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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK185064_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK185064_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK185064_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Anal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: December 11, 2014.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">February 14, 2014</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000755491__386">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about anal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__387">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000755491__1_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000755491__2"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting
|
|
cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer
|
|
in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower
|
|
the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__3">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk
|
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factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your
|
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chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor;
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anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is
|
|
called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__4">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.
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For example, both smoking and inheriting certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are
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risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be
|
|
avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective
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factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and
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increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__5">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:</p><ul id="CDR0000755491__6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing lifestyle or eating habits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things known to cause cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> or to
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keep cancer from starting.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000755491__7"><h2 id="_CDR0000755491__7_">General Information About Anal Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__8">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the tissues of the anus.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__48">Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__45">In the United States, the number of new cases of anal cancer has increased in recent years. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000755491__8"><h3>Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the tissues of the anus.</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__40">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046523/" class="def">anus</a> is the end of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045097/" class="def">large intestine</a>, below the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a>, through which <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046605/" class="def">stool</a> (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer skin layers of the body and partly from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046335/" class="def">intestine</a>. Two ring-like muscles, called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257222/" class="def">sphincter</a> muscles, open and close the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044185/" class="def">anal</a> opening and let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1-1½ inches long. <div id="CDR0000755491__41" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20lower%20digestive%20system%2C%20showing%20the%20colon%20and%20other%20organs&p=BOOKS&id=185064_CDR0000415499.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK185064.1/bin/CDR0000415499.jpg" alt="Gastrointestinal (digestive) system anatomy; shows esophagus, liver, stomach, colon, small intestine, rectum, and anus." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000755491__42">The skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">Tumors</a> in this area are skin tumors, not <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444966/" class="def">anal cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__43">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary for more information about anal cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000755491__44"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258179/">Anal Cancer Treatment</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000755491__48"><h3>Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__50">In the United States, the most common type of anal cancer is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">squamous cell carcinoma</a>. Studies show that <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045714/" class="def">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infection</a> is the main cause of this type of anal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__384">Another type of anal cancer, called anal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046216/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a>, is very rare and is not discussed in this summary.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__45"><h3>In the United States, the number of new cases of anal cancer has increased in recent years. </h3><p id="CDR0000755491__47">From 2001 to 2010, new cases of anal cancer and deaths from anal cancer increased each year. The increase in new cases was slightly higher in women and the increase in deaths from anal cancer was slightly higher in men. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000755491__11"><h2 id="_CDR0000755491__11_">Anal Cancer Prevention</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__12">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__14">The following are <i>risk</i> factors for anal cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__19">The following <i>protective</i> factor decreases the risk of anal cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__24">
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It is not clear if the following protective factor decreases the risk of anal cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__29">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000755491__34">
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New ways to prevent anal cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000755491__12"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__12_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304742/" class="def">overweight</a>, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__14"><h3>The following are <i>risk</i> factors for anal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000755491__16"><h4>Anal HPV infection</h4><p id="CDR0000755491__56">Being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infected</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045714/" class="def">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV) is the main <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a> for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444966/" class="def">anal cancer</a>. Being infected with HPV can lead to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">squamous cell carcinoma</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046523/" class="def">anus</a>, the most common type of anal cancer. About nine out of every ten cases of anal cancer are found in patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044185/" class="def">anal</a> HPV <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infection</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000755491__59">Patients with healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046356/" class="def">immune systems</a> are usually able to fight HPV infections. Patients with weakened immune systems who are infected with HPV have a higher risk of anal cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__380"><h4>Certain medical conditions</h4><div id="CDR0000755491__17"><h5>History of cervical, vaginal, or vulvar cancer</h5><p id="CDR0000755491__60"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">Cervical cancer</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000523460/" class="def">vaginal cancer</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044776/" class="def">vulvar cancer</a> are related to HPV infection. Women who have had cervical, vaginal, or vulvar cancer have a higher risk of anal cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__57"><h5>HIV infection/AIDS</h5><p id="CDR0000755491__62">Being infected with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044366/" class="def">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV) is a strong risk factor for anal cancer. HIV is the cause of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044365/" class="def">acquired immunodeficiency syndrome</a> (AIDS). HIV weakens the body's immune system and its ability to fight infection. HPV infection of the anus is common among patients who are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386206/" class="def">HIV-positive</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000755491__383">The risk of anal cancer is higher in men who are HIV-positive and have sex with men compared with men who are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000758358/" class="def">HIV-negative</a> and have sex with men. Women who are HIV-positive also have an increased risk of anal cancer compared with women who are HIV-negative.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__382">Studies show that <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046682/" class="def">intravenous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drug</a> use or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748148/" class="def">cigarette</a> smoking may further increase the risk of anal cancer in patients who are HIV-positive.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__65"><h5>Immunosuppression</h5><p id="CDR0000755491__373"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045727/" class="def">Immunosuppression</a> is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> that weakens the body's immune system and its ability to fight infections and other diseases. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045641/" class="def">Chronic</a> (long-term) immunosuppression may increase the risk of anal cancer because it lowers the body's ability to fight HPV infection.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__374">Patients who have an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046631/" class="def">transplant</a> and receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044041/" class="def">immunosuppressive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicine</a> to prevent organ rejection have an increased risk of anal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__375">Having an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045604/" class="def">autoimmune disorder</a> such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045661/" class="def">Crohn disease</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044219/" class="def">psoriasis</a> may increase the risk of anal cancer. It is not clear if the increased risk is due to the autoimmune condition, the treatment for the condition, or a combination of both.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000755491__63"><h4> Certain sexual practices</h4><p id="CDR0000755491__67">The following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476620/" class="def">sexual</a> practices increase the risk of anal cancer because they increase the chance of being infected with HPV:</p><ul id="CDR0000755491__68"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having many sexual partners.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sex between men.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000755491__385">Men and women who have a history of anal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046652/" class="def">warts</a> or other sexually transmitted diseases also have an increased risk of anal cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__18"><h4>Cigarette smoking</h4><p id="CDR0000755491__376">Studies show that <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748148/" class="def">cigarette</a> smoking increases the risk of anal cancer. Studies also show that current smokers have a higher risk of anal cancer than smokers who have quit or people who have never smoked.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000755491__19"><h3>The following <i>protective</i> factor decreases the risk of anal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000755491__21"><h4>HPV vaccine</h4><p id="CDR0000755491__377"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000755491__22"></div>The human papillomavirus (HPV) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045938/" class="def">vaccine</a> is used to prevent anal cancer, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, and vaginal cancer caused by HPV. It is also used to prevent <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046324/" class="def">lesions</a> caused by HPV that may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> in the future. </p><p id="CDR0000755491__378">Studies show that being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044841/" class="def">vaccinated</a> against HPV lowers the risk of anal cancer. The vaccine may work best when it is given before a person is exposed to HPV. <div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000755491__24"><h3>
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It is not clear if the following protective factor decreases the risk of anal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000755491__27"><h4>Condom use</h4><p id="CDR0000755491__379">It is not known if the use of condoms protects against anal HPV infection. This is because not enough studies have been done to prove this. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000755491__29"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__32"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000755491__31"></div>Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to
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lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some
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cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who
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have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer.
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Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had
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cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type
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or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer.
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Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known
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to have any risk factors for cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__33">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to
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find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These
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may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting
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smoking, or taking certain medicines, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or
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food <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000441266/" class="def">supplements</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__34"><h3>
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New ways to prevent anal cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000755491__36">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country.
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Information about clinical trials for anal cancer prevention can be found in the Clinical
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Trials section of the
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI Web
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site</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000755491__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about anal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Anal Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/anal/patient/anal-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/anal/patient/anal-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389512]</p><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000755491__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK185064</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389512" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389512</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK185064.1/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK185064.1/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK185064" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK185064" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Anal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2014 Dec 11. 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Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK185064.5/">NBK185064.5</a></span> December 9, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK185064.4/">NBK185064.4</a></span> April 2, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK185064.3/">NBK185064.3</a></span> February 26, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK185064.2/">NBK185064.2</a></span> June 1, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK185064.1</span> December 11, 2014 (Displayed Version)</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000755491__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What is prevention?</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000755491__7" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Anal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000755491__11" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Anal Cancer 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class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389368" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Anal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Anal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389280" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389306" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Prostate Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Prostate Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" 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