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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Entrez Programming Utilities Help" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2010" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Entrez Programming Utilities Help" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2010" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/" /><meta name="description" content="Please see the E-utilities Introduction video for a brief introduction." /><meta name="og:title" content="Entrez Programming Utilities Help" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Please see the E-utilities Introduction video for a brief introduction." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-helpeutils-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/helpeutils/toc/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Book"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix no_top_margin"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-helpeutils-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Entrez Programming Utilities Help" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h1 id="_NBK25501_"><span itemprop="name">Entrez Programming Utilities Help</span></h1><div class="half_rhythm">Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2010</span>-.</div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div itemprop="description"><h2>Introduction to the E-utilities</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Please see the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCG-M5k-gvE" ref="pagearea=abstract&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-utilities Introduction</a> video for a brief introduction.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Please see the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.Release_Notes" ref="pagearea=abstract&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Release Notes</a> for details and changes.</div></li></ul><p>The Entrez Programming Utilities (E-utilities) are a set of eight server-side programs that provide a stable interface into the Entrez query and database system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The E-utilities use a fixed URL syntax that translates a standard set of input parameters into the values necessary for various NCBI software components to search for and retrieve the requested data. The E-utilities are therefore the structured interface to the Entrez system, which currently includes 38 databases covering a variety of biomedical data, including nucleotide and protein sequences, gene records, three-dimensional molecular structures, and the biomedical literature.</p></div><div><h2>Contents</h2><ul id="toc_tllNBK25501_toc_chapter1" class="simple-list toc toc-toggle"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/">E-utilities Quick Start</a><div class="small">Created: December 12, 2008; Last Update: October 24, 2018.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK25501_toc_chapter1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Release_Notes"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Release_Notes">Release Notes</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Announcement"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Announcement">Announcement</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Introduction"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Introduction">Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Searching_a_Database"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Searching_a_Database">Searching a Database</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Uploading_UIDs_to_Entrez"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Uploading_UIDs_to_Entrez">Uploading UIDs to Entrez</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Downloading_Document_Summaries"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Downloading_Document_Summaries">Downloading Document Summaries</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Downloading_Full_Records"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Downloading_Full_Records">Downloading Full Records</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Finding_Related_Data_Through_En"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Finding_Related_Data_Through_En">Finding Related Data Through Entrez Links</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Getting_Database_Statistics_and"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Getting_Database_Statistics_and">Getting Database Statistics and Search Fields</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Performing_a_Global_Entrez_Sear"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Performing_a_Global_Entrez_Sear">Performing a Global Entrez Search</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Retrieving_Spelling_Suggestions"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Retrieving_Spelling_Suggestions">Retrieving Spelling Suggestions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_Demonstration_Programs"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.Demonstration_Programs">Demonstration Programs</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter1_For_More_Information_7"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter1/#chapter1.For_More_Information_7">For More Information</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter2/">A General Introduction to the E-utilities</a><div class="small">Created: May 26, 2009; Last Update: November 17, 2022.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK25501_toc_chapter2" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter2_Introduction"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter2/#chapter2.Introduction">Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter2_Usage_Guidelines_and_Requiremen"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter2/#chapter2.Usage_Guidelines_and_Requiremen">Usage Guidelines and Requirements</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter2_The_Nine_Eutilities_in_Brief"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter2/#chapter2.The_Nine_Eutilities_in_Brief">The Nine E-utilities in Brief</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter2_Understanding_the_Eutilities_Wi"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter2/#chapter2.Understanding_the_Eutilities_Wi">Understanding the E-utilities Within Entrez</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter2_Combining_Eutility_Calls_to_Cre"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter2/#chapter2.Combining_Eutility_Calls_to_Cre">Combining E-utility Calls to Create Entrez Applications</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter2_Demonstration_Programs"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter2/#chapter2.Demonstration_Programs">Demonstration Programs</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter2_For_More_Information"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter2/#chapter2.For_More_Information">For More Information</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/">Sample Applications of the E-utilities</a><div class="small">Created: April 24, 2009; Last Update: November 1, 2017.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK25501_toc_chapter3" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_Introduction"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.Introduction">Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_Basic_Pipelines"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.Basic_Pipelines">Basic Pipelines</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_ESearch__ESummaryEFetch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.ESearch__ESummaryEFetch">ESearch – ESummary/EFetch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_EPost__ESummaryEFetch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.EPost__ESummaryEFetch">EPost – ESummary/EFetch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_ELink__ESummaryEfetch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.ELink__ESummaryEfetch">ELink – ESummary/Efetch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_ESearch__ELink__ESummaryEFetch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.ESearch__ELink__ESummaryEFetch">ESearch – ELink – ESummary/EFetch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_EPost__ELink__ESummaryEFetch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.EPost__ELink__ESummaryEFetch">EPost – ELink – ESummary/EFetch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_EPost__ESearch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.EPost__ESearch">EPost – ESearch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_ELink__ESearch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.ELink__ESearch">ELink – ESearch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_Application_1_Converting_GI_num"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.Application_1_Converting_GI_num">Application 1: Converting GI numbers to accession numbers</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_Application_2_Converting_access"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.Application_2_Converting_access">Application 2: Converting accession numbers to data</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_Application_3_Retrieving_large"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.Application_3_Retrieving_large">Application 3: Retrieving large datasets</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_Application_4_Finding_unique_se"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.Application_4_Finding_unique_se">Application 4: Finding unique sets of linked records for each member of a large dataset</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_Demonstration_Programs"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.Demonstration_Programs">Demonstration Programs</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter3_For_More_Information"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter3/#chapter3.For_More_Information">For More Information</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/">The E-utilities In-Depth: Parameters, Syntax and More</a><div class="small">Created: May 29, 2009; Last Update: November 30, 2022.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK25501_toc_chapter4" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_Introduction"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.Introduction">Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_General_Usage_Guidelines"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.General_Usage_Guidelines">General Usage Guidelines</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_Eutilities_DTDs"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.Eutilities_DTDs">E-utilities DTDs</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_EInfo"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.EInfo">EInfo</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_ESearch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.ESearch">ESearch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_EPost"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.EPost">EPost</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_ESummary"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.ESummary">ESummary</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_EFetch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.EFetch">EFetch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_ELink"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.ELink">ELink</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_EGQuery"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.EGQuery">EGQuery</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_ESpell"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.ESpell">ESpell</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_ECitMatch"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.ECitMatch">ECitMatch</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_Release_Notes"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.Release_Notes">Release Notes</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_Demonstration_Programs"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.Demonstration_Programs">Demonstration Programs</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter4_For_More_Information"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter4/#chapter4.For_More_Information">For More Information</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter5"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter5/">The E-utility Web Service (SOAP)</a><div class="small">Created: January 21, 2010; Last Update: January 23, 2015.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK25501_toc_chapter5" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter5_Termination_Announcement"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter5/#chapter5.Termination_Announcement">Termination Announcement</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter5_For_More_Information"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter5/#chapter5.For_More_Information">For More Information</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/">Entrez Direct: E-utilities on the Unix Command Line</a><div class="small">Created: April 23, 2013; Last Update: February 19, 2025.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK25501_toc_chapter6" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Getting_Started"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Getting_Started">Getting Started</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Searching_and_Filtering"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Searching_and_Filtering">Searching and Filtering</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Structured_Data"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Structured_Data">Structured Data</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Complex_Objects"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Complex_Objects">Complex Objects</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Sequence_Records"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Sequence_Records">Sequence Records</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Sequence_Coordinates"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Sequence_Coordinates">Sequence Coordinates</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Gene_Records"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Gene_Records">Gene Records</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_External_Data"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.External_Data">External Data</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Local_PubMed_Cache"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Local_PubMed_Cache">Local PubMed Cache</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Automation"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Automation">Automation</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Additional_Examples"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Additional_Examples">Additional Examples</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Appendices"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Appendices">Appendices</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_Release_Notes"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.Release_Notes">Release Notes</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK25501_toc_chapter6_For_More_Information"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/helpeutils/chapter6/#chapter6.For_More_Information">For More Information</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div>
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