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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Genomics: From Phage to Human - Sequence - Evolution - Function - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Eugene V Koonin">
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<meta name="description" content="The first genome, that of RNA bacteriophage MS2, was sequenced in 1976, in a truly heroic feat of direct determination of an RNA sequence [225]. This was followed by the genome of bacteriophage &#981;X174, the first triumph of the new, rapid sequencing methods developed in the laboratories of Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger [553,743]. These are some of the smallest known genomes with only four and ten genes, respectively. Then, in 1982, the last paper published by Sanger before he retired, announced the first relatively large genome to be sequenced, that of bacteriophage &lambda;, probably the most famous model system of classic molecular biology [742]. Phage &lambda; has 48,502 bases of genomic DNA and ~70 known and predicted protein-coding genes and 23 RNA-coding genes. At 70 characters per line and 43 lines per page, this sequence alone would take over 16 pages of this book. However, the listing of the &lambda; protein-coding genes (Table 1.1) fits into just two pages and definitely conveys more information. These days, it may be hard to imagine all the excitement felt by molecular biologists 20 years ago when the &lambda; genome was finally finished. Nevertheless, even in this era of high-throughput methods, it could be instructive to look back and address several questions: (i) is &lambda; genome a good model of the subsequently sequenced prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes? (ii) how accurate was the sequence itself and the original gene assignment? and (iii) how much more have we learned about functions of &lambda; genes in the past 20 years?">
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<meta name="og:description" content="The first genome, that of RNA bacteriophage MS2, was sequenced in 1976, in a truly heroic feat of direct determination of an RNA sequence [225]. This was followed by the genome of bacteriophage &#981;X174, the first triumph of the new, rapid sequencing methods developed in the laboratories of Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger [553,743]. These are some of the smallest known genomes with only four and ten genes, respectively. Then, in 1982, the last paper published by Sanger before he retired, announced the first relatively large genome to be sequenced, that of bacteriophage &lambda;, probably the most famous model system of classic molecular biology [742]. Phage &lambda; has 48,502 bases of genomic DNA and ~70 known and predicted protein-coding genes and 23 RNA-coding genes. At 70 characters per line and 43 lines per page, this sequence alone would take over 16 pages of this book. However, the listing of the &lambda; protein-coding genes (Table 1.1) fits into just two pages and definitely conveys more information. These days, it may be hard to imagine all the excitement felt by molecular biologists 20 years ago when the &lambda; genome was finally finished. Nevertheless, even in this era of high-throughput methods, it could be instructive to look back and address several questions: (i) is &lambda; genome a good model of the subsequently sequenced prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes? (ii) how accurate was the sequence itself and the original gene assignment? and (iii) how much more have we learned about functions of &lambda; genes in the past 20 years?">
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title="Jump to previuos match">&#9664;</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">&#9654;</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK20263_"><span class="label">Chapter 1</span><span class="title" itemprop="name">Genomics: From Phage to Human</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK20263_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="A5"><h2 id="_A5_">1.1. The Humble Beginnings &#x02026;</h2><p>The first genome, that of RNA bacteriophage MS2, was sequenced in 1976, in a truly
heroic feat of direct determination of an RNA sequence [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A953">225</a>]. This was followed by the genome of bacteriophage
&#x003d5;X174, the first triumph of the new, rapid sequencing methods developed in
the laboratories of Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1281">553</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1471">743</a>]. These are
some of the smallest known genomes with only four and ten genes, respectively. Then,
in 1982, the last paper published by Sanger before he retired, announced the first
relatively large genome to be sequenced, that of bacteriophage &#x003bb;,
probably the most famous model system of classic molecular biology [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1470">742</a>]. Phage &#x003bb; has 48,502 bases of
genomic DNA and ~70 known and predicted protein-coding genes and 23 RNA-coding
genes. At 70 characters per line and 43 lines per page, this sequence alone would
take over 16 pages of this book. However, the listing of the &#x003bb;
protein-coding genes (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA6" rid-ob="figobA6">Table 1.1</a>) fits into
just two pages and definitely conveys more information. These days, it may be hard
to imagine all the excitement felt by molecular biologists 20 years ago when the
&#x003bb; genome was finally finished. Nevertheless, even in this era of
high-throughput methods, it could be instructive to look back and address several
questions: (i) is &#x003bb; genome a good model of the subsequently sequenced
prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes? (ii) how accurate was the sequence itself and
the original gene assignment? and (iii) how much more have we learned about
functions of &#x003bb; genes in the past 20 years?</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figA6"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1.1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA6" rid-ob="figobA6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK20263/table/A6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK20263/table/A6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1.1. Protein-coding genes of bacteriophage &#x003bb;." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A6"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA6">Table 1.1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Protein-coding genes of bacteriophage &#x003bb;. </p></div></div><p>The answer to the first question is definitely yes: &#x003bb; genome has many
features common to the genomes of cellular life forms, particularly prokaryotes.
Most of the genome consists of protein-coding genes. Adjacent genes are often
transcribed in the same direction and encode proteins that have similar functions
and/or interact with each other (e.g. cell lysis proteins, tail components).
Adjacent genes either slightly overlap or are separated by intergenic regions of
varying length, typically much shorter than the genes themselves.</p><p>To answer the second question, both the sequence and gene assignments turned out to
be essentially correct. The latter may not be surprising since the &#x003bb;
genome was annotated by researchers who had studied the phage for years, on the
basis of the entire body of knowledge amassed by that time. In contemporary genome
sequencing projects, such detailed analysis by highly qualified biologists with
intimate knowledge of the biology of the given organism is more an exception, rather
than the norm, partly because biological information on many of the sequenced
organisms is simply too scarce.</p><p>A comparison of <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA6" rid-ob="figobA6">Table 1.1</a> with the original
paper by Sanger et al. [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1470">742</a>] shows that
there is actually not much to add to the gene annotations. The use of recently
developed sophisticated gene prediction programs, such as Glimmer (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A166/?report=reader#A168">4.1</a>), coupled with the analysis of the regions
that are conserved between lambda and related bacteriophages, led to the conclusion
that certain intergenic regions might contain additional protein-coding genes
(marked by asterisks in the <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA6" rid-ob="figobA6">Table 1.1</a>).
Unfortunately, most of these genes remain uncharacterized, and it is not even known
whether they are ever expressed. It is worth noting that exactly the same doubts
exist about the possible functions and/or expression of a large number of so-called
&#x0201c;hypothetical&#x0201d; genes, identified in the genomes of cellular life
forms by essentially the same two principal approaches (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A166/?report=reader#A168">4.1</a>).</p><p>When reading the Sanger paper now, 20 years after it appeared, one is struck by the
absence of any analysis of protein sequences in this detailed, thorough work.
Although the authors have done careful computational analysis of open reading
frames, particularly the likely translation starts and codon usage, the very word
&#x0201c;homolog&#x0201d; is not used in the article, and there is no mention of
any search of protein sequence databases, something that these days is, by default,
an integral part of any genomic study. Not that protein sequence databases did not
exist at the time: the first one, the Protein Identification Resource, was launched
by Margaret Dayhoff, one of the great pioneers of computational biology, in 1965,
long before genomics had even become conceivable [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A900">172</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A901">173</a>]. However, reliable and
rapid methods for searching this database still have not been developed, and more
generally, database search was not a part of the culture in molecular biology at the
time. And for a good reason, too. Had Sanger and his coworkers performed a PIR
search, even using the methods available in 2002, they would not have found anything
of interest because the sequences available at that time were few and far apart, and
there were no homologs of phage &#x003bb; proteins among them. Clearly, the time
was not ripe for comparative genomics and, in a sense, for genomics itself because,
as we will see throughout this book, the comparative approach is truly central to
the genomic enterprise.</p><p>Revisiting phage &#x003bb; genome after 20 years, we see a completely different
&#x0201c;genomescape&#x0201d;. Using the PSI-BLAST program (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A166/?report=reader#A199">4.3</a>), the search of the complete non-redundant
protein sequence database maintained at the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology
Information, a division of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland,
USA) for homologs of the 73 proteins listed as gene products of phage &#x003bb;
takes about an hour on a moderate power computer. Another hour was spent running
selected proteins through the conserved domain search using the CDD option of the
NCBI&#x02019;s BLAST server (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A166/?report=reader#A213">4.4</a>). Of
course, we could have scoured the literature for descriptions of computational
analyses of &#x003bb; proteins instead. However, extracting the relevant
information from databases, such as PubMed (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A55/?report=reader#A149">3.7</a>), is far from trivial because, in most cases, the papers including
this information dealt with more general issues and would not have &#x003bb;, let
alone a particular gene, mentioned in the title or abstract. Running the searches
anew was much faster and easier. Besides, sequence databases are growing daily,
which may substantially affect the results of searches and might even lead to new
discoveries. Perusing the results, we should note that, with a few exceptions, there
are now homologs readily detectable for the phage proteins. In the majority of
cases, these are proteins from other related phages (sometimes integrated as
prophages into the bacterial chromosome). However, 12 &#x003bb; proteins show
conservation in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA7" rid-ob="figobA7">Table 1.2</a>). For several of these proteins whose functions have not been
studied experimentally, non-trivial functional predictions become possible.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figA7"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1.2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA7" rid-ob="figobA7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK20263/table/A7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK20263/table/A7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1.2. Non-trivial evolutionary connections and functional predictions for bacteriophage &#x003bb; proteins." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A7"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA7">Table 1.2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Non-trivial evolutionary connections and functional predictions for
bacteriophage &#x003bb; proteins. </p></div></div><p>It is remarkable that some of the more interesting computational predictions remain
without experimental test. Admittedly, the visibility of molecular biology of
bacteriophages as a research field has not increased since the 1970&#x02019;s, and
the funds have pretty much tapered off. Good examples are the Ea59 and K genes that
are predicted to encode an ATPase and a metal-dependent protease, respectively. Both
are clear and readily testable predictions that have been described in print, even
if briefly [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1024">296</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1407">679</a>]. However, to our knowledge, no experimental tests of
these predictions have been reported so far. Interestingly, an observation has been
made during these searches that actually seems to have a novel aspect to it. The
Ea31 protein was shown to contain a metal-dependent nuclease domain [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A778">50</a>]. The stop codon of the Ea31 gene overlaps
the start codon of Ea59, leading to the intriguing hypothesis that the two proteins
interact and form an ATP-dependent nuclease complex. We discuss sequence analysis of
Ea31 in greater detail in <a href="/books/n/sef/A166/?report=reader">Chapter 4</a> to
illustrate the process of discovery in database searches. Furthermore, this is a
little example of context analysis, an increasingly important direction in genome
annotation, which is covered in <a href="/books/n/sef/A264/?report=reader">Chapter
5</a>. This situation is not uncommon: computational analysis of genomes
keeps yielding interesting functional predictions, even years after the publication
of the sequence; what is most often lacking is systematic experimental testing of
these predictions.</p><p>We will come back to this dramatic rift between computational and experimental
analysis of most, if not all, genomes with more numbers, but first let us step back
and have a quick look into the history of genomics, which is short, but dynamic
(<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA8" rid-ob="figobA8">Table 1.3</a>). By definition, genomics
requires genome sequences, and to engage in comparative genomics, one needs at least
two genomes to compare. In a close analogy to the history of molecular genetics,
which owes most of its early progress to bacteriophages used as model systems,
comparative genomics was first practiced with the genomes of viruses. These are
several orders of magnitude smaller than even the tiniest bacterial genomes and, in
case a virus grows well, sequencing of viral genomes became a relatively
straightforward enterprise in the early 1980&#x02019;s. By 1983, six years after
the beginning of the sequencing era, a considerable number of complete genomes of
diverse small viruses of plants, animals, and bacteria (bacteriophages) had been
amassed, and the time was ripe for the birth of comparative genomics.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figA8"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1.3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA8" rid-ob="figobA8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK20263/table/A8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK20263/table/A8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1.3. A brief timeline of genomics." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A8"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA8">Table 1.3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">A brief timeline of genomics. </p></div></div><p>Pinpointing the exact beginning of comparative genomics may be difficult. In a sense,
one may say that it was born as soon as there were two genomes to compare, i.e. in
1977 when the genome of phage &#x003d5;X174 was sequenced and could be compared with
the already available sequence of the RNA phage MS2. However, this was a vacuous
start because the two phages had virtually nothing in common (<i>a
propos</i>, this has not changed in 20 years: for all we know, these phage
families are truly unrelated). It seems that comparative genomics had a real head
start with two astonishing discoveries that caught most, if not all, virologists
utterly by surprise. First, it has been shown that RNA-containing retroviruses
(causative agents of certain leucoses in animals and humans and, as shown later, of
AIDS) shared a conserved replicative enzyme, the reverse transcriptase, with two
groups of DNA viruses, the hepadnaviruses (including the medically important
hepatitis B virus) and caulimoviruses, infecting plants [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1575">847</a>]. Second, it turned out that small RNA viruses infecting
animals (picornaviruses, such as polio and foot-and-mouth disease) and those
infecting plants (cowpea mosaic virus) shared not only significant sequence
similarity that allowed the identification of homologous (orthologous) genes, but
also, in part, the order of these genes in their genomes [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A735">7</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A784">56</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1063">335</a>]. Subsequent systematic studies have
revealed a complex network of homologous relationships within the vast classes of
positive-strand RNA viruses and negative-strand RNA viruses. Although still
disputed, the concept emerged that each of these classes was monophyletic, that is,
probably evolved from a common ancestral virus [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1188">460</a>]. These studies combined two elements that were crucial in defining
the identity of the emerging discipline of comparative and evolutionary
genomics.</p><p>Firstly, the objects of analysis were complete genomes, however small, rather than
individual genes, and accordingly, the notions of conservation of gene order and
gene shuffling became important. Secondly, the discoveries made through these genome
comparisons were completely unexpected; there was no experimental data that would
prepare researchers for the startling unity of superficially unrelated viruses.</p><p>In retrospect, it is somewhat ironic that comparative genomics had to start with
virus genomes (due to the experimental contingency) because viral proteins tend to
evolve extremely fast, and detection of conservation between distant viruses may be
a non-trivial task, even with advanced methods of computational sequence analysis,
let alone with those available in the early 1980&#x02019;s. This was a challenge
and perhaps a blessing in disguise. The difficulty of detecting sequence
conservation among viral proteins prompted those who ventured into this area to
employ approaches that later proved invaluable in comparative genomics and
computational biology in general: (i) compare protein sequences, rather than
nucleotide sequences directly, whenever distant relationships are involved and
sensitivity is an issue; (ii) rely on multiple, rather than pairwise, comparisons;
(iii) search for conserved patterns or motifs in multiple sequences; and, above all
(iv) actually look at sequences (and structures whenever these are available) and
think about the potential relationships in an effort to synthesize all relevant
shreds of information. This practice has been dubbed, more or less pejoratively,
&#x0201c;sequence gazing&#x0201d; [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1069">341</a>]. Sure enough, sequence and structure comparisons are prone to error
and, worse, to fantasy, and these dangers had been particularly grave in the early
days, before the statistical foundations of computational biology had been worked
out and the rules of thumb had been established through accumulated practices. There
is no doubt, however, that success stories of computational prediction of gene
functions have been of much greater import and have, to a large extent, determined
the very feasibility of the further progress of genomics.</p><p>The first comparative-genomic study of a larger scale, investigating the
relationships between genomes that contained &#x0003e;100 genes each, came in 1986
[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1286">558</a>]. The newly sequenced genome of
varicella zoster virus was carefully compared to the previously sequenced
Epstein-Barr virus genome (the original Epstein-Barr genome paper [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A796">68</a>] resembled the &#x003bb; work in that no
homologs were reported for any of the viral proteins because, indeed, none were to
be easily identified among the sequences then available). This work, though little
noticed outside virology, already included the principal elements of the
comparative-genomic approach, if not the actual methods.</p></div><div id="A9"><h2 id="_A9_">1.2. &#x02026; and the Astonishing Progress of Genome Sequencing</h2><p>Comparative genomics of cellular life forms is in a way a
&#x0201c;by-product&#x0201d; of the Human Genome Project. Probably the greatest
insight of the leaders of the early stages of this project was the realization that,
in isolation, the human genome would be a costly but uninterpretable string of three
billion or so of A&#x02019;s, T&#x02019;s, G&#x02019;s and C&#x02019;s. Only
through systematic comparisons to other genomes may we hope to make sense of the
text of this &#x0201c;Book of Life&#x0201d;. As far as genomics is concerned,
Theodosius Dobzhansky&#x02019;s famous dictum &#x0201c;Nothing in biology makes
sense except in the light of evolution&#x0201d; is not some kind of evolutionist
propaganda, but an entirely literal and more or less routine description of the
situation. And so, in the last decade of the second millennium, the genome sequences
started pouring in. Yeast chromosome III, the first respectable chunk of contiguous
genome sequence [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1357">629</a>] that became available
in 1992 (quite modest, by today&#x02019;s standards, just ~320,000 base pairs),
generated major excitement epitomized in the title of a <i>Nature</i> note
describing a re-analysis of the ORFs from this chromosome:
&#x0201c;What&#x02019;s in the genome?&#x0201d; [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A833">105</a>]. From the analysis of this sequence and other large
genome segments that started to appear in the next months, at least two notions were
derived that became critical for the subsequent evolution of comparative genomics:
(i) there were many more genes in the genome than anyone suspected previously on the
basis of genetic or biochemical experiments; and (ii) methods of computational
analysis matter&#x02014;careful analysis employing multiple complementary
approaches yields incomparably more information on gene functions and evolutionary
relationships than any single automatic procedure.</p><p>The appearance in August 1995 of the complete genome sequence of the parasitic
bacterium <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A960">232</a>] ushered in the era of &#x0201c;real&#x0201d; genomics, the
study of complete genomes of cellular organisms. The acceleration of genome
sequencing required for this to happen was greatly facilitated by the whole-genome
shotgun approach pioneered by Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, and Leroy Hood [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1599">871</a>]. Systematic comparative approaches were
tried immediately, even before the second genome came, by using the largely finished
genome of <i>Escherichia coli</i> [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1557">829</a>]. Since that point, complete genomes of bacteria and archaea have
been arriving at a steady rate, which seems to be accelerating in the 3<sup>rd</sup>
millennium (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/figure/A10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA10" rid-ob="figobA10">Figure 1.1</a>). Starting with the
second genome sequencing paper [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A970">242</a>],
reports on new genomes inevitably became comparative-genomic studies because, as we
have already mentioned, that is the only way to even start understanding
&#x0201c;what&#x02019;s in the genome&#x0201d;.
</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figA10" co-legend-rid="figlgndA10"><a href="/books/NBK20263/figure/A10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1.1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA10" rid-ob="figobA10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK20263/bin/ch1f1.gif" src-large="/books/NBK20263/bin/ch1f1.jpg" alt="Figure 1.1. Growth of the number of completely sequenced genomes." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndA10"><h4 id="A10"><a href="/books/NBK20263/figure/A10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA10">Figure 1.1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Growth of the number of completely sequenced genomes. The data are from Table 1.4. The
2002 figure is extrapolated from the 5-month results. </p></div></div><p>By June 1, 2002, genomes of 73 species of unicellular organisms (55 bacterial
species, 16 archaea, and 2 eukaryotes) were completely sequenced and available in
public databases. In the three parts of <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA11" rid-ob="figobA11">Table
1.4</a>, the completely sequenced bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic genomes
are listed in the order of decreasing size. The largest prokaryotic genomes
(<i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i> among bacteria, <i>Methanosarcina
acetivorans</i> among the archaea) have been sequenced only recently, which
promises many interesting discoveries yet to come.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figA11"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1.4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA11" rid-ob="figobA11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK20263/table/A11/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK20263/table/A11/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1.4. Completely sequenced genomes (as of June 1, 2002)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A11"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA11">Table 1.4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Completely sequenced genomes (as of June 1, 2002). </p></div></div><p>By the time of this writing (August 2002), the first genomes of multicellular
eukaryotes, the nematode worm <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, the fruit fly
<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, the thale cress <i>Arabidopsis
thaliana</i>, the pufferfish <i>Fugu rubripes</i>, and
<i>Homo sapiens</i> have been nearly completed (let us note that the
very concept of a complete genome sequence for these organisms differs from that for
prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes). At least 100 more prokaryotic genomes and
many eukaryotic genomes, including those of mouse and rat, were at different stages
of completion. Beyond doubt, many more finished or nearly finished genome sequences
exist in proprietary databases maintained by biotech companies, but since these
cannot be freely analyzed, they do not count inasmuch as comparative genomics is
discussed.</p><p>Any list of completed genomes rapidly becomes outdated and so will <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA11" rid-ob="figobA11">Table 1.4</a>, even as this book appears in print.
Periodically updated listings of both finished and unfinished publicly funded genome
sequencing projects are available at the web sites maintained at the Institute for
Genomic Research (TIGR, <a href="http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/mdb.html" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/mdb.html</a>) and at the NCBI (<a href="/PMGifs/Genomes/micr.html" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMGifs/Genomes/micr.html</a>). The
Chicago-based Integrated Genomics Inc. maintains Genomes OnLine Database (<a href="http://wit.genomesonline.org" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://wit.genomesonline.org</a>), which lists most public as well as
some private projects. In addition, web sites of the genome sequencing centers list
the projects run or planned in those particular institutions (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A607/?report=reader">Appendix 2</a>).</p><p>The relative ease of 6- to 8-fold coverage sequencing as compared to finishing and
genome annotation resulted in the availability of a number of incomplete genomes,
which are not going to be finalized any time soon (see, for example, the web site of
the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, <a href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/JGI_microbial/html/index.html" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www.jgi.doe.gov/JGI_microbial/html/index.html</a>). These
sequences are a treasure trove for someone who knows what to look for. Most of the
data are available for searching through the NCBI BLAST page at <a href="/cgi-bin/Entrez/genom_table_cgi" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Entrez/genom_table_cgi</a> or
through the web sites of the respective sequencing centers. A partial list of the
major genome sequencing centers is available in <a href="/books/n/sef/A607/?report=reader">Appendix 2</a>. Of course, as new genome sequencing centers appear on the
map, this listing is going to become obsolete, too. For updated listings of such
centers, one could look at the web sites of NCBI (<a href="/PMGifs/Genomes/links.html" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMGifs/Genomes/links.html</a>) or the
National Human Genome Research Institute (<a href="http://www.genome.gov" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www.genome.gov</a>).</p><p>In addition to the whole-genome sequencing projects, there are many large-scale
expressed sequence tags (EST) sequencing projects, aimed at collecting partial mRNA
sequence data from eukaryotic organisms that have not yet made it to the list of
priority targets for complete sequencing.</p></div><div id="A12"><h2 id="_A12_">1.3. Basic Questions of Comparative Genomics</h2><p>In the subsequent chapters of this book, we address many specific problems in
comparative and evolutionary genomics. Right now, however, it makes sense to address
some basic questions, the answers to which, as we believe, define the status of this
research area.</p><p>
<b>
<i>How good is our current collection of genome sequences?</i>
</b> Or, more precisely, how representative is it of the actual diversity of life
forms? To address this issue, one has to superimpose the sequenced genomes over the
taxonomy tree and see how densely populated the main branches are. When this is done
with the prokaryotic part of the taxonomy, the result seems to be rather
encouraging: the main bacterial and archaeal lineages are already represented by
either a complete genome sequence or a genome project that is nearing completion
(<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA13" rid-ob="figobA13">Table 1.5</a>). However, this needs to be
taken with a grain of salt because our knowledge of prokaryotic diversity is itself
quite incomplete. Environmental molecular evolutionary studies indicate that the
great majority of bacterial and archaeal species is uncultivable with the current
methods [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1372">644</a>]. Recent techniques aimed at
growing these organisms [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1139">411</a>] might
eventually result in a real revolution in microbial genomics, but it will take years
to unfold. Most of those species whose rRNA sequences are produced by environmental
cloning fall within known bacterial and archaeal lineages, suggesting that we have
already sampled most of the prokaryotic diversity. However, this argument is
somewhat circular because we have no idea how many prokaryotes might be not only
uncultivable but also unclonable, even with the most non-specific set of PCR primers
that have been tried. A case in point is the recent report of a new archaeal phylum,
the Nanoarchaea [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1090">362</a>]. With these caveats,
it is fair to say that, to the best of our knowledge, the diversity of prokaryotes
is reasonably well covered by genome sequences, and hence, the stage is set for
prokaryotic evolutionary genomics.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figA13"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1.5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA13" rid-ob="figobA13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK20263/table/A13/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK20263/table/A13/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1.5. Coverage of the main prokaryotic phyla by genome projects." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A13"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA13">Table 1.5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Coverage of the main prokaryotic phyla by genome projects. </p></div></div><p>The situation with eukaryotes is different in that we seem to have a better grasp of
the true eukaryotic diversity and realize that the available set of genome sequences
is by no means representative (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA14" rid-ob="figobA14">Table 1.6</a>).
While certain groups (ascomycetes, nematodes, insects, mammals) are being tackled by
multiple genome projects, most of the early branching eukaryotic lineages are not
represented among the sequenced genomes, and neither are most of the animal and
plant phyla, including such important groups as sponges, coelencerates, and
segmented (annelid) worms. Certainly, this is no reason to postpone detailed
comparative-genomic analysis, but this insufficiency of genomic data needs to be
taken into account when conclusions are made on eukaryotic evolution.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figA14"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1.6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA14" rid-ob="figobA14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK20263/table/A14/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK20263/table/A14/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1.6. Status of the eukaryotic genome projects." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A14"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA14">Table 1.6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Status of the eukaryotic genome projects. </p></div></div><p>The next question that we have to address is: <b>
<i>Why does comparative genomics work to give us information on gene
functions and evolution?</i>
</b> The general answer is provided by the neutral theory of molecular evolution
[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1168">440</a>]. Neutral evolution is fast, as
convincingly demonstrated, for example, by the rapid deterioration of pseudogene
sequences. Therefore, whenever we detect sequence conservation among proteins or
nucleic acids from species separated by a long span of evolution (and this, in
practical terms, involves any comparison between two species because these are
typically separated by millions of years, time more than sufficient for a pseudogene
to change beyond recognition), we can be sure that this conservation is due to the
pressure of purifying selection driven by functional constraints. To put it in even
simpler terms, <b>
<i>what is conserved in a sequence is functionally important</i>
</b>. Furthermore, and less trivially, the conserved amino acids and nucleotides
almost always perform the same or similar functions, at least in structural and
biochemical terms, in homologous protein, RNA, or DNA molecules.</p><p>These general concepts of molecular evolution indicate that comparative genomics is
likely to be informative in principle, but they tell us nothing about the
evolutionary distances at which it is expected to work. The theory would not have
been violated in any way if only homologs from closely related species showed
significant sequence similarity. However, it had been known already in the
pre-genomic era that certain proteins are highly conserved even between vertebrates
and bacteria, and the very first genome comparisons revealed deep evolutionary
conservation for the majority of proteins. When state of the art methods for
sequence comparison are applied, homologs from more than one distantly related
species are detectable for 70-80% of the proteins encoded in any
prokaryotic genome [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1555">827</a>]. At present this
fraction seems to be somewhat lower for some of the eukaryotes, but only because the
taxonomic density of genome sequencing so far has been insufficient. Indeed, in the
genomes of humans and mice, species that diverged from their common ancestor 80-100
million years ago, nearly all genes are conserved. These crucial facts show that <b>
<i>genome comparisons are likely to reveal important information on the
functions and evolutionary relationships of the great majority of genes in
any genome.</i>
</b>
</p><p>We have already stated that genomics would not make any sense at all without the
possibility of informative genome comparison. <b>
<i>Why is this so?</i>
</b> In principle, one could imagine that a combination of theoretical methods
for deciphering a protein&#x02019;s three-dimensional structure from the sequence
and experimental studies would allow functional identification without recourse to
evolutionary analysis. However, neither of these approaches is up to the task. Some
recent progress notwithstanding, there is no hope that, in the foreseeable future,
<i>ab initio</i> methods become capable of correctly predicting the
structure of proteins on genome scale (or on any significant scale except, possibly,
for some small proteins with simple folds), let alone their functions.</p><p>As for genome-wide experimental characterization of protein functions, far-reaching
studies have been conducted, such as elucidation of the phenotype of all gene
knockout mutants, massive study of subcellular localization, and identification of
protein-protein interaction in bulk for yeast <i>S. cerevisiae</i> [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1442">714</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1604">876</a>]. However, actual determination of the biochemical activity and more
so of the biological function of a protein remains a unique task, and even for model
organisms such as yeast or <i>E. coli</i>, this goal is not in sight for
all gene products.</p><p>Indeed, for the great majority of organisms whose genomes have been sequenced, only a
few genes have been studied experimentally (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/figure/A15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA15" rid-ob="figobA15">Figure
1.2</a>), and there is no hope for substantial progress in the near
future.
</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figA15" co-legend-rid="figlgndA15"><a href="/books/NBK20263/figure/A15/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1.2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figA15" rid-ob="figobA15"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK20263/bin/ch1f2.gif" src-large="/books/NBK20263/bin/ch1f2.jpg" alt="Figure 1.2. The current state of annotation of some genomes." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndA15"><h4 id="A15"><a href="/books/NBK20263/figure/A15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA15">Figure 1.2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The current state of annotation of some genomes. The data were derived from the original genome sequencing papers [94]. The
information on experimentally characterized genes of <i>E.
coli</i> is from the GeneProtEC and <i>E. coli</i>
Proteome databases, the corresponding <a href="/books/NBK20263/figure/A15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA15">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Even for <i>E. coli</i>, the workhorse of molecular genetics for the last
50 years, less than half of the genes have been experimentally characterized. Prior
to the completion of the genome of the archaeon <i>M. jannaschii</i>, only
four proteins have been characterized in that organism: two flagellins, RadA
recombinase and the adenylate kinase (in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/figure/A15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA15" rid-ob="figobA15">Figure
1.2</a>, this sector is just not visible).</p><p>The availability of the genome sequence spawned efforts to characterize other genes
in these organisms, but so far these studies made only a limited contribution. The
level of characterization of eukaryotic genomes is not much higher, although
post-genomic efforts are improving the understanding of the yeast and nematode
proteomes (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A55/?report=reader#A121">3.5.2</a>).</p><p>Under these circumstances, the theory of molecular evolution and, in particular, the
simple connection between evolutionary conservation and function outlined above
remain the crucial theoretical underpinning and the main methodology of functional
genomics. The comparative approach allows researchers to predict protein functions
by transferring information from functionally characterized proteins of model
organisms to their uncharacterized homologs and to delineate the functionally
critical parts of protein (and RNA) molecules, such as catalytic or binding sites.
Naturally, the quality of these inferences depends on the sensitivity and robustness
of computational methods employed by comparative genomics. These caveats
notwithstanding, we will argue that comprehensive comparative analysis of genomic
sequences and the proteins they encode is an absolute prerequisite to further
advances in our understanding of cell biology. Actually, we tend to believe that
comparative genomics is up to something grander, namely prioritization of targets
for systematic experimental studies. This approach has been partially realized in
structural genomics, and we see no reason why it cannot be profitably applied in
functional genomics as well. We will be quite satisfied if this book makes just a
small step in this direction.</p></div><div id="A1678"><h2 id="_A1678_">1.4. Further Reading</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="A18">Doolittle RF. 1986. <em>Of Urfs and
Orfs: A primer on how to analyze derived amino acid
sequences.</em> University Science Books, San Diego.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="A19">Cairns J, Stent GS, Watson JD. 1992.
<em>Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology.</em> Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="A20">Mount DW. 2000. <em>Bioinformatics:
Sequence and genome analysis.</em> Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Chapter 1.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="A21">Koonin EV, Dolja VV. Evolution and taxonomy of positive-strand RNA viruses:
implications of comparative analysis of amino acid
sequences. <span><span class="ref-journal">Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">28</span>:375&ndash;430.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8269709" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&amp;targetsite=entrez&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8269709</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK20263_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> &#x000a9; 2003, Kluwer Academic.</div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.springer.com/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=publisher">Kluwer Academic</a>, Boston</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Koonin EV, Galperin MY. Sequence - Evolution - Function: Computational Approaches in Comparative Genomics. Boston: Kluwer Academic; 2003. Chapter 1, Genomics: From Phage to Human.<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/sef/A2/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/sef/A22/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobA6"><div id="A6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1.1</span><span class="title">Protein-coding genes of bacteriophage &#x003bb;</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__A6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
Chromosomal location, bases
</th><th id="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
DNA strand
</th><th id="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
Length, aa
</th><th id="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
Gene name
</th><th id="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
Gene product
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">191..736</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">181</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">nu1</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DNA packaging protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">711..2636</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">641</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">A</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DNA packaging protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2633..2839</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">W</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Head-tail joining protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2836..4437</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">533</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">B</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Capsid component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4418..5737</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">439</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">C</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Capsid component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5132..5737</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">201</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">nu3</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Capsid assembly</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5747..6079</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">110</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">D</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Head-DNA stabilization</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6135..7160</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">341</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">E</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Capsid component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7202..7600</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">132</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Fi</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DNA packaging</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7612..7965</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">117</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Fii</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Head-tail joining</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7977..8555</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">192</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Z</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8552..8947</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">131</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">U</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8955..9695</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">256</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">V</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9711..10133</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">140</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">G</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10115..10549</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">144</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">T</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10542..13103</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">853</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13100..13429</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">109</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">M</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13429..14127</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">232</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">L</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14276..14875</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">199</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">K</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14773..15444</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">223</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">I</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail component</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15505..18903</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1132</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">L</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail:host specificity</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18965..19585</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">206</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">lom</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outer host membrane</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19650..20855</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">401</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf401</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail fiber protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20147..20767</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">206</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf206</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypothetical protein*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21029..21973</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">314</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf314</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail fiber</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21973..22557</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">194</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf194</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fiber assembly protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22686..23918</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">410</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ea47</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24509..25399</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">296</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ea31</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25396..26973</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">525</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ea59</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27812..28882</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">356</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">int</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Integration protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28860..29078</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">xis</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Excisionase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29118..29285</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypothetical protein*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29374..29655</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">93</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ea8.5</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29847..30395</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">182</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ea22</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30839..31024</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf61</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypothetical protein*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31005..31196</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf63</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypothetical protein*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31169..31351</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf60a</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypothetical protein*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31348..32028</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">226</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">exo</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exonuclease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32025..32810</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">261</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">bet</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recombination protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32816..33232</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">138</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">gam</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Host-nuclease inhibitor protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33187..33330</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">kil</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Host-killing</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33299..33463</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">cIII</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antitermination</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33536..33904</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">122</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ssb</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Single-stranded DNA binding protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34087..34287</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ral</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Restriction alleviation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34271..34357</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf28</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypothetical protein*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34482..35036</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">imm21</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Superinfection exclusion protein B</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35037..35438</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">133</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">N</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Early gene regulator</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35825..36259</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">144</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">rexB</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36275..37114</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">279</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">rexA</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37227..37940</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">237</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">cI</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Repressor</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38041..38241</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">cro</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antirepressor</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38360..38653</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">97</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">cII</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antitermination</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38686..39585</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">299</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">O</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DNA replication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39582..40283</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">233</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DNA replication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40280..40570</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">96</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ren</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ren exclusion protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40644..41084</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">146</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nin146</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41081..41953</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">290</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nin290</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41950..42123</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nin57</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42090..42272</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nin60</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42269..42439</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nin56</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42429..43043</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">204</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nin204</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">43040..43246</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nin68</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">43224..43889</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">221</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nin221</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">43886..44509</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">207</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Q</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Late gene regulator</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44621..44815</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">orf64</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypothetical protein*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45186..45509</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">107</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">S</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cell lysis protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45493..45969</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">158</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">R</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cell lysis protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45966..46427</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">153</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rz</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cell lysis protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46459..46752</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">97</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">bor</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bor protein precursor</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47042..47575</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">&#x02212;</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">177</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Putative envelope protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47738..47944</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypothetical protein*</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div id="N0x1cf9150N0x3675450"><p class="no_margin">Based on the data from the NCBI Entrez Genomes web site, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/Genomes/" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>&#8203;.ncbi.nih.gov/Genomes/</a>. </p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobA7"><div id="A7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1.2</span><span class="title">Non-trivial evolutionary connections and functional predictions for
bacteriophage &#x003bb; proteins</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__A7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
Gene product
</th><th id="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
Evolutionary conservation
</th><th id="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
Structure, Domain architecture<sup>a</sup>
</th><th id="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
Predicted function, Reference
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A (TerL)</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteriophages, herpesviruses</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A modified P-loop ATPase domain, distantly
related to a vast class of helicases</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ATPase subunit of the terminase, involved
in DNA packaging in phage head</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria and archaea</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ClpP protease domain</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor capsid protein, cleaves the scaffold
protein during maturation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">K</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Consists of an N-terminal JAB/MPN domain
(predicted metalloprotease) and a C-terminal CHAP domain
(Cys,His-dependent DL-glutamate-specific amidohydrolase)</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tail subunit; predicted protease involved
in tail assembly (based on the presence of the JAB/MPN domain)
[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1407">679</a>] and peptidoglycan
lysis (based on the presence of the peptidoglycan amidohydrolase
CHAP domain [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1689">948</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ea31</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Scattered distribution archaea</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endo VII-colicin domain</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predicted nuclease of the McrA (HNH)
family [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A778">50</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ea59</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">P-loop ATPase domain of the ABC class</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predicted ATPase [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1024">296</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exo (RedX)</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes,
viruses</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x003bb; exonuclease domain, distantly
related to a broad variety of nucleases</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A nuclease involved in phage recombination
and late rolling-circle replication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CI</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA-binding
domain fused to a C-terminal serine protease domain of the LexA/UmuD
family</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transcription repressor of genes required
for lytic development</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cro</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transcription repressor of early
genes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">O</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DNA-binding protein involved in the
initiation of replication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ren</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protein involved in exclusion of
replication of heterologous genomes in &#x003bb;-infected
bacteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nin290</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PP-loop ATPase domain</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predicted ATP pyrophosphatase, role in
phage replication unknown [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A830">102</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nin221</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Calcineurin-like serine/threonine protein
phosphatase domain</td><td headers="hd_h_A7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protein phosphatase, role in phage
replication unknown [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1178">450</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="N0x1cf9150N0x3675b58"><p class="no_margin"> Detailed descriptions of these and other domains are available in the
Pfam, SMART, and CDD protein domain databases (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A55/?report=reader#A70">3.2</a>) and in SCOP and CATH protein structure
databases (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A55/?report=reader#A95">3.3</a>).</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobA8"><div id="A8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1.3</span><span class="title">A brief timeline of genomics</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__A8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_top_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
Year
</th><th id="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
Event
</th><th id="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
Ref.
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1962&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The first theory of molecular evolution;
the Molecular Clock concept (Linus Pauling and Emile
Zukerkandl)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1674">946</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1965&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Atlas of Protein Sequences, the first
protein database (Margaret Dayhoff and coworkers)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A901">173</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1970&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for global
protein sequence alignment</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1334">606</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1977&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">New DNA sequencing methods (Fred Sanger,
Walter Gilbert and coworkers); bacteriophage &#x003d5;X174
sequence</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1281">553</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1471">743</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1977&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">First software for sequence analysis
(Roger Staden)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1525">797</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1977&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Phylogenetic taxonomy; archaea discovered;
the notion of the three primary kingdoms of life introduced (Carl
Woese and coworkers)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1633">905</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1981&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smith-Waterman algorithm for local protein
sequence alignment</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1512">784</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1981&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Human mitochondrial genome sequenced</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A756">28</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1981&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The concept of a sequence motif (Russell
Doolittle)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A913">185</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1982&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GenBank Release 3 made public</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1982&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Phage &#x003bb; genome sequenced (Fred
Sanger and coworkers)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1470">742</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1983&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The first practical sequence database
searching algorithm (John Wilbur and David Lipman)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1620">892</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1985&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FASTP/FASTN: fast sequence similarity
searching (William Pearson and David Lipman)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1249">521</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1986&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Introduction of Markov models for DNA
analysis (Mark Borodovsky and coworkers)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A835">107</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1987&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">First profile search algorithm (Michael
Gribskov, Andrew McLachlan, David Eisenberg)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1043">315</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1988&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI) created at NIH/NLM</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1988&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EMBnet network for database distribution
created</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1990&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BLAST: fast sequence similarity searching
with rigorous statistics (Stephen Altschul, David Lipman and
coworkers)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A748">20</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1991&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EST: expressed sequence tag sequencing
(Craig Venter and coworkers)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A732">4</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1994&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hidden Markov Models of multiple
alignments (David Haussler and coworkers; Pierre Baldi and
coworkers)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A799">71</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A800">72</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1201">473</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1994&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SCOP classification of protein structures
(Alexei Murzin, Cyrus Chothia and coworkers)</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1318">590</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1995&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">First bacterial genomes completely
sequenced</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A960">232</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A970">242</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1996&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">First archaeal genome completely
sequenced</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A858">130</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1996&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">First eukaryotic genome (yeast) completely
sequenced</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1018">290</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1997&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Introduction of gapped BLAST and
PSI-BLAST</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A750">22</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1997&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">COGs: Evolutionary classification of
proteins from complete genomes</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1556">828</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1998&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Worm genome, the first multicellular
genome, (nearly) completely sequenced</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1568">840</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1999&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fly genome (nearly) completely
sequenced</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A731">3</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001&#x000a0;&#x000a0;</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Human genome (nearly) completely
sequenced</td><td headers="hd_h_A8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1216">488</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1598">870</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobA10"><div id="A10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK20263/bin/ch1f1.jpg" alt="Figure 1.1. Growth of the number of completely sequenced genomes." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1.1</span><span class="title">Growth of the number of completely sequenced genomes</span></h3><div class="caption"><p> The data are from <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK20263/table/A11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figA11" rid-ob="figobA11">Table 1.4</a>. The
2002 figure is extrapolated from the 5-month results.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobA11"><div id="A11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1.4</span><span class="title">Completely sequenced genomes (as of June 1, 2002)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__A11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
Species<sup>a</sup>
</th><th id="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
Genome size, kb
</th><th id="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
Total no. of proteins
</th><th id="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
Year finished
</th><th id="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
Sequencing center<sup>b</sup>
</th><th id="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
Ref.
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Bacteria</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8,668</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7,567</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sanger Centre</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A813">85</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Mesorhizobium loti</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7,036</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,752</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kazusa Institute</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1143">415</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,692</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,205</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EU Consortium</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A865">137</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Nostoc</i> sp<i>. (Anabaena)</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,414</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,366</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kazusa Institute</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1144">416</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,264</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,565</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pathogenesis Co.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1535">807</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,674</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,419</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">U. Washington, Cereon Inc.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1021">293</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1645">917</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Xanthomonas citri</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,176</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,312</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">U. Sao Paulo</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A895">167</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Xanthomonas campestris</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,076</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,181</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">U. Sao Paulo</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A895">167</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,857</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,451</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1285">557</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Salmonella typhi</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,809</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,600</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sanger Centre</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1382">654</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Yersinia pestis</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,654</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,008</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sanger Centre</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1384">656</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Escherichia coli</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,639</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,289</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1997</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">U. Wisconsin</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A822">94</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">4,412</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">3,918</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1998</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">Sanger
Centre</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A880">152</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,215</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,100</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1997</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Institute Pasteur</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1205">477</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Bacillus halodurans</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,202</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,066</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">JAMST Center</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1548">820</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Vibrio cholerae</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,033</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,827</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIGR</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1065">337</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Caulobacter crescentus</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,017</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,737</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIGR</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1346">618</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Clostridium acetobutylicum</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,941</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,672</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Genome Therapeutics</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1350">622</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">3,716</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">3,442</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2002</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">Genoscope</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1459">731</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Synechocystis</i> sp.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,573</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,169</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1996</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kazusa Institute</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1145">417</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,309</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,040</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">U. Bielefeld</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1559">831</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">3,268</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,720</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2001</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">Sanger
Centre</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A881">153</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">3,031</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,660</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2002</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">U. Tsukuba</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1495">767</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Listeria innocua</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">3,011</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,981</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2001</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">Institute
Pasteur</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1014">286</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,945</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,855</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2001</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">Institute
Pasteur</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1014">286</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,814</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,594</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Juntendo U.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1209">481</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,689</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,588</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Beijing Genomics Inst.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A801">73</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Xylella fastidiosa</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,679</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,766</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2000</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">San Paulo
State</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1500">772</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Deinococcus radiodurans</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,649</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,580</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1999</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIGR</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1619">891</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Lactococcus lactis</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,365</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,266</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">INRA</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A825">97</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Pasteurella multocida</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,257</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,014</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2001</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">U.
Minnesota</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1282">554</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Neisseria meningitidus</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,184</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,121</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2000</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">TIGR,
Sanger</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1381">653</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1565">837</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,174</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,067</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2002</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">Integr.Genomics</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1146">418</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,160</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,094</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2001</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">TIGR</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1085">357</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1564">836</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Brucella melitensis</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,117</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2,059</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2002</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">U. Scranton</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A907">179</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Thermotoga maritima</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,861</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,846</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1999</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIGR</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1338">610</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,852</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,697</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2001</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">U. Oklahoma</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A951">223</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,830</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,709</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1995</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">TIGR</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A960">232</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,641</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,654</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2000</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">Sanger
Centre</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1383">655</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,668</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,566</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1997</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">TIGR</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1576">848</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Aquifex aeolicus</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,551</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,522</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1998</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diversa Corp.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A903">175</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Rickettsia conorii</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,269</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,274</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2000</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">U.
Marseille</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1354">626</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,230</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,052</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1999</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">UC Berkeley</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1140">412</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Treponema pallidum</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,138</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,031</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1998</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">TIGR</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A971">243</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,111</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">834</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1998</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">Uppsala U.</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A758">30</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Chlamydia muridarum</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,069</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">909</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2000</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">TIGR</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1422">694</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1,042</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">894</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1998</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">UC Berkeley</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1533">805</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Borellia burgdorferi</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">911</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">850</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1997</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">TIGR</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A969">241</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">816</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">677</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1996</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">U.
Heidelberg</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1075">347</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Ureaplasma urealyticum</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">752</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">611</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2000</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">U. Alabama</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1015">287</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Mycoplasma pulmonis</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">964</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">782</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">2001</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">U. Bordeaux</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A872">144</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Buchnera sp. APS</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">641</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">564</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">U. Tokyo</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1494">766</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">
<i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i>
</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">580</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">467</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">1995</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color:lightgrey">TIGR</span>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A970">242</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Archaea</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Methanosarcina acetivorans</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,751</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,540</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Whitehead Inst.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A982">254</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Methanosarcina mazei</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,096</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,371</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">U. G&#x000f6;ttingen</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A909">181</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Sulfolobus solfataricus</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,992</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,997</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EU/Canada</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1492">764</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Sulfolobus tokodaii</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,695</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,826</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NITE</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1154">426</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Halobacterium sp NRC-1</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,380</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,446</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inst. Syst. Biol.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1344">616</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Pyrobaculum aerophilum</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,222</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,605</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">UCLA</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A959">231</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,178</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,420</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1997</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIGR</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1172">444</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,908</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,065</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">U. Maryland</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1432">704</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Methanobacerium thermoautotrophicum</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,751</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,869</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1997</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Genome Therapeutics</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1509">781</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Pyrococcus abyssi</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,765</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,765</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Genoscope</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1327">599</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Pyrococcus horikoshii</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,739</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~1,750</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1998</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NITE</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1156">428</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Methanopyrus kandleri</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,695</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,691</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fidelity Sistems</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1507">779</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Aeropyrum pernix</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,670</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~1,720</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1999</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NITE</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1155">427</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,665</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,715</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1996</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIGR</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A858">130</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Thermoplasma volcanuim</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,585</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,499</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NIBHT</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1158">430</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Thermoplasma acidophilum</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,565</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,478</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MPI Biochem.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1447">719</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Eukaryotes</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Homo sapiens</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~3,100,000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~40,000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Human Genome Project, Celera</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1216">488</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1598">870</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Mus musculus</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~3,100,000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~40,000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mouse Genome Project, Celera</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Oryza sativa</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~420,000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32,277</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Syngenta Corp.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1017">289</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Anopheles gambiae</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~278,000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Celera, Sanger</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~137,300</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~13,500</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Celera, UC Berkeley</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A731">3</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~115,400</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25,498</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arabidopsis Genome Project</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A763">35</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~96,900</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~19,000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1999</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sanger Centre, Washington U.</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1568">840</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~11,600</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~6,000</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1996</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">European Consortium</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1018">290</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~12,600</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,824</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2002</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sanger Centre</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1646">918</a>]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<i>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</i>
</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~2,500</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,997</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2001</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Genoscope</td><td headers="hd_h_A11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1153">425</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="N0x1cf9150N0x3717e78"><p class="no_margin"> Further in the book, these names are used mostly in the abbreviated
form. Shading indicates obligate parasites.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>b</dt><dd><div id="N0x1cf9150N0x3717f98"><p class="no_margin"> For the complete names of the sequencing centers, see the NCBI Entrez
Genomes web site <a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?dbGenome" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome</a>,
<a href="/books/n/sef/A607/?report=reader">Appendix 2</a>, or the original
references.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobA13"><div id="A13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1.5</span><span class="title">Coverage of the main prokaryotic phyla by genome projects</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__A13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th><th id="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" content-type="rowsep" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Genome sequencing</b>
<span class="hr"></span>
</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
Major prokaryotic phyla<sup>a</sup>
</th><th headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
Completed
</th><th headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
In progress
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Archaea</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Crenarchaeota</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Euryarchaeota</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Bacteria</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Aquificales</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;CFB/Chlorobium group</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Chlamydiales/Verrucomicrobia
group</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Chrysiogenetes</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Cyanobacteria</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Deferribacteres</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Dehalococcoides group</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Dictyoglomus group</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Fibrobacter/Acidobacteria
group</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Bacillus/Clostridium group (low
G+C gram-positive)</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Actinobacteria (high
G+C gram-positive)</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Fusobacteria</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Green non-sulfur bacteria</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Planctomycetales</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Proteobacteria</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Alpha subdivision</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Beta subdivision</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Gamma subdivision</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Delta subdivision</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Epsilon
subdivision</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Spirochaetales</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Thermodesulfobacteria</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Thermomicrobia</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Thermotogales</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Thermus/Deinococcus group</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_A13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_A13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="N0x1cf9150N0x3718f10"><p class="no_margin"> The taxonomy is from the NCBI Taxonomy database (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A55/?report=reader#A129">3.6</a>). The data on the finished and
ongoing genome sequencing projects are from the Entrez Genomes database
(<a href="/PMGifs/Genomes/micr.html" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>&#8203;.ncbi.nlm.nih<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>&#8203;.gov/PMGifs/Genomes/micr.html</a>)
and the Genomes OnLine Database (<a href="http://genomesonline.org" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http:<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>&#8203;//genomesonline.org</a>).</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobA14"><div id="A14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1.6</span><span class="title">Status of the eukaryotic genome projects</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK20263/table/A14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__A14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
<b>Major eukaryotic phyla</b>
<sup>a</sup>
</th><th id="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">
Representatives with ongoing sequencing projects
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acanthamoebidae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acantharea</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alveolata</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>
<i>Babesia bovis</i>
</b>, Cryptosporidium parvum, Eimeria tenella, <b>Plasmodium
falciparum</b>, <b>
<i>P. berghei</i>
</b>, <b>
<i>P. chabaudi</i>
</b>, P. vivax, P. yoelii, <b>
<i>Theileria annulata</i>
</b>, <b>
<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>
</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Apicomplexa</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Ciliophora</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paramecium tetraurelia, Tetrahymena
sp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Dinophyceae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Haplosporida</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Apusomonadidae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cercozoa</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chlorarachnion reptans</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Core jakobids</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reclinomonas americana</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cryptophyta</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Guillardia theta</b> (nucleomorph genome)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diplomonadida</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>
<i>Giardia intestinalis</i>
</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Entamoebidae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>
<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>
</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Euglenozoa</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>
<i>Leishmania major</i>
</b>, <b>
<i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>
</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Glaucocystophyceae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Granuloreticulosea</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haptophyceae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heterolobosea</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lobosea</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Malawimonadidae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microsporidia</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Encephalitozoon cuniculi,</b> Spraguea lophii</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mycetozoa</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>
<i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i>
</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oxymonadida</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parabasalidea</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paramyxea</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pelobiontida</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Plasmodiophorida</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Polycystinea</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retortamonadidae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rhodophyta</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Porphyra yezoensis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stramenopiles</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thalassiosira pseudonana</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Viridiplantae</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Chlorophyta</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chlamydonas reinhardtii</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Streptophyta</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alfalfa, barley, bean, coffee, corn,
cotton, pine, poplar, potato, rice, sorghum, soybean, sugar cane,
tomato, wheat</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fungi/Metazoa group</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Aconchulinia</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<b>-</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Choanoflagellida</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
<b>-</b>
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Fungi</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Ascomycota</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</b>, <b>Schizosaccharomyces
pombe,</b>
<b>
<i>Aspergillus nidulans</i>
</b>, <b>
<i>A. fumigatus</i>
</b>, A. niger, <b>
<i>Candida albicans</i>
</b>, Coccidioides immitis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Fusarium
proliferatum, <b>
<i>Neurospora crassa</i>
</b>, Pneumocystis carinii, Trichoderma reesei</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Basidiomycota</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cryptococcus neoformans, Phanerochaete
chrysosporium, Ustilago maydis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Chytridiomycota</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Zygomycota</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;Metazoa</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Porifera
(sponges)</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Cnidaria</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Ctenophora</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Platyhelminthes</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Nematoda</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Caenorhabditis elegans</b>, Ascaris suum, Brugia malayi, C.
briggsae, Haemonchus contortus</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Annelida</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Mollusca</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Arthropoda</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae</b>, Aedes
aegypti, A. albopictus, Amblyomma americanum, Glossina
morsitans</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;Chordata</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;&#x02003;Urochordata</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt), C.
savignyi</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;&#x02003;Actinopterygii</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Takifugu rubripes (fugu)</b>, <b>
<i>Danio rerio (zebrafish)</i>
</b>, Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;&#x02003;Amphibia</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl), Xenopus
tropicalis (frog), X. laevis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;&#x02003;Crocodylidae</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;&#x02003;Aves
(birds)</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chicken, turkey</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">&#x02003;&#x02003;&#x02003;Mammals</td><td headers="hd_h_A14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<b>Human</b>, <b>mouse</b>, rat, cat, chimpanzee, cow,
dog</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="N0x1cf9150N0x3743ec0"><p class="no_margin"> The taxonomy is from the NCBI Taxonomy database (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A55/?report=reader#A129">3.6</a>). Organisms with finished or
almost finished projects are shown in bold; advanced-stage projects are
shown in bold and italic; not all sequencing projects for each
phylogenetic lineage are listed. Absence of sequencing projects for any
representative of a phylogenetic lineage, according to the Entrez
Genomes and Genomes OnLine databases, is indicated by a dash.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobA15"><div id="A15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK20263/bin/ch1f2.jpg" alt="Figure 1.2. The current state of annotation of some genomes." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1.2</span><span class="title">The current state of annotation of some genomes</span></h3><div class="caption"><p> The data were derived from the original genome sequencing papers [<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A822">94</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A858">130</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1018">290</a>,<a href="/books/n/sef/A727/?report=reader#A1216">488</a>]. The
information on experimentally characterized genes of <i>E.
coli</i> is from the GeneProtEC and <i>E. coli</i>
Proteome databases, the corresponding data for yeast and human are from
the MIPS and OMIM databases, respectively (see <a href="/books/n/sef/A55/?report=reader#A116">3.5</a>). The numbers of genes characterized by
similarity only and similar to unknown genes are from the COG database
(see <a href="/books/n/sef/A55/?report=reader#A103">3.4</a>); these numbers might be
a slight underestimate because each COG is required to include
representatives of three sufficiently distant species, and those few
proteins that have a homolog in only one other species are lost in this
analysis.</p></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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