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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE,NOIMAGEINDEX" /><meta name="author" content="Kathleen M Rasmussen, Ann L Yaktine, Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Weight Gain During Pregnancy" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Academies Press (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2009" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kathleen M Rasmussen" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Ann L Yaktine" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20669500" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.17226/12584" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32813/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Weight Gain During Pregnancy" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Academies Press (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kathleen M Rasmussen" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ann L Yaktine" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2009" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32813/" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /><meta name="description" content="Sponsors asked the IOM's Food and Nutrition Board and the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Children, Youth, and Families to review and update the IOM (1990) recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy and recommend ways to encourage their adoption through consumer education, strategies to assist practitioners, and public health strategies." /><meta name="og:title" content="Weight Gain During Pregnancy" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Sponsors asked the IOM's Food and Nutrition Board and the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Children, Youth, and Families to review and update the IOM (1990) recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy and recommend ways to encourage their adoption through consumer education, strategies to assist practitioners, and public health strategies." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32813/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-nap12584-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/nap12584/toc/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32813/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Book"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix no_top_margin"><a href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12584" title="National Academies Press (US)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-nap12584-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Weight Gain During Pregnancy" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h1 id="_NBK32813_"><span itemprop="name">Weight Gain During Pregnancy</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Reexamining the Guidelines</div><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Contributors</h4>Editors: <span itemprop="editor">Kathleen M Rasmussen</span> and <span itemprop="editor">Ann L Yaktine</span>. <span itemprop="author">Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council
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(US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">Washington (DC): <a href="http://www.nap.edu/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Academies Press (US)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2009</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-0-309-13113-1</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2009, National Academy of
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Sciences.</div><div class="small half_rhythm bk_noprnt"><a href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press</a></div></div></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div itemprop="description"><h2>Excerpt</h2><p>Sponsors asked the IOM's Food and Nutrition Board and the Division of Behavioral and
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Social Sciences and Education Board on Children, Youth, and Families to review and
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update the IOM (1990) recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy and recommend
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ways to encourage their adoption through consumer education, strategies to assist
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practitioners, and public health strategies.</p><p>The committee was asked to address the following tasks: 1. Review evidence on the
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relationship between weight gain patterns before, during, and after pregnancy and
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maternal and child health outcomes, with particular attention to the prevalence of
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maternal obesity racial/ethnic and age differences, components of GWG, and
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implications of weight during pregnancy on postpartum weight retention, maternal and
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child obesity, and later child health. 2. Within a life-stage framework consider
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factors in relation to GWG that are associated with maternal health outcomes such as
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lactation performance, postpartum weight retention, cardiovascular disease,
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metabolic processes including glucose and insulin-related issues, and risk of other
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chronic diseases; for infants and children, in addition to low birth weight,
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consider early developmental impacts and obesity-related consequences (e.g., mental
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health, diabetes). 3. Recommend revisions to the existing guidelines, where
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necessary, including the need for specific pregnancy weight guidelines for
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underweight, normal weight, and overweight and obese women and adolescents and women
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carrying twins or higher-order multiples. 4. Consider a range of approaches to
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promote appropriate weight gain, including: individual (behavior), psychosocial,
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community, health care, and health systems; timing and components of interventions;
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and ways to enhance awareness and adoption of the guidelines, including
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interdisciplinary approaches, consumer education to men and women, strategies to
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assist practitioners to use the guidelines, and public health strategies. 5.
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Identify gaps in knowledge and recommend research priorities.</p></div><div><h2>Contents</h2><ul id="toc_tllNBK32813_nap12584_s1" class="simple-list toc toc-toggle"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.s1/" class="toc-item">The National Academies</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.s2/" class="toc-item">Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_s3"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.s3/" class="toc-item">Reviewers</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.s4/" class="toc-item">Preface</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_summary"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/summary/" class="toc-item">Summary</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_summary_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_summary_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/summary/#summary.s1" class="toc-item">GUIDELINES FOR WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_summary_s7"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/summary/#summary.s7" class="toc-item">DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUIDELINES FOR WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_summary_s8"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/summary/#summary.s8" class="toc-item">APPROACHES TO ACHIEVING RECOMMENDED WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_summary_s9"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/summary/#summary.s9" class="toc-item">CONCLUDING REMARKS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_summary_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/summary/#summary.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/" class="toc-item">1. Setting the Stage for Revising Pregnancy Weight Guidelines: Conceptual Framework</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_ch1_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/#ch1.s1" class="toc-item">BACKGROUND</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/#ch1.s2" class="toc-item">RATIONALE FOR REVISING THE GUIDELINES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/#ch1.s4" class="toc-item">INDICATORS FOR REVISING THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE GUIDELINES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1_s5"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/#ch1.s5" class="toc-item">SETTING THE STAGE FOR REVISING THE GUIDELINES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1_s6"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/#ch1.s6" class="toc-item">THE COMMITTEE’S TASK</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1_s8"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/#ch1.s8" class="toc-item">CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1_s9"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/#ch1.s9" class="toc-item">ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch1_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch1/#ch1.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch2"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch2/" class="toc-item">2. Descriptive Epidemiology and Trends</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_ch2_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch2_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch2/#ch2.s1" class="toc-item">TRENDS IN MATERNAL WEIGHT AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch2_s10"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch2/#ch2.s10" class="toc-item">POSTPARTUM WEIGHT RETENTION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch2_s14"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch2/#ch2.s14" class="toc-item">SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTHERS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch2_s20"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch2/#ch2.s20" class="toc-item">PREGNANCY OUTCOMES RELATED TO GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch2_s32"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch2/#ch2.s32" class="toc-item">FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch2_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch2/#ch2.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch3"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch3/" class="toc-item">3. Composition and Components of Gestational Weight Gain: Physiology and Metabolism</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_ch3_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch3_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch3/#ch3.s1" class="toc-item">TOTAL AND PATTERN OF GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch3_s9"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch3/#ch3.s9" class="toc-item">COMPONENTS OF GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch3_s23"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch3/#ch3.s23" class="toc-item">MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch3_s28"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch3/#ch3.s28" class="toc-item">FETAL-PLACENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch3_s32"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch3/#ch3.s32" class="toc-item">ABNORMAL MATERNAL METABOLISM</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch3_s36"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch3/#ch3.s36" class="toc-item">FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch3_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch3/#ch3.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/" class="toc-item">4. Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_ch4_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/#ch4.s1" class="toc-item">SOCIETAL/INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4_s6"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/#ch4.s6" class="toc-item">ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4_s10"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/#ch4.s10" class="toc-item">NEIGHBORHOOD/COMMUNITY DETERMINANTS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4_s13"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/#ch4.s13" class="toc-item">INTERPERSONAL/FAMILY DETERMINANTS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4_s17"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/#ch4.s17" class="toc-item">MATERNAL FACTORS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4_s49"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/#ch4.s49" class="toc-item">VULNERABLE POPULATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4_s53"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/#ch4.s53" class="toc-item">FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch4_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch4/#ch4.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/" class="toc-item">5. Consequences of Gestational Weight Gain for the Mother</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_ch5_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/#ch5.s1" class="toc-item">CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: CONSEQUENCES OF GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN FOR THE MOTHER</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/#ch5.s2" class="toc-item">CONSEQUENCES DURING PREGNANCY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5_s6"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/#ch5.s6" class="toc-item">CONSEQUENCES AT DELIVERY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5_s11"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/#ch5.s11" class="toc-item">POSTPARTUM CONSEQUENCES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5_s15"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/#ch5.s15" class="toc-item">LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5_s20"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/#ch5.s20" class="toc-item">CONCLUDING REMARKS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5_s21"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/#ch5.s21" class="toc-item">FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch5_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch5/#ch5.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch6"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch6/" class="toc-item">6. Consequences of Gestational Weight Gain for the Child</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_ch6_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch6_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch6/#ch6.s1" class="toc-item">GENERAL CONCEPTS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch6_s6"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch6/#ch6.s6" class="toc-item">EFFECTS ON NEONATAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch6_s18"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch6/#ch6.s18" class="toc-item">LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch6_s29"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch6/#ch6.s29" class="toc-item">CONCLUDING REMARKS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch6_s30"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch6/#ch6.s30" class="toc-item">FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch6_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch6/#ch6.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/" class="toc-item">7. Determining Optimal Weight Gain</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_ch7_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/#ch7.s1" class="toc-item">INTRODUCTION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/#ch7.s2" class="toc-item">PRINCIPLES USED TO DEVELOP A STRATEGY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7_s3"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/#ch7.s3" class="toc-item">PREVIOUS APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING WEIGHT GAIN RECOMMENDATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/#ch7.s4" class="toc-item">STRATEGIC APPROACH USED BY THE COMMITTEE IN DEVELOPING ITS RECOMMENDATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7_s14"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/#ch7.s14" class="toc-item">DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDED WEIGHT-GAIN RANGES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7_s17"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/#ch7.s17" class="toc-item">DISCUSSION OF THE NEW GUIDELINES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7_s18"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/#ch7.s18" class="toc-item">FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE COMMITTEE’S ANALYSES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch7_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch7/#ch7.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch8"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch8/" class="toc-item">8. Approaches to Achieving Recommended Gestational Weight Gain</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_ch8_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch8_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch8/#ch8.s1" class="toc-item">CURRENT CONTEXT FOR CHILDBEARING AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch8_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch8/#ch8.s2" class="toc-item">REVIEW OF INTERVENTION STRATEGIES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch8_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch8/#ch8.s4" class="toc-item">IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR NEW GUIDELINES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch8_s7"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch8/#ch8.s7" class="toc-item">CONCLUDING REMARKS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch8_s8"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch8/#ch8.s8" class="toc-item">FINDING AND RECOMMENDATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch8_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch8/#ch8.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch9"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch9/" class="toc-item">9. Open Session and Workshop Agendas</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_ch10"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/ch10/" class="toc-item">10. Committee Member Biographical Sketches</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12594_appgroup1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12594.appgroup1/" class="toc-item">Appendixes</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK32813_nap12584_app1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_app1"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.app1/" class="toc-item">A Acronyms and Abbreviations, Glossary, and Supplemental Information</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_app2"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.app2/" class="toc-item">B Supplementary Information on Nutritional Intake</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_app3"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.app3/" class="toc-item">C Supplementary Information on Composition and Components of Gestational Weight
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Gain</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_app4"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.app4/" class="toc-item">D Summary of Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_app5"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.app5/" class="toc-item">E Results from the Evidence-Based Report on Outcomes of Maternal Weight Gain</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_app6"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.app6/" class="toc-item">F Data Tables</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK32813_nap12584_app7"><a href="/books/n/nap12584/nap12584.app7/" class="toc-item">G Consultant Reports</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div><p>This study was supported by Contract No.
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HHSH250200446009I TO HHSH240G5806 between the National Academy of Sciences and U.S.
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Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services
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Administration; Contract No. 200-2007-M-21619 between the National Academy of
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Sciences and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Nutrition,
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Physical Activity and Obesity; Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139 TO 192 between the
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National Academy of Sciences and National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy
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Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Contract No.
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N01-OD-4-2139 TO 192 between the National Academy of Sciences and National
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Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
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Diseases; Contract No. HHSP23300700522P between the National Academy of Sciences and
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health; Contract No.
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HHSP23320070071P between the National Academy of Sciences and U.S. Department of
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Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; and
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Contract No. 21-FY07-576 between the National Academy of Sciences and March of
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Dimes. Additional support came from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
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Office of Minority Health and the National Minority AIDS Council.</p></div><div><h4 class="inline">Suggested citation:</h4><p>IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National
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Research Council). 2009. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the
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Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.</p></div><div><p>Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication
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are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the
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organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.</p><p>NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
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Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
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the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
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Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
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chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.</p></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2009, National Academy of
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