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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>NCBI News [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 1991-2012. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/newsncbi/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-newsncbi-lrg.png" alt="Cover of NCBI News" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>NCBI News [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK2593_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK2593_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/news" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 1991-2012.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/newsncbi/">Index of Issues</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/newsncbi/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/newsncbi/dec08/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/newsncbi/aug08/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK2593_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">NCBI News, November 2008</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Dawn Lipshultz</span>, M.S. and <span itemprop="author">Peter Cooper</span>, Ph.D.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK2593_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK2593_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Dawn Lipshultz</span>, M.S.<div class="affiliation small">NCBI<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@tluhspil" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@tluhspil</a></div></div></div><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Peter Cooper</span>, Ph.D.<div class="affiliation small">NCBI<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@repooc" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@repooc</a></div></div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">October 15, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">October 28, 2008</span>.</p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 6 minutes</em></p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="nov08.Featured_Resource_Pr"><h2 id="_nov08_Featured_Resource_Pr_">Featured Resource: Primer-BLAST—NCBI’s Primer Designer and
|
||
Specificity Checker</h2><p>NCBI now offers Primer-BLAST, a Web service for designing target specific oligonucleotide
|
||
primers for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols. Primer-BLAST may be accessed
|
||
from the NCBI BLAST Homepage or through the direct URL:</p><p>
|
||
<a href="/tools/primer-blast" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/</a>
|
||
</p><p>This service integrates primer designing code from the popular Primer3<a href="#nov08.Reference">
|
||
<sup>1</sup>
|
||
</a> software with a specificity check that uses a custom BLAST search. Primer-BLAST
|
||
eliminates the need to design primers at another site and then perform a search with those
|
||
primers using the main NCBI BLAST service to check specificity. Moreover, Primer-BLAST can
|
||
design primers that amplify only a particular splice variant of a gene – an
|
||
important feature for PCR protocols measuring tissue specific expression. Primer-BLAST has a
|
||
number of additional enhancements that make it better at picking specific primers than
|
||
Primer3 and NCBI BLAST used separately.</p><div id="nov08.PrimerBLAST_Input"><h3>Primer-BLAST Input</h3><p>The Primer-BLAST interface contains elements of both the Primer3 tool and the NCBI BLAST
|
||
Web service. The submission form is divided into three sections with commonly adjusted
|
||
settings relevant to the <b>target template</b>, <b>the primers,</b> and the
|
||
background <b>specificity check</b>. As with other BLAST services, the more
|
||
specialized options are available under an expandable section at the bottom of the
|
||
submission form, called “Advanced parameters” in Primer-BLAST. </p><div id="nov08.Template"><h4>Template</h4><p>The target template sequence or accession number to be analyzed is placed in the large
|
||
text area in the <b>PCR Template</b> section of the form. Specific binding regions
|
||
on the template may be specified using the range boxes. With just the target template,
|
||
Primer-BLAST will design primer pairs that are specific to the target template and
|
||
unique in the target database. </p></div><div id="nov08.Primers"><h4>Primers</h4><p>One or both primers may be supplied in the <b>Primer Parameters</b> section. The
|
||
most important and commonly modified primer-specific parameters such as desired product
|
||
size, Tm ranges and Tm difference may be modified here as well. Primers may accompany a
|
||
template, but may also be used without a template. With only a primer pair, Primer-BLAST
|
||
identifies potential templates in the target database. In this case, the results are
|
||
more precise than a specificity check with ordinary BLAST and have additional PCR
|
||
condition parameters such as melting temperature (Tm) provided in the results. </p></div><div id="nov08.Specificity"><h4>Specificity</h4><p>Parameters that may be adjusted in the <b>Specificity Checking </b>section of the
|
||
form affect the nature of the background database and the level of stringency for
|
||
avoiding nonspecific matches. The database specificity check does not simply find BLAST
|
||
matches but includes adjustable mismatch cutoffs that focus on the 3′ end of
|
||
the binding site to more effectively avoid mispriming. The most informative results are
|
||
obtained by selecting the target database and organism that best match the template
|
||
sequence source. The organism selection is managed by typing the name of the organism of
|
||
interest in the “Organism” box. An auto-complete feature will
|
||
find the closest match in the NCBI taxonomy database. </p><p>Four BLAST nucleotide databases are available for searching: RefSeq mRNA, Genome
|
||
(selected reference assemblies), Genome (all chromosomes), and nr (the standard
|
||
non-redundant database). The first two databases will give the most precise results as
|
||
these are the best annotated and analyzed sets of sequences. In particular, if an NCBI
|
||
mRNA Reference Sequence is used as a template with the RefSeq mRNA database,
|
||
Primer-BLAST will design primers specific to the single splice variant represented by
|
||
the reference sequence. The well characterized genome sequences of human, chimpanzee,
|
||
mouse, rat, cow, dog, chicken, zebrafish, fruit fly, honeybee,
|
||
<i>Arabidopsis</i>, and rice are available as the selected reference
|
||
assemblies. These selected reference assemblies will produce results that are less
|
||
redundant and easier to interpret when using genomic templates from these organisms. The
|
||
remaining Genome database (all chromosomes) contains all chromosome Reference Sequences
|
||
(NC_ accessions) including the selected reference assemblies, as well as their
|
||
alternative assemblies, and chromosome records for other organisms, most notably
|
||
microbial genome sequences. Finally, the nr database is available for the widest
|
||
coverage of organisms.</p></div><div id="nov08.Advanced_Parameters"><h4>Advanced Parameters</h4><p>The <b>Advanced Parameters</b> section contains numerous adjustable settings
|
||
affecting primer binding and efficacy from the Primer3 program. Two additional features
|
||
that are only available in Primer-BLAST are options to avoid making primers that match
|
||
repetitive or regions with biased base composition (low complexity regions) and an
|
||
option to avoid regions that contain reported nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from
|
||
NCBI’s SNP database. As with Primer3, Primer-BLAST also has an option to
|
||
design an internal hybridization probe for each product that can be used in various
|
||
product detection assays.</p></div></div><div id="nov08.Example"><h3>Example</h3><p>Using Primer-BLAST to design primers to distinguish the two transcripts of the human
|
||
uracil-DNA glycosylase genes (UNG, GeneID: 7374) demonstrates the utility and precision of
|
||
Primer BLAST (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK2593/figure/nov08.nov08_fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="fignov08nov08fig1" rid-ob="figobnov08nov08fig1">Figure 1</a>). The UNG products code for enzymes
|
||
involved in removing misincorpated uracil during DNA replication. The longer UNG1
|
||
transcript (<a href="/nuccore/1677530039" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">NM_003362</a> ) codes for a mitochondrial enzyme while the shorter UNG2 transcript
|
||
(<a href="/nuccore/1677498868" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">NM_080911</a>) that lacks the portion coding for the mitochondrial targeting sequence
|
||
apparently functions in the nuclear genome of replicating cells. The top panel of Figure 1
|
||
shows the Primer-BLAST results that are specific to the UNG2 splice variant. In this case
|
||
the NCBI reference sequence was used as a template with RefSeq mRNA database limited to
|
||
human. By default the service designs only UNG2 specific primers with the reference
|
||
sequence as the template. These conditions may be relaxed by checking the option for
|
||
“Allow primer to amplify mRNA splice variants.” The bottom panel
|
||
of Figure 1 shows that under these conditions new primers are found that will amplify both
|
||
transcripts from the UNG gene. Expanding the database coverage provides a means for
|
||
checking primers in additional species. The results using the nr database predict that
|
||
many of the primer pairs designed against the human UNG transcripts should also amplify
|
||
transcripts from other primate species (not shown). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="fignov08nov08fig1" co-legend-rid="figlgndnov08nov08fig1"><a href="/books/NBK2593/figure/nov08.nov08_fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="fignov08nov08fig1" rid-ob="figobnov08nov08fig1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK2593/bin/nov08.G1.gif" src-large="/books/NBK2593/bin/nov08.G1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Primer-BLAST results for UNG transcript variant 2." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndnov08nov08fig1"><h4 id="nov08.nov08_fig1"><a href="/books/NBK2593/figure/nov08.nov08_fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobnov08nov08fig1">Figure 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Primer-BLAST results for UNG transcript variant 2. The NCBI
|
||
Reference sequence NM_080911 was used as a template. <i>Top panel:</i> Primers
|
||
specific to the single splice variant are reported by default with the mRNA RefSeq
|
||
database limited to human sequences. <a href="/books/NBK2593/figure/nov08.nov08_fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobnov08nov08fig1">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nov08.Summary"><h3>Summary</h3><p>Primer-BLAST provides a new more powerful and more comprehensive primer design tool by
|
||
combining oligonucleotide primer design with specific genome and transcriptome level
|
||
searches, and will save time and money by eliminating some of the trial and error of PCR
|
||
primer design.</p></div><div id="nov08.Reference"><h3>Reference</h3><ol><li><div class="bk_ref" id="nov08.MN.1">1. Steve Rozen and Helen J. Skaletsky (2000)
|
||
Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. <strong>In:</strong>
|
||
Krawetz S, Misener S (eds) <em>Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols: Methods in
|
||
Molecular Biology.</em> Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 365-386 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10547847" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10547847</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="nov08.New_Databases_and_To"><h2 id="_nov08_New_Databases_and_To_">New Databases and Tools</h2><div id="nov08.BLAST_2_Sequences"><h3>BLAST 2 Sequences</h3><p>The NCBI BLAST web pages have a new option to align a query against a set of target
|
||
sequences, rather than a BLAST database. This option allows you to align your query to one
|
||
or more subject sequences and still use the standard BLAST web interface to optimize your
|
||
search and change algorithm parameters. Each search is assigned a "Request ID" (RID) and
|
||
is also listed under the "Recent Results" tab that you can access from the BLAST home
|
||
page. The results are formatted as a standard BLAST report, except a "Dot Matrix view" (a
|
||
"dot-plot" like graphic of the alignments) is available in the new report design if only
|
||
one subject sequence was searched. Links to BLAST web pages can be found at:
|
||
blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST.cgi Step-by-step instructions can be found at: <a href="http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/docs/align_seqs.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/docs/align_seqs.pdf</a></p></div><div id="nov08.My_NCBI"><h3>My NCBI</h3><p>My NCBI version 2.0 was released in September with new features and updated functions.
|
||
New features include: account and username options; navigation, preferences, and filter
|
||
improvements; My Saved Searches tool; and My Collections tool. Another new feature, My
|
||
Bibliography, allows authors to search and collect citations for their publications. For a
|
||
full description of new and improved features, please see the <i>NLM Technical
|
||
Bulletin</i> article at: <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/so08/so08_myncbi_redesign.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/so08/so08_myncbi_redesign.html</a> . My NCBI is
|
||
located at: <a href="/sites/myncbi" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/myncbi/</a></p></div><div id="nov08.BarSTool"><h3>BarSTool</h3><p>The Barcode of Life project is one in which DNA barcode sequences are being collected
|
||
from vouchered specimens of all biological species. The idea is to make it easier to
|
||
identify biological specimens via a short gene sequence from a standardized position in
|
||
the genome. NCBI has created a submission tool, Barcode Submission Tool (BarSTool), to
|
||
submit barcode sequences to GenBank. For more information about BarSTool or the Barcode of
|
||
Life project see: <a href="http:///Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/OLK80/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/barcode.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/barcode.html</a>.</p></div><div id="nov08.Bookshelf"><h3>Bookshelf</h3><p>The Bookshelf has added two new books entitled: <i>Hepatitis C Viruses: Genomes and
|
||
Molecular Biology</i> and <i>NCBI News</i>. Books can be found at:
|
||
<a href="/sites/entrez?db=Books" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books</a>.</p></div><div id="nov08.Microbial_Genomes"><h3>Microbial Genomes</h3><p>Thirty-two finished microbial genomes were released (August 15-October 10). The original
|
||
sequence data files submitted to GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ can be found at: <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/genomes/Bacteria" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/genomes/Bacteria/</a>. The RefSeq provisional
|
||
versions of these genomes are available via FTP at: <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genomes/Bacteria" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genomes/Bacteria/</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nov08.GenBank_News"><h2 id="_nov08_GenBank_News_">GenBank News</h2><p>GenBank release 167.0 is available via web and FTP that includes information as of August
|
||
19, 2008.</p></div><div id="nov08.Updates_and_Enhancem"><h2 id="_nov08_Updates_and_Enhancem_">Updates and Enhancements</h2><div id="nov08.Discovery_PubMed_Pag"><h3>Discovery PubMed Pages</h3><p>PubMed Summary results pages have begun showing related information from other resources
|
||
on the right side of the page. Drug Sensor, an NCBI tool that detects drug names in a
|
||
search, was released in August. As of September, additional resources will be shown to a
|
||
percentage of users to aid in the discovery process.</p></div><div id="nov08.RefSeq"><h3>RefSeq</h3><p>RefSeq Release 31 is available via web and FTP. This full release incorporates genomic,
|
||
transcript, and protein data available as of August 30, 2008 and includes 9,145,702
|
||
records, 5,859,648  proteins, and sequences from 5,513 different organisms. </p><p>The RefSeq website is: <a href="/RefSeq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/RefSeq/</a>.</p></div><div id="nov08.Genome_Assembly"><h3>Genome Assembly</h3><p>Genome annotation for <i>Ciona intestinalis</i> build 1.1 and
|
||
<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> build 8.1 were released in September. For more
|
||
annotation updates and links to Genome Resource pages see: <a href="/Genomes" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genomes/</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nov08.Announce_Lists_and_R"><h2 id="_nov08_Announce_Lists_and_R_">Announce Lists and RSS Feeds</h2><p>Fifteen topic-specific mailing lists are described on the Announcement List summary page.
|
||
Announce lists provide email announcements about changes and updates to NCBI resources.
|
||
<a href="/Sitemap/Summary/email_lists.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Sitemap/Summary/email_lists.html</a></p><p>Seven RSS feeds are now available from NCBI including news on PubMed, PubMed Central, NCBI
|
||
Bookshelf, LinkOut, HomoloGene, UniGene, and NCBI Announce. <a href="/feed" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/feed/</a></p><p>Comments and questions about NCBI resources may be sent to NCBI at:
|
||
<a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@ofni" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@ofni</a>, or by calling 301-496-2475 between the hours of 8:30
|
||
a.m. and 5:30 p.m. EST, Monday through Friday.</p></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK2593</span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/newsncbi/">Index of Issues</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/newsncbi/dec08/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/newsncbi/aug08/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK2593/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK2593/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK2593" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK2593" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Lipshultz D, Cooper P. NCBI News, November 2008. 2008 Oct 15 [Updated 2008 Oct 28]. In: NCBI News [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 1991-2012. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK2593/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK2593.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (393K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/newsncbi/pdf/">PDF version of this title</a> (29M)</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#nov08.Featured_Resource_Pr" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Featured Resource: Primer-BLAST—NCBI’s Primer Designer and
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