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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Endotext - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Kenneth R Feingold, Bradley Anawalt, Marc R Blackman, Alison Boyce, George Chrousos, Emiliano Corpas, Wouter W de Herder, Ketan Dhatariya, Kathleen Dungan, Johannes Hofland, Sanjay Kalra, Gregory Kaltsas, Nitin Kapoor, Christian Koch, Peter Kopp, Márta Korbonits, Christopher S Kovacs, Wendy Kuohung, Blandine Laferrère, Miles Levy, Elizabeth A McGee, Robert McLachlan, Maria New, Jonathan Purnell, Rakesh Sahay, Amy S Shah, Frederick Singer, Mark A Sperling, Constantine A Stratakis, Dace L Trence, Don P Wilson">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Kenneth R Feingold">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Bradley Anawalt">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Marc R Blackman">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Alison Boyce">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="George Chrousos">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Emiliano Corpas">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Wouter W de Herder">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Ketan Dhatariya">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Kathleen Dungan">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Johannes Hofland">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Sanjay Kalra">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Gregory Kaltsas">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Nitin Kapoor">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Christian Koch">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Peter Kopp">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Márta Korbonits">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Christopher S Kovacs">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Wendy Kuohung">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Blandine Laferrère">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Miles Levy">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Elizabeth A McGee">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Robert McLachlan">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Maria New">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Jonathan Purnell">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Rakesh Sahay">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Amy S Shah">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Frederick Singer">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Mark A Sperling">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Constantine A Stratakis">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Dace L Trence">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Don P Wilson">
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<meta name="citation_pmid" content="25905160">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kenneth R Feingold">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Bradley Anawalt">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Marc R Blackman">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alison Boyce">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="George Chrousos">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Emiliano Corpas">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Wouter W de Herder">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ketan Dhatariya">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kathleen Dungan">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Johannes Hofland">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sanjay Kalra">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Gregory Kaltsas">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Nitin Kapoor">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Christian Koch">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Peter Kopp">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Márta Korbonits">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Christopher S Kovacs">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Wendy Kuohung">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Blandine Laferrère">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Miles Levy">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Elizabeth A McGee">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Robert McLachlan">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Maria New">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jonathan Purnell">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Rakesh Sahay">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Amy S Shah">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Frederick Singer">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Mark A Sperling">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Constantine A Stratakis">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Dace L Trence">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Don P Wilson">
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<meta name="DC.Date" content="2000">
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<meta name="description" content="Endotext (Endotext.org) is an online resource on endocrine disease written by physicians and directed toward physicians around the world caring for patients with endocrine disorders. It is organized by Kenneth R. Feingold, MD, twenty-one section editors, and over 500 authors. It is comprehensive, authoritative, constantly updated, and unbiased. Endotext, covering the broad area of Clinical Endocrinology, emphasizes clinical endocrine practice and includes the most current information on the manifestations of endocrine disease, diagnosis, and treatment.">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Endotext (Endotext.org) is an online resource on endocrine disease written by physicians and directed toward physicians around the world caring for patients with endocrine disorders. It is organized by Kenneth R. Feingold, MD, twenty-one section editors, and over 500 authors. It is comprehensive, authoritative, constantly updated, and unbiased. Endotext, covering the broad area of Clinical Endocrinology, emphasizes clinical endocrine practice and includes the most current information on the manifestations of endocrine disease, diagnosis, and treatment.">
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1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="http://www.endotext.org/" title="MDText.com, Inc." class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-endotext-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Endotext" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK278943_"><span itemprop="name">Endotext</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Editors</h4>Editors: <span itemprop="editor">Kenneth R Feingold</span>, Editor-in-chief,<sup>1</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Bradley Anawalt</span>,<sup>2</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Marc R Blackman</span>,<sup>3</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Alison Boyce</span>,<sup>4</sup> <span itemprop="editor">George Chrousos</span>,<sup>5</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Emiliano Corpas</span>,<sup>6</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Wouter W de Herder</span>,<sup>7</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Ketan Dhatariya</span>,<sup>8</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Kathleen Dungan</span>,<sup>9</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Johannes Hofland</span>,<sup>10</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Sanjay Kalra</span>,<sup>11</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Gregory Kaltsas</span>,<sup>12</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Nitin Kapoor</span>,<sup>13</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Christian Koch</span>,<sup>14</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Peter Kopp</span>,<sup>15</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Márta Korbonits</span>,<sup>16</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Christopher S Kovacs</span>,<sup>17</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Wendy Kuohung</span>,<sup>18</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Blandine Laferrère</span>,<sup>19</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Miles Levy</span>,<sup>20</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Elizabeth A McGee</span>,<sup>21</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Robert McLachlan</span>,<sup>22</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Maria New</span>,<sup>23</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Jonathan Purnell</span>,<sup>24</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Rakesh Sahay</span>,<sup>25</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Amy S Shah</span>,<sup>26</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Frederick Singer</span>,<sup>27</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Mark A Sperling</span>,<sup>28</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Constantine A Stratakis</span>,<sup>29</sup> <span itemprop="editor">Dace L Trence</span>,<sup>30</sup> and <span itemprop="editor">Don P Wilson</span><sup>31</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of California, San Francisco, CA</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>2</sup> Chief of Medicine at the University of Washington Medical Center and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Medicine, University of Washington</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>3</sup> Sr. Physician Scientist, Washington DC VA Medical Center; Professor of Medicine & Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University; and Professor of Medicine (Part-time), Johns Hopkins University</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>4</sup> Pediatric Endocrinologist and Associate Research Physician in the Skeletal Diseases and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>5</sup> Professor of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>6</sup> M.D. Ph.D in Gerontology. Honorary Professor of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid. Consultant in Endocrinology, Hospital HLA Guadalajara (Spain).</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>7</sup> Professor of Endocrine Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>8</sup> Consultant in Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>9</sup> Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Ohio State University</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>10</sup> Consultant Endocrinologist, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>11</sup> Consultant Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>12</sup> Professor of General Medicine-Endocrinology, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>13</sup> Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia.</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>14</sup> Professor, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>15</sup> Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Lausanne, Switzerland</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>16</sup> Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre Lead for Endocrinology and Deputy Institute Director, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>17</sup> University Research Professor and Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Obstetrics & Gynecology, and BioMedical Sciences, at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>18</sup> Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology at Boston Medical Center and an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Boston University School of Medicine</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>19</sup> Professor of Medicine, New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>20</sup> Consultant endocrinologist at University Hospitals of Leicester and Honorary Associate Professor at Leicester University</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>21</sup> Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Vermont and Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Burlington, Vermont</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>22</sup> Director of Clinical Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Consultant Endocrinologist, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>23</sup> Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and Chief of the Adrenal Steroid Disorders Program, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>24</sup> Professor of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Division of Endocrinology, and Associate Director, Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>25</sup> Professor and Head of Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College and Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, India.</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>26</sup> Professor of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati, OH, USA</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>27</sup> Director of the Endocrine/Bone Disease Program, Saint Johns Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA; Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>28</sup> Professorial Lecturer, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Emeritus Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh.</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>29</sup> CSO, ELPEN, Inc. & Director, Research Institute, Athens, Greece & Senior Investigator, Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, FORTH (ITE), Heraklion, Greece. Emeritus Scientific Director & Senior Investigator, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>30</sup> Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>31</sup> Endowed Chair, Cardiovascular Health and Risk Prevention, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX</div><div class="half_rhythm">South Dartmouth (MA): <a href="http://www.endotext.org/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">MDText.com, Inc.</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2000</span>-.</div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2000-2025, MDText.com, Inc.</div><div class="small half_rhythm bk_noprnt"><a href="http://www.endotext.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">www.endotext.org</a></div><a class="btn wsprkl bkr_rd" href="/books/n/endotext/adrenal/?report=reader">Read</a></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div class="bkr_bottom_sep bkr_bottom_margin body-content whole_rhythm"><div itemprop="description"><p>Endotext (<a href="http://www.endotext.org/" ref="pagearea=abstract&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Endotext.org</a>) is an online
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resource on endocrine disease written by physicians and directed toward physicians
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around the world caring for patients with endocrine disorders. It is organized by
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Kenneth R. Feingold, MD, twenty-one section editors, and over 500 authors. It is
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comprehensive, authoritative, constantly updated, and unbiased. Endotext, covering
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the broad area of Clinical Endocrinology, emphasizes clinical endocrine practice and
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includes the most current information on the manifestations of endocrine disease,
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diagnosis, and treatment.</p></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2000-2025, MDText.com, Inc.<p class="small">This electronic version has been made freely available under a Creative
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Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) license. A copy of the license can be viewed at <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/</a>.</p></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK278943</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905160" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">25905160</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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