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title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK248073_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">From the Statue of Liberty to the coin in your back pocket</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">The secret life of copper</div><p class="contribs">Dean L.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK248073_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><p>We have been using copper for almost 10,000 years. And it proved to be such a useful metal that an historical era was named after it—The Bronze Age (bronze is an alloy consisting mainly of copper) (<a class="bibr" href="#CB42_Copper.REF.1" rid="CB42_Copper.REF.1">1</a>). </p><p>The properties of copper mean that it is still in demand today—it is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, and is relatively resistant to corrosion. Thus, the uses of copper range from cooking (pots and pans), electronics and appliances (wiring and circuit boards), to one of the most famous statues in the world, the Statue of Liberty (<a class="bibr" href="#CB42_Copper.REF.2" rid="CB42_Copper.REF.2">2</a>). Copper is frequently combined with other metals, such as zinc, tin, and nickel, to form alloys. The US 5 cent coin may be called a nickel, but it is only 25% nickel, the rest of the metal is copper (<a class="bibr" href="#CB42_Copper.REF.3" rid="CB42_Copper.REF.3">3</a>). </p><p>But copper isn’t just useful; it is an essential trace mineral for most life forms. Copper is incorporated into many enzymes, such as plastocyanin, which is needed for photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria; and hemocyanin, which transports oxygen in species such as horse-shoed crabs and emperor scorpions, and gives them their characteristic blue-colored blood (<a class="bibr" href="#CB42_Copper.REF.4" rid="CB42_Copper.REF.4 CB42_Copper.REF.5">4, 5</a>) (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK248073/figure/CB42_Copper.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figCB42CopperF1" rid-ob="figobCB42CopperF1">Figure 1</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCB42CopperF1" co-legend-rid="figlgndCB42CopperF1"><a href="/books/NBK248073/figure/CB42_Copper.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1: Horseshoe crabs" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCB42CopperF1" rid-ob="figobCB42CopperF1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK248073/bin/cb42-Image001.gif" src-large="/books/NBK248073/bin/cb42-Image001.jpg" alt="Figure 1: Horseshoe crabs. Top: The horseshoe crab is an ancient species that predate dinosaurs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCB42CopperF1"><h4 id="CB42_Copper.F1"><a href="/books/NBK248073/figure/CB42_Copper.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCB42CopperF1">Figure 1: Horseshoe crabs</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Top: The horseshoe crab is an ancient species that predate dinosaurs. It has a large carapace (shell) that protects its internal organs, and has ten eyes and can see UV light. Bottom: The horseshoe’s crab unique blue blood protects them, and humans, <a href="/books/NBK248073/figure/CB42_Copper.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCB42CopperF1">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In humans, copper is vital for the normal development and functioning of connective tissue, the nervous system, the immune system, and metabolism. For example, copper is part of cytochrome c oxidase, the last protein in the electron transport chain that is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP (<a class="bibr" href="#CB42_Copper.REF.4" rid="CB42_Copper.REF.4">4</a>). </p><p>Because copper is only needed in trace amounts, most people get enough copper from their diet. But rarely, inherited conditions can lead to extremely low <a href="/books/NBK1413/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">(Menkes disease</a>) or high (<a href="/books/NBK1512/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Wilson disease</a>) levels of copper. </p><p>The importance of copper in the body means that its levels must be carefully regulated. Copper homeostasis is tightly linked to other metabolic processes. In serum, 70%-90% of copper is bound to ceruloplasmin, an enzyme that plays an important role in iron homeostasis and inflammatory response (<a class="bibr" href="#CB42_Copper.REF.6" rid="CB42_Copper.REF.6">6</a>). Ceruloplasmin is also present in the brain, where the loss of ceruloplasmin is associated with iron accumulation and neuronal degeneration (<a class="bibr" href="#CB42_Copper.REF.7" rid="CB42_Copper.REF.7 CB42_Copper.REF.8">7, 8</a>)</p><p>To find out more about ceruloplasmin and the <i>CP</i> gene that encodes it, take a look at the series of “Carrying Copper” tutorials below, which explain the Entrez Gene record for <i>CP</i>. </p><div class="figure"><div class="mp-outer"><div class="ncbimedia" id="_bk_plyr_CB42Tutorial1"><video preload="none" poster="/books/NBK248073/bin/Intro1.jpg" height="360" width="640"><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial1-pmcvs_normal.flv" type="video/flash"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial1-pmcvs_normal.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial1-pmcvs_normal.webm" type="video/webm"></source></video></div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial1.mp4">Download</a> video file.<sup>(96M, mp4)</sup></div><div class="caption"><p>Tutorial 1: Table of contents, Summary, Genomic context</p></div></div><div class="figure"><div class="mp-outer"><div class="ncbimedia" id="_bk_plyr_CB42Tutorial2"><video preload="none" poster="/books/NBK248073/bin/Intro2.jpg" height="360" width="640"><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial2-pmcvs_normal.flv" type="video/flash"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial2-pmcvs_normal.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial2-pmcvs_normal.webm" type="video/webm"></source></video></div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial2.mp4">Download</a> video file.<sup>(60M, mp4)</sup></div><div class="caption"><p>Tutorial 2: Genomic regions, transcripts and products (Part I)</p></div></div><div class="figure"><div class="mp-outer"><div class="ncbimedia" id="_bk_plyr_CB42Tutorial3"><video preload="none" poster="/books/NBK248073/bin/Intro3.jpg" height="360" width="640"><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial3-pmcvs_normal.flv" type="video/flash"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial3-pmcvs_normal.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial3-pmcvs_normal.webm" type="video/webm"></source></video></div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial3.mp4">Download</a> video file.<sup>(53M, mp4)</sup></div><div class="caption"><p>Tutorial 3: Genomic regions, transcripts and products (Part II)</p></div></div><div class="figure"><div class="mp-outer"><div class="ncbimedia" id="_bk_plyr_CB42Tutorial4"><video preload="none" poster="/books/NBK248073/bin/Intro4.jpg" height="360" width="640"><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial4-pmcvs_normal.flv" type="video/flash"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial4-pmcvs_normal.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial4-pmcvs_normal.webm" type="video/webm"></source></video></div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial4.mp4">Download</a> video file.<sup>(53M, mp4)</sup></div><div class="caption"><p>Tutorial 4: Bibliography and Phenotypes</p></div></div><div class="figure"><div class="mp-outer"><div class="ncbimedia" id="_bk_plyr_CB42Tutorial5"><video preload="none" poster="/books/NBK248073/bin/Intro5.jpg" height="360" width="640"><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial5-pmcvs_normal.flv" type="video/flash"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial5-pmcvs_normal.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial5-pmcvs_normal.webm" type="video/webm"></source></video></div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial5.mp4">Download</a> video file.<sup>(46M, mp4)</sup></div><div class="caption"><p>Tutorial 5: Variation, Pathways from biosystems, and Interactions</p></div></div><div class="figure"><div class="mp-outer"><div class="ncbimedia" id="_bk_plyr_CB42Tutorial6"><video preload="none" poster="/books/NBK248073/bin/Intro6.jpg" height="360" width="640"><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial6-pmcvs_normal.flv" type="video/flash"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial6-pmcvs_normal.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source><source src="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial6-pmcvs_normal.webm" type="video/webm"></source></video></div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/NBK248073/bin/CB42Tutorial6.mp4">Download</a> video file.<sup>(49M, mp4)</sup></div><div class="caption"><p>Tutorial 6: General gene and protein information, NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq), Related sequences and Additional links </p></div></div><div id="CB42_Copper.Acknowledgements"><h2 id="_CB42_Copper_Acknowledgements_">Acknowledgements</h2><p>The author would like to thank Svetlana Lutsenko, PhD, Professor of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University.</p></div><div id="CB42_Copper.References"><h2 id="_CB42_Copper_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CB42_Copper.REF.1"><em>Early and Middle Bronze Age</em>. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History [Last accessed: 16th October 2014]. Available from: <a href="http://www.mnh.si.edu/exhibits/cyprus/early-bronze.html" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.mnh.si.edu<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/exhibits/cyprus/early-bronze.html</a>.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CB42_Copper.REF.2"><em>Statue of Liberty</em>. National Park Service [Last accessed: 16th October 2014]. Available from: <a href="http://www.nps.gov/stli/faqs.htm#aboutthestatue" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.nps.gov/stli/faqs.htm - aboutthestatue</a>.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CB42_Copper.REF.3"><em>Coin specifications</em>. United States Mint [Last accessed: 16th October 2014]. Available from: <a href="http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/?action=coin_specifications" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.usmint.gov<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/about_the_mint/?action<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​=coin_specifications</a>.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CB42_Copper.REF.4">Gupta A., Lutsenko S. Evolution of copper transporting ATPases in eukaryotic organisms. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Genomics. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(2):124–33.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3308323/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3308323</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23024604" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23024604</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CB42_Copper.REF.5">Rehm P., Pick C., Borner J., et al. The diversity and evolution of chelicerate hemocyanins. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMC Evol Biol. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>:19.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3306762/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3306762</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22333134" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22333134</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CB42_Copper.REF.6">Hellman N.E., Gitlin J.D. Ceruloplasmin metabolism and function. <span><span class="ref-journal">Annu Rev Nutr. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>:439–58.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12055353" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12055353</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CB42_Copper.REF.7">Miyajima, H., <em>Aceruloplasminemia.</em> Neuropathology, 2014. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25168455" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25168455</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CB42_Copper.REF.8">Vassiliev V., Harris Z.L., Zatta P. Ceruloplasmin in neurodegenerative diseases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Brain Res Brain Res Rev. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">49</span>(3):633–40.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16269323" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16269323</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK248073_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Laura Dean</span>, MD<sup>1</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> NCBI<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@naed" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@naed</a></div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">October 20, 2014</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Dean L. From the Statue of Liberty to the coin in your back pocket: The secret life of copper. 2014 Oct 20. In: Dean L, McEntyre J, editors. Coffee Break: Tutorials for NCBI Tools [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 1999-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/coffeebrk/toc/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/coffeebrk/cb41Yoda/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCB42CopperF1"><div id="CB42_Copper.F1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK248073/bin/cb42-Image001.jpg" alt="Figure 1: Horseshoe crabs. Top: The horseshoe crab is an ancient species that predate dinosaurs." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1: Horseshoe crabs</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Top: The horseshoe crab is an ancient species that predate dinosaurs. It has a large carapace (shell) that protects its internal organs, and has ten eyes and can see UV light.</p><p>Bottom: The horseshoe’s crab unique blue blood protects them, and humans, again infection. It is highly valued by the pharmaceutical industry.</p><p>Image credit: © 2011 Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Republic of China</p></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">
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