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match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK2323_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Honey, I shrunk the genome</span></h1><div class="subtitle">genome reduction in the leprosy bacillus</div><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK2323_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><p>Getting by with the bare minimum seems to be the <i>modus operandi</i> of <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> — the causal agent of leprosy. Its genome sequence reveals that it has undergone massive genome 'downsizing' over time, discarding more than half its genes and rendering it the most striking example of genome reduction in a microbial pathogen.</p><p>The leprosy bacillus is famed for being the first microorganism definitively shown to be associated with human disease. It evades the host's immune response by invading and propagating inside the vacuoles of macrophages called phagosomes. From there, it infects the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, where it disrupts myelin production, thus leading to the characteristic features of leprosy, which include skin lesions and sensory loss.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figA559" co-legend-rid="figlgndA559"><a href="/books/NBK2323/figure/A559/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA559" rid-ob="figobA559"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK2323/bin/cb20_big.gif" src-large="/books/NBK2323/bin/cb20_big.jpg" alt="Protein coding genes distribution map for Mycobacterium leprae." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndA559"><h4 id="A559"><a href="/books/NBK2323/figure/A559/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA559">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Protein coding genes distribution map for <i>Mycobacterium leprae.</i> The leprosy bacillus genome contains numerous examples of gene deletion and decay. The relative locations of various genes in the genome are depicted in the map above. Protein coding genes <a href="/books/NBK2323/figure/A559/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA559">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Attempts to study <i>M. leprae</i> have been thwarted by fruitless efforts to grow it in the laboratory. This is due in part to its excruciatingly slow growth — it divides only once every two weeks, slower than any other bacterium — and its requirement for an elusive cocktail of nutrients. But the sequencing of its genome by <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11234002&dopt=Abstract" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stewart Cole and colleagues</a> now uncovers clues to its unique metabolism and unusual 'reductive evolution'.</p><p>
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<i>M. leprae</i> seems to have completely dispensed with or substantively reduced certain metabolic pathways, including oxidative and anaerobic respiratory chains. The enzymes for breaking down host-derived lipids, a means by which many mycobacterial pathogens derive their energy, are also drastically reduced in <i>M. leprae</i>. By contrast, most anabolic pathways seem to be intact, indicating that <i>M. leprae</i> depends on these pathways to survive in the nutrient-poor microenvironment of phagosomes.</p><p>Comparison of the genome sequence of <i>M. leprae</i> with that of its cousin <i> Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> indicates that the former has undergone substantial downsizing, losing more than 2,000 genes since its divergence from a common mycobacterial ancestor. Presumably its genes became inactivated once their functions were no longer essential to survival, and this was followed by genome shrinkage through rearrangements and deletions.</p><p>The availability of the genome sequence will aid efforts to define virulence factors of the leprosy bacillus, of which few are presently known, and will provide inroads for developing new vaccines and diagnostic tests. Also, comparative genomic analyses with <i>M. tuberculosis</i> are likely to yield insight into the pathogenicity of the causal agent of tuberculosis and into potential drug targets based on the set of genes crucial to the survival of both organisms. </p><p>Story by Carina Dennis, <a href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"><i>Nature Reviews Genetics</i></a>
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</p><div id="A544" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h3><span class="title">Search TaxPlot for structures similar to E5</span></h3><p>Created: April 30, 2001</p><p>Click on the link below to start an html tutorial.</p><p>Search for structures similar to E5</p></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK2323_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">April 30, 2001</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Dean L, McEntyre J, editors. Coffee Break: Tutorials for NCBI Tools [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 1999-. Honey, I shrunk the genome: genome reduction in the leprosy bacillus. 2001 Apr 30.<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/coffeebrk/A31/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/coffeebrk/A29/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobA559"><div id="A559" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK2323/bin/cb20_big.jpg" alt="Protein coding genes distribution map for Mycobacterium leprae." /></div><h3><span class="title">Protein coding genes distribution map for <i>Mycobacterium leprae.</i></span></h3><div class="caption"><p><br />The leprosy bacillus genome contains numerous examples of gene deletion and decay. The relative locations of various genes in the genome are depicted in the map above. Protein coding genes are color coded in the map according to their classification within clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) functional categories. COGs represent proteins or groups of paralogs that are found in at least 3 phylogenetically-distant genomes. For more information about COGs, see <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9381173&dopt=Abstract" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"><i>Science</i> 1997 Oct 24:278(5338):631-7.</a>
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</p></div></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA544"><div id="A544" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h3><span class="title">Search TaxPlot for structures similar to E5</span></h3><p>Created: April 30, 2001</p><p>Click on the link below to start an html tutorial.</p><p>Search for structures similar to E5</p></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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