = .047) and 5-year <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044301/" class="def">survival rate</a> (73.0% vs. 60.0%; <i>P</i> = .044), compared with the standard treatment group. Treatment with PSK was well tolerated, with good <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446112/" class="def">compliance</a>. The authors concluded that PSK should be added to standard chemotherapy for gastric cancer patients who undergo curative gastrectomy.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__111">A 2007 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000691484/" class="def">meta-analysis</a> included 8,009 patients from eight <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045858/" class="def">randomized</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044014/" class="def">controlled trials</a> (RCTs) of adjuvant PSK in patients after curative resection of gastric cancers:[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_20">20</a>] 4,037 patients received PSK with chemotherapy, and 3,972 patients received the same chemotherapy alone. The OS <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000618612/" class="def">hazard ratio</a> (HR) was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79–0.98; <i>P</i> = .018), indicating improved survival with the addition of PSK, with no significant heterogeneity between the treatment effects observed in the different studies. The three trials with the best quality supported the findings from the eight studies. The authors concluded that PSK was effective as adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with gastric cancer and suggested that this improvement may well be both statistically and clinically significant.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__112">One other large study not included in this meta-analysis was a Japanese multicenter comparative trial of adjuvant chemotherapy versus adjuvant chemotherapy and PSK involving 751 patients undergoing curative resection, conducted from 1978 to 1981.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_21">21</a>] Patients were randomly assigned to receive either chemotherapy with mitomycin-C plus oral <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045201/" class="def">tegafur</a> (also known as futraful) with (n = 377) or without (n = 374) PSK 3 g/d. After reviewing 20 years of data, the investigators stratified patients on the basis of the ratio of their <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046374/" class="def">granulocytes</a> to lymphocytes (G/L), believing that G/L ratios above 2.0 would predict responders. The 5-year OS rates were 67.9% in the PSK group and 61.8% in the control group (<i>P</i> = .053). In the subset of 364 patients with G/L ratios above 2.0, 5-year survival rates were 68.7% in the PSK group and 55.4% in the control group (<i>P</i> = .007). Because the G/L ratio was not related to stage, the authors suggested that the G/L ratio may be a host-dependent factor and might be useful to predict who might respond best to adjuvant PSK.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__124">Finally, another small study has been reported since the meta-analysis.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_13">13</a>] Patients received either oral UFT 300 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044213/" class="def">mg</a>/d or UFT plus PSK 3 g/d for at least 1 year after undergoing gastric resection for stage II or stage III gastric cancer. The 3-year survival rate was 62.2% in the 10 patients who received PSK and 12.5% in the 11 patients who received UFT alone (<i>P</i> = .038).</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578__167"><h4>Breast cancer</h4><p id="CDR0000778578__168">So far, studies that have reported on the use of <i>T. versicolor</i> products in patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a> have focused on documenting changes in immune parameters (e.g., changes in T-cell subsets and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045611/" class="def">B-cell</a> numbers in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>) as opposed to clinical parameters (e.g., patient survival, resolution of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>/<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a>, or improvement in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>).[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_22">22</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_23">23</a>]</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__114"><h4>Colorectal cancer</h4><div id="CDR0000778578__115"><h5>Observational studies</h5><p id="CDR0000778578__116">A retrospective study was conducted by two groups from Japan. The study examined the impact on survival in patients with colorectal cancer who received adjuvant treatment with oral fluoropyrimidine with the addition of PSK.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_24">24</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_25">25</a>] The first study was conducted at a single institution in Japan and analyzed <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000467853/" class="def">outcomes</a> from 101 patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000520509/" class="def">Dukes B</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000520510/" class="def">Dukes C colorectal cancer</a> who were treated with UFT or UFT with PSK for 24 months after curative surgery. These patients were monitored for up to 10 years after surgery.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_25">25</a>] The 10-year survival rate was significantly better for patients treated with PSK (HR, 0.3). The second study examined the results of 63 patients with colorectal cancer who were older than 70 years and treated with UFT with or without PSK. The 3-year <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000655254/" class="def">relapse-free survival</a> rates were 76.2% in the PSK group and 47.8% in the UFT-only group (control). The 3-year OS rates were 80.8% in the PSK group and 52.8% in the control group.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_24">24</a>]</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__118"><h5>Clinical trials</h5><p id="CDR0000778578__119"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044195/" class="def">Clinical studies</a> of PSK in colorectal cancer have shown reduction in recurrence and improvement in OS with adjuvant use.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__121">A meta-analysis of randomized, centrally assigned, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044079/" class="def">prospective</a> clinical trials of adjuvant therapy with PSK published between 1980 and 2004 identified three clinical trials that met selection criteria covering 1,094 patients.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_26">26</a>] Combining the data from all three trials, the researchers found that the estimated <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000618610/" class="def">odds ratio</a> (OR) for the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000778578__184"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The 5-year DFS was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.58–0.90; <i>P</i> = .003, favoring PSK).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The 5-year OS was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.55–0.90; <i>P</i> = .006, favoring PSK). </div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578__85"><h4>Lung cancer</h4><div id="CDR0000778578__90"><h5>Clinical trials</h5><p id="CDR0000778578__91">Thirty-one reports of 28 studies were included in a systematic review of PSK in lung cancer:[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_16">16</a>] </p><ul id="CDR0000778578__185"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seventeen preclinical studies.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Five nonrandomized controlled trials.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Six RCTs.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000778578__186">All five nonrandomized controlled trials reported improved <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044941/" class="def">median</a> survival with the use of PSK in combination with conventional <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> and/or chemotherapy. PSK 3 g/d with concurrent chemotherapy was used in all RCTs, and all six studies showed benefit for at least one of the following endpoints:</p><ul id="CDR0000778578__187"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Immune function measures.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Body weight.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044174/" class="def">Performance status</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tumor-related symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Survival.</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000778578__125" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Table 1. Clinical Studies of Turkey Tail<sup>a</sup></span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK401261.23/table/CDR0000778578__125/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__CDR0000778578__125_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_margin"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Reference</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Trial Design</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Product and Dose</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">Condition</a> or Cancer Type</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Treatment Groups (Enrolled; Treated; <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046688/" class="def">Placebo</a> or No Treatment Control)<sup>b</sup></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Results </th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044011/" class="def">Concurrent Therapy</a> Used</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446533/" class="def">Level of Evidence</a> Score<sup>c</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_21">21</a>]
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">RCT
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">PSK (3 g/d)
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Gastric cancer</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">751; 376; 374
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(groups were stratified by G/L ratio of <2 vs. >2)</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Overall 5-y survival: all patients, 67.9% (PSK) versus 61.8% (control) (<i>P</i> = .053);
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for G/L ratio ≥2:
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68.7% (PSK) versus 55.4% (control) (<i>P</i> = .007)
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Mitomycin-C plus tegafur</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1iDii</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_19">19</a>]
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">RCT
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">PSK (3 g/d)
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Gastric cancer</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">262; 124; 129</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Improved survival in the treatment group was clinically significant</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Mitomycin-C plus oral fluorouracil</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1iDii</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_13">13</a>]
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">PSK (3 g/d)</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Gastric cancer</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">21; 10; 11</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Survival was improved significantly in treatment group</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">UFT 300 mg/d starting 2 wk after surgery and continuing for 1 y or until diagnosis of tumor recurrence</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1iDii</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_7_27">27</a>]
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</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Meta-analysis summarizing 48 studies</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">PSK (various doses)</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Colorectal cancer</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3 trials; 1,094 patients</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5-y survival:
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79.0% (chemotherapy plus PSK) versus 72.2% (chemotherapy alone) (OR, 0.71; <i>P</i> = .006)</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Mitomycin-C plus long-term <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478733/" class="def">administration</a> of oral fluorinated <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000650574/" class="def">pyrimidines</a></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1iB</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">G/L = granulocyte to lymphocyte count; OR = odds ratio; PSK = polysaccharide-K; RCT = randomized controlled trial; UFT = tegafur-uracil.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin"><sup>a</sup>For more information and definition of terms, see the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms</a>.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin"><sup>b</sup>Number of patients treated plus number of patient controls may not equal number of patients enrolled; number of patients enrolled equals number of patients initially recruited/considered by the researchers who conducted a study; number of patients treated equals number of enrolled patients who were given the treatment being studied AND for whom results were reported.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin"><sup>c</sup>Strongest evidence reported that the treatment under study has activity or otherwise improves the well-being of cancer patients. For information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446533/" class="def">levels of evidence</a> analysis and scores, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000256874/">Levels of Evidence for Human Studies of Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies</a>.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578_rl_7"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_1">Carlson A, Justo A, Hibbett DS: Species delimitation in Trametes: a comparison of ITS, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1 gene phylogenies. Mycologia 106 (4): 735-45, 2014 Jul-Aug. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24898532" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24898532</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_2">Ng TB: A review of research on the protein-bound polysaccharide (polysaccharopeptide, PSP) from the mushroom Coriolus versicolor (Basidiomycetes: Polyporaceae). Gen Pharmacol 30 (1): 1-4, 1998. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9457474" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9457474</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_3">Ying J, Mao X, Ma Q, et al.: Icons of Medicinal Fungi from China. Science Press, 1987.</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_4">Tsukagoshi S, Hashimoto Y, Fujii G, et al.: Krestin (PSK). Cancer Treat Rev 11 (2): 131-55, 1984. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6238674" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6238674</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_5">Cui J, Chisti Y: Polysaccharopeptides of Coriolus versicolor: physiological activity, uses, and production. Biotechnol Adv 21 (2): 109-22, 2003. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14499133" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14499133</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_6">Sakagami H, Aoki T, Simpson A, et al.: Induction of immunopotentiation activity by a protein-bound polysaccharide, PSK (review). Anticancer Res 11 (2): 993-9, 1991 Mar-Apr. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2064356" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2064356</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_7">Ikuzawa M, Matsunaga K, Nishiyama S, et al.: Fate and distribution of an antitumor protein-bound polysaccharide PSK (Krestin). Int J Immunopharmacol 10 (4): 415-23, 1988. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3170055" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3170055</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_8">Hoshi H, Saito H, Iijima H, et al.: Anti-protein-bound polysaccharide-K monoclonal antibody binds the active structure and neutralizes direct antitumor action of the compound. Oncol Rep 25 (4): 905-13, 2011. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21249323" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21249323</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_9">Quayle K, Coy C, Standish L, et al.: The TLR2 agonist in polysaccharide-K is a structurally distinct lipid which acts synergistically with the protein-bound β-glucan. J Nat Med 69 (2): 198-208, 2015. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25510899" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25510899</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_10">Miller RM, Taunton J: Targeting protein kinases with selective and semipromiscuous covalent inhibitors. Methods Enzymol 548: 93-116, 2014. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4265651/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4265651</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25399643" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25399643</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_11">Miller R, Galitsky NM, Duax WL, et al.: Molecular structures of two crystalline forms of the cyclic heptapeptide antibiotic ternatin, cyclo[-beta-OH-D-Leu-D-Ile-(NMe)Ala-(NMe)Leu-Leu-(NMe)Ala-D-(NMe)Ala-]. Int J Pept Protein Res 42 (6): 539-49, 1993. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8307686" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8307686</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_12">Kono K, Kawaguchi Y, Mizukami Y, et al.: Protein-bound polysaccharide K partially prevents apoptosis of circulating T cells induced by anti-cancer drug S-1 in patients with gastric cancer. Oncology 74 (3-4): 143-9, 2008. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708731" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18708731</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_13">Akagi J, Baba H: PSK may suppress CD57(+) T cells to improve survival of advanced gastric cancer patients. Int J Clin Oncol 15 (2): 145-52, 2010. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20229169" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20229169</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_14">Ito G, Tanaka H, Ohira M, et al.: Correlation between efficacy of PSK postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy for gastric cancer and expression of MHC class I. Exp Ther Med 3 (6): 925-930, 2012. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3438816/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3438816</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22969994" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22969994</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_15">Sadahiro S, Suzuki T, Maeda Y, et al.: Effects of preoperative immunochemoradiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy on immune responses in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res 30 (3): 993-9, 2010. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393026" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20393026</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_16">Fritz H, Kennedy DA, Ishii M, et al.: Polysaccharide K and Coriolus versicolor extracts for lung cancer: a systematic review. Integr Cancer Ther 14 (3): 201-11, 2015. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25784670" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25784670</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_17">Choi JH, Kim YB, Lim HY, et al.: 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin-C, and polysaccharide-K adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer: the prognostic significance of frequent perineural invasion. Hepatogastroenterology 54 (73): 290-7, 2007 Jan-Feb. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17419278" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17419278</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_18">Tanaka H, Muguruma K, Ohira M, et al.: Impact of adjuvant immunochemotherapy using protein-bound polysaccharide-K on overall survival of patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 32 (8): 3427-33, 2012. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22843926" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22843926</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_19">Nakazato H, Koike A, Saji S, et al.: Efficacy of immunochemotherapy as adjuvant treatment after curative resection of gastric cancer. Study Group of Immunochemotherapy with PSK for Gastric Cancer. Lancet 343 (8906): 1122-6, 1994. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7910230" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7910230</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_20">Oba K, Teramukai S, Kobayashi M, et al.: Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curative resections of gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 56 (6): 905-11, 2007. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11030720/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC11030720</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17106715" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17106715</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_21">Toge T, Yamaguchi Y: Protein-bound polysaccharide increases survival in resected gastric cancer cases stratified with a preoperative granulocyte and lymphocyte count. Oncol Rep 7 (5): 1157-61, 2000 Sep-Oct. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10948356" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10948356</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_22">Wong CK, Bao YX, Wong EL, et al.: Immunomodulatory activities of Yunzhi and Danshen in post-treatment breast cancer patients. Am J Chin Med 33 (3): 381-95, 2005. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16047556" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16047556</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_23">Torkelson CJ, Sweet E, Martzen MR, et al.: Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Trametes versicolor in Women with Breast Cancer. ISRN Oncol 2012: 251632, 2012. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3369477/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3369477</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22701186" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22701186</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_24">Yoshitani S, Takashima S: Efficacy of postoperative UFT (Tegafur/Uracil) plus PSK therapies in elderly patients with resected colorectal cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 24 (1): 35-40, 2009. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19243246" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19243246</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_25">Sakai T, Yamashita Y, Maekawa T, et al.: Immunochemotherapy with PSK and fluoropyrimidines improves long-term prognosis for curatively resected colorectal cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 23 (4): 461-7, 2008. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18771350" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18771350</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_26">Pilkington K, Wieland LS, Teng L, et al.: Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11 (11): CD012053, 2022. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9707730/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9707730</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36445793" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36445793</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_7_27">Sakamoto J, Morita S, Oba K, et al.: Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of centrally randomized controlled clinical trials. Cancer Immunol Immunother 55 (4): 404-11, 2006. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11030578/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC11030578</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16133112" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16133112</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578__128"><h2 id="_CDR0000778578__128_">Reishi (<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>)</h2><div id="CDR0000778578__129"><h3>General Information</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__130"><i>Ganoderma</i> is a genus of woody polypore <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044571/" class="def">fungi</a> which grow on live trees. In the Chinese Pharmacopeia, the official species are <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> (Leyss. ex Fr.) P. Karst and <i>Ganoderma sinense</i> Zhao, Xu et Zhang. Another commonly encountered species is <i>Ganoderma lingzhi Wu</i>, Cao et Dai. In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000449722/" class="def">traditional Chinese medicine</a>, the fungi are collectively known as Ling Zhi; in Japan, they are known as Reishi. In China, <i>G. lucidum</i> is known as Chizhi and <i>G. sinense</i> is known as Zizhi.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__131">Recent molecular taxonomic and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000643008/" class="def">chemical</a> studies have made it clear that the originally described European species <i>G. lucidum</i> and the East Asian medicinal species are not identical.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_1">1</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_5">5</a>] The newly accepted name for the East Asian species traditionally called <i>G. lucidum</i> is <i>Ganoderma sichuanense</i>.
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However, most research worldwide has been published under the name <i>G. lucidum</i>. This includes the full <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044593/" class="def">genome</a> sequence of <i>G. lucidum</i>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_6">6</a>] There are many other species of <i>Ganoderma</i>, which are difficult to distinguish from the medicinal species.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_5">5</a>]</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__132"><h3>History</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__133"><i>Ganoderma</i> has a very long history in East Asia as a medicinal mushroom dating back to the Chinese materia medica “Shen Nung Ben Cao Jing,” written between 206 BC and 8 AD. It was considered a superior tonic for prolonging life, preventing aging, and boosting <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454782/" class="def">qi</a>. It has been associated with royalty, perhaps due to its rarity in the wild. It was also revered in Japanese <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476357/" class="def">culture</a>. It is used by contemporary Chinese <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390246/" class="def">physicians</a> to support <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045721/" class="def">immune function</a> in patients undergoing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>, among other uses.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_7">7</a>] In some parts of the world (e.g., Shanghai), cancer patients commonly use supplements containing <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_8">8</a>] The development of improved <i>Ganoderma</i> products is currently under way using biotechnological processes.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_9">9</a>]</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__138"><h3>Laboratory/Animal/Preclinical Studies</h3><div id="CDR0000778578__154"><h4>Chemistry</h4><p id="CDR0000778578__158">Among the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044510/" class="def">biologically</a> active components of <i>G. lucidum</i> are triterpenoids, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044162/" class="def">polysaccharides</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046068/" class="def">lipids</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">proteins</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_10">10</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_12">12</a>] Most <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044512/" class="def">laboratory research</a> studies have utilized <i>G. lucidum</i> products obtained via any of several extraction processes, which produce products that contain a mixture of two or more of these molecular species. This lack of purity of the products under study may account for some of the overlap of biological activities attributed to the individual components.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__156">The best-studied <i>Ganoderma</i> polysaccharides possess mostly 1,3- and 1,4-glycosidic linkages, which are of high <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000740563/" class="def">molecular weight</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_10">10</a>] <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044147/" class="def">Beta-glucans</a> are known to bind to the complement <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044958/" class="def">receptor</a> CR3.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_13">13</a>] The activity is considered to be immunomodulatory in nature, similar to many other medicinal fungi. It has recently been pointed out that <i>Ganoderma</i> products derived from mycelium grown on different grain substrates contain large amounts of alpha-glucans derived from the substrate, compared with the fruiting body and its <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000407760/" class="def">extracts</a>, which are entirely beta-glucan in nature.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_14">14</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000778578__157">Many <i>Ganoderma</i> species produce large amounts of oxidized lanostane triterpenes in a complex mixture. <i>Ganoderma</i> triterpenes are unique to the genus. Some <i>G. lucidum</i> triterpenes have been found to inhibit <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000695994/" class="def">cancer cell line</a> growth, although many of the major triterpenes are relatively weak inhibitors or inactive.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_15">15</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_17">17</a>]
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Analytical studies have examined the relative amounts of the different triterpenes in fruiting bodies, as well as in mycelial preparations.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_18">18</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_19">19</a>]
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The mammalian <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046173/" class="def">metabolism</a> of the triterpenes has been studied singly and in combination, with numerous sites of metabolism identified.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_20">20</a>]</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__140"><h4><i>In vitro</i> studies</h4><p id="CDR0000778578__141">Several <i>G. lucidum</i>-derived products have been studied in preclinical models and reported to produce anticancer effects. Both triterpenoids and polysaccharides cause <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cell</a> growth arrest and cytotoxicity.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_21">21</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_30">30</a>] Studies of the cellular pathway by which <i>G. lucidum</i> triterpenoids produce cytotoxicity have generally implicated <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046524/" class="def">apoptosis</a> pathways, both the intrinsic or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044060/" class="def">mitochondrial</a> pathway [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_21">21</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_23">23</a>-<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_25">25</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_27">27</a>] and the extrinsic or death receptor pathway.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_29">29</a>] Triterpenoids also inhibit adhesion and migration of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a> cells.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_22">22</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_31">31</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_32">32</a>] The lipid and protein components of <i>G. lucidum</i> have been less studied but also have demonstrated <i><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045733/" class="def">in vitro</a></i> cytotoxicity.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_33">33</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_34">34</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000778578__142">Polysaccharides from <i>G. lucidum</i> have been shown to induce <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044948/" class="def">dendritic cell</a> maturation, thus raising the possibility that these products might support or elicit immune-mediated anticancer actions.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_35">35</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000778578__143">Other potential mechanisms of anticancer activity have been demonstrated, including reports of the induction of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046445/" class="def">differentiation</a> of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045418/" class="def">neuroblastoma</a> cells <i>in vitro</i> [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_36">36</a>] and the inhibition of cellular secretion of factors associated with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>-induced <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046529/" class="def">angiogenesis</a>, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044222/" class="def">vascular endothelial growth factor</a> (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_37">37</a>]</p><p id="CDR0000778578__179">Ganoderenic acid B, a <i>G. lucidum</i> derived triterpene, has been shown to enhance the cytotoxicity of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044009/" class="def">chemotherapeutic agents</a> in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000416100/" class="def">drug-resistant</a> cell line of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046363/" class="def">hepatocellular carcinoma</a> by inhibiting the transport function of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045009/" class="def">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily transporters.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_38">38</a>] This finding led the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044685/" class="def">investigators</a> to conclude that ganoderenic acid B may have the potential to be developed into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045790/" class="def">multidrug resistance</a> reversal agent.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__144"><h4><i>In vivo</i> studies</h4><p id="CDR0000778578__145">Relatively few studies have explored the <i><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046352/" class="def">in vivo</a></i> effects of <i>G. lucidum</i> in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000043996/" class="def">animal models</a>, but those available have shown <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446109/" class="def">antitumor</a> activity of triterpenoids in mice bearing Lewis <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045963/" class="def">carcinoma</a> [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_39">39</a>] and antitumor effects of polysaccharides in mice bearing S180 cells [<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_40">40</a>] and Ehrlich ascites cells.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_41">41</a>]</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578__146"><h3>Human Studies</h3><div id="CDR0000778578__147"><h4>Lung cancer</h4><div id="CDR0000778578__148"><h5>Mechanistic studies</h5><p id="CDR0000778578__149">There are no studies of <i>G. lucidum</i> with measured cancer outcomes. Building on the preclinical evidence that the polysaccharide fractions of <i>G. lucidum</i> enhance host immune function and have potential antitumor activity, investigators studied an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044696/" class="def">over-the-counter</a> product in patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478743/" class="def">advanced</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445043/" class="def">lung cancer</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_42">42</a>] Patients received Ganopoly, an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000043998/" class="def">aqueous</a> polysaccharide fraction extracted from <i>G. lucidum</i> fruiting bodies. In an open-label trial, 36 patients with advanced lung cancer at a hospital in China, enrolled and 30 were accessible for immune function after 12 weeks. The patients were treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and other complementary <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapies</a>. Ganopoly was administered as 1,800 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044213/" class="def">mg</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000455334/" class="def">capsules</a> 3 times daily before meals for 12 weeks. Treatment did not significantly alter the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285973/" class="def">mean</a> mitogenic reactivity to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000467859/" class="def">phytohemagglutinin</a>; mean counts of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045765/" class="def">lymphocyte</a> subsets CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD56; mean <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045839/" class="def">plasma</a> concentrations on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045256/" class="def">interleukin-2</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044045/" class="def">interleukin-6</a>, or interferon-gamma; or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044062/" class="def">natural killer cell</a> activity (<i>P</i> > .05). The investigators noted that some patients did experience some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390271/" class="def">significant</a> changes in the parameters studied, but the group effect was null overall. </p><p id="CDR0000778578__150">Another mechanistic study in China investigated whether <i>G. lucidum</i> polysaccharides could counteract the immune suppression mediated by the plasma of patients with lung cancer.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_43">43</a>] It is postulated that cancer cells release <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044041/" class="def">immunosuppressive</a> mediators such as PGE2, TGF-beta, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000682069/" class="def">IL-10</a>, and VEGF to inhibit the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045722/" class="def">immune response</a> and escape from immune <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary_gen/def-item/glossary_gen_CDR0000496506/" class="def">surveillance</a>. <i>G. lucidum</i> polysaccharides had been shown to counteract this immune suppression in an animal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000556412/" class="def">cell culture</a> model; therefore, this experiment was undertaken to evaluate whether the effect could be duplicated in humans. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">Blood</a> was obtained from 12 lung cancer patients. The <i>G. lucidum</i> polysaccharides were isolated from a boiling water extract of <i>G. lucidum</i> fruit bodies by ethanol precipitation. CD69 expression on mononuclear lymphocytes after phytohemagglutinin stimulation was inhibited markedly compared with controls (<i>P</i> = .05) after a 24-hour incubation with lung cancer patient plasma. <i>G. lucidum</i> polysaccharides at concentrations of 3.2 μg/mL and 12.8 µg/mL significantly <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000350250/" class="def">antagonized</a> this inhibition (<i>P</i> < .05 for both). Similar results were observed with additional assays leading the investigators to conclude that lung cancer patient plasma-induced suppression of lymphocyte activation by phytohemagglutinin may be fully or partially antagonized by <i>G. lucidum</i> polysaccharides, making them an attractive adjuvant in cancer treatment.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578__151"><h4>Colorectal cancer</h4><div id="CDR0000778578__152"><h5>Prevention</h5><p id="CDR0000778578__153">Japanese investigators studied a water-<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000467861/" class="def">soluble</a> extract from a cultured medium of <i>G. lucidum</i> mycelia (MAK) in patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046685/" class="def">colorectal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046217/" class="def">adenomas</a>.[<a class="bk_pop" href="#CDR0000778578_rl_128_44">44</a>] After being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> with colorectal adenomas on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045648/" class="def">colonoscopy</a>, 123 patients were enrolled in the MAK treatment group, and 102 no-treatment controls were randomly selected from the department’s patients. The treatment group was administered 1.5 g/d of MAK for 12 months. Both groups underwent repeat colonoscopy at 12 months. The change in the number of adenomas was +0.66 +/- 0.10 in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044149/" class="def">control group</a> and -0.42 +/- 0.10 in the treated group (<i>P</i> < .01). The total size of adenomas increased by 1.73 +/- 0.28 mm in the control group and decreased by -1.40 +/- 0.64 mm in the MAK group (<i>P</i> < .01). These results suggest that MAK may suppress the development of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045846/" class="def">premalignant</a> colorectal adenomas.</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578_rl_128"><h3>References</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_1">Raja HA, Baker TR, Little JG, et al.: DNA barcoding for identification of consumer-relevant mushrooms: A partial solution for product certification? Food Chem 214: 383-92, 2017. 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for Mushroom Science. International Society for Mushroom Science, 2016, pp 267-71. <a href="https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/400213" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Also available online</a>. Last accessed April 24, 2017.</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_15">Cheng CR, Yue QX, Wu ZY, et al.: Cytotoxic triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 71 (13): 1579-85, 2010. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20615519" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20615519</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_16">Wu GS, Guo JJ, Bao JL, et al.: Anti-cancer properties of triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum - a review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 22 (8): 981-92, 2013. 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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26489631" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26489631</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_31">Wu GS, Song YL, Yin ZQ, et al.: Ganoderiol A-enriched extract suppresses migration and adhesion of MDA-MB-231 cells by inhibiting FAK-SRC-paxillin cascade pathway. PLoS One 8 (10): e76620, 2013. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3812178/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3812178</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24204647" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24204647</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_32">Weng CJ, Chau CF, Hsieh YS, et al.: Lucidenic acid inhibits PMA-induced invasion of human hepatoma cells through inactivating MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway and reducing binding activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1. Carcinogenesis 29 (1): 147-56, 2008. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18024477" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18024477</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_33">Liang C, Li H, Zhou H, et al.: Recombinant Lz-8 from Ganoderma lucidum induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagic cell death in SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 27 (4): 1079-89, 2012. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3583434/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3583434</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22179718" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22179718</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_34">Wang JH, Zhou YJ, Zhang M, et al.: Active lipids of Ganoderma lucidum spores-induced apoptosis in human leukemia THP-1 cells via MAPK and PI3K pathways. J Ethnopharmacol 139 (2): 582-9, 2012. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22172327" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22172327</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_35">Chan WK, Cheung CC, Law HK, et al.: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides can induce human monocytic leukemia cells into dendritic cells with immuno-stimulatory function. J Hematol Oncol 1: 9, 2008. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2517069/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2517069</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18644156" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18644156</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_36">Pinweha S, Wanikiat P, Sanvarinda Y, et al.: The signaling cascades of Ganoderma lucidum extracts in stimulating non-amyloidogenic protein secretion in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines. Neurosci Lett 448 (1): 62-6, 2008. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18938219" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18938219</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_37">Stanley G, Harvey K, Slivova V, et al.: Ganoderma lucidum suppresses angiogenesis through the inhibition of secretion of VEGF and TGF-beta1 from prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 330 (1): 46-52, 2005. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15781230" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15781230</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_38">Liu DL, Li YJ, Yang DH, et al.: Ganoderma lucidum derived ganoderenic acid B reverses ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance in HepG2/ADM cells. Int J Oncol 46 (5): 2029-38, 2015. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25779097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25779097</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_39">Qu D, He J, Liu C, et al.: Triterpene-loaded microemulsion using Coix lacryma-jobi seed extract as oil phase for enhanced antitumor efficacy: preparation and in vivo evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine 9: 109-19, 2014. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3872217/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3872217</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24379669" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24379669</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_40">Li YB, Wang R, Wu HL, et al.: Serum amyloid A mediates the inhibitory effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Oncol Rep 20 (3): 549-56, 2008. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18695905" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18695905</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_41">Joseph S, Sabulal B, George V, et al.: Antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Acta Pharm 61 (3): 335-42, 2011. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21945912" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21945912</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_42">Gao Y, Tang W, Dai X, et al.: Effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the immune functions of patients with advanced lung cancer. J Med Food 8 (2): 159-68, 2005. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16117607" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16117607</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_43">Sun LX, Li WD, Lin ZB, et al.: Protection against lung cancer patient plasma-induced lymphocyte suppression by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Cell Physiol Biochem 33 (2): 289-99, 2014. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24525691" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24525691</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CDR0000778578_rl_128_44">Oka S, Tanaka S, Yoshida S, et al.: A water-soluble extract from culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia suppresses the development of colorectal adenomas. Hiroshima J Med Sci 59 (1): 1-6, 2010. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20518254" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20518254</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="CDR0000778578__199"><h2 id="_CDR0000778578__199_">Summary of the Evidence for Medicinal Mushrooms</h2><p id="CDR0000778578__200">To assist readers in evaluating the results of human studies of integrative, alternative, and complementary therapies for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>, the strength of the evidence (i.e., the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446533/" class="def">levels of
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evidence</a>) associated with each type of treatment is provided whenever
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possible. To qualify for a level of evidence <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390238/" class="def">analysis</a>, a study must:</p><ul id="CDR0000778578__201"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be published in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000537399/" class="def">peer-reviewed scientific journal</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Report on a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000043985/" class="def">therapeutic</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000467853/" class="def">outcome</a> or outcomes, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044085/" class="def">response</a>, improvement in survival, or measured improvement in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Describe <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044168/" class="def">clinical</a> findings in sufficient detail that a meaningful evaluation can be made.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000778578__202">Separate levels of evidence scores are assigned to qualifying human studies on the basis of statistical strength of the study design and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientific</a> strength of the treatment outcomes (i.e., <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346519/" class="def">endpoints</a>) measured. The resulting two scores are then combined to produce an overall score. For an explanation of the scores and additional information about levels of evidence analysis of integrative, alternative, and complementary therapies for cancer, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000256874/">Levels of Evidence for Human Studies of Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__32"><h2 id="_CDR0000778578__32_">Latest Updates to This Summary (06/14/2024)</h2><p id="CDR0000778578__34">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__208">
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<b>
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<a href="#CDR0000778578__7">Turkey Tail and Polysaccharide-K</a>
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</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000778578__209">Revised <a href="#CDR0000778578__116">text</a> to state that a retrospective study was conducted by two groups from Japan. The study examined the impact on survival in patients with colorectal cancer who received adjuvant treatment with oral fluoropyrimidine with the addition of Polysaccharide-K (PSK). The first study was conducted at a single institution in Japan and analyzed outcomes from 101 patients with Dukes B or Dukes C colorectal cancer who were treated with tegafur-uracil (UFT) or UFT with PSK for 24 months after curative surgery. These patients were monitored for up to 10 years after surgery. The 10-year survival rate was significantly better for patients treated with PSK. The second study examined the results of 63 patients with colorectal cancer who were older than 70 years and treated with UFT with or without PSK. The 3-year relapse-free survival rates were 76.2% in the PSK group and 47.8% in the UFT-only group (control). The 3-year OS rates were 80.8% in the PSK group and 52.8% in the control group.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__disclaimerHP_3">This summary is written and maintained by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/cam" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board</a>, which is
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editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of
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the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More
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information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in
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maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the <a href="#CDR0000778578__AboutThis_1">About This PDQ Summary</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ® Cancer Information for Health Professionals</a> pages.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000778578__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_2"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_3">This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the use of medicinal mushrooms in the treatment of people with cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_4"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_5">This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/cam" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board</a>, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).</p><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_22"> Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:</p><ul id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>be discussed at a meeting,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>be cited with text, or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>replace or update an existing article that is already cited.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_7">Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.</p><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_9">Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the NCI website's <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Email Us</a>. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_10"><h3>Levels of Evidence</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_11">Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000256874/">formal evidence ranking system</a> in developing its level-of-evidence designations.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_12"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_13">PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary].”</p><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_14">The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_15">PDQ® Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. PDQ Medicinal Mushrooms. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/mushrooms-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/mushrooms-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 27929633]</p><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_19">The information in these summaries should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_20"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000778578__AboutThis_21">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Email Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK401261.23/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK401261.23/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK401261" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK401261" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. 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class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK401261.2/">NBK401261.2</a></span> December 19, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK401261.1/">NBK401261.1</a></span> November 30, 2016</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000778578__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000778578__7" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Turkey Tail and Polysaccharide-K</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000778578__128" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Reishi (<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>)</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000778578__199" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Summary of the Evidence for Medicinal Mushrooms</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000778578__32" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Latest Updates to This Summary (06/14/2024)</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000778578__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK424937/">Patient Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" 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