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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>The NCBI Handbook [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2013-. </p></div><div class="messagearea bk_noprnt" style="margin-bottom:1.3846em "><ul class="messages"><li class="warn icon"><span class="icon">This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.</span></li></ul></div><div class="bk_prnt"><p style="color:red;"><strong>This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.</strong></p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/handbook2e/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-handbook2e-lrg.png" alt="Cover of The NCBI Handbook" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>The NCBI Handbook [Internet]. 2nd edition.</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK169435_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK169435_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2013-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/handbook2e/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/handbook2e/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/handbook2e/GEO/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/handbook2e/Unigene/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK169435_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Gene</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Donna Maglott, PhD</span>, <span itemprop="author">Kim Pruitt, PhD</span>, <span itemprop="author">Tatiana Tatusova, PhD</span>, and <span itemprop="author">Terence Murphy, PhD</span>.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">November 14, 2013</span>.</p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 5 minutes</em></p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="Gene.Scope"><h2 id="_Gene_Scope_">Scope</h2><p><a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a>’s Gene <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/database/">database</a> is designed to aggregate gene-specific information from multiple perspectives including sequence, <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/mapping/">mapping</a>, publications, function of products, expression, evolution, and consequences of variation. Gene makes these data available for diverse scenarios, from occasional interactive access on the Web through computational access to selected or complete data sets.</p><p>Gene assigns an identifier (the GeneID) for each gene in each taxon either represented in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a> Reference Sequence (<a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/refseq/">RefSeq</a>) project, or under consideration by RefSeq. Usually this taxon is defined at the species level, but sometimes will be per isolate, strain or cultivar. Gene is closely coupled with RefSeq, in that genes annotated on RefSeq sequences are assigned GeneIDs for tracking. Not all records in Gene, however, are based on RefSeqs. Gene works closely with multiple groups that may identify a gene before it has been been defined by sequence. In other words, some records in Gene are mapped traits or other phenotypes.</p><p>This document does not provide detailed instructions about how to use Gene or comprehensive details about how Gene is built from numerous data sources. For detailed, up- to-date documentation, please refer to Gene’s <a href="/books/n/helpgene/">Help document</a>.</p></div><div id="Gene.History"><h2 id="_Gene_History_">History</h2><p>The <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/database/">database</a> currently known as Gene was first made public in 1999 as LocusLink (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gene.REF.1">1</a>). There was only one species represented (human) and little more than 9000 records. The Web interface supported links only to dbSNP, <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/omim/">OMIM</a>, <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/refseq/">RefSeq</a>, GenBank, and <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/unigene/">UniGene</a> within <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a>, as well as to the now defunct Genome Database (GDB) and a few other databases externally (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figGeneF1" rid-ob="figobGeneF1">Figure 1</a>). By late 2003, when <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/entrez/">Entrez</a> Gene was released, there were 10 species, almost 195000 records, and links computed to dbSNP, Ensembl, the <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/hugo/">HUGO</a> Gene Nomenclature Committee (<a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/hgnc/">HGNC</a>), GEO, Map Viewer, Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC), Nucleotide, Protein, PubMed, Taxonomy, UCSC, UniSTS, UniGene, and multiple species-specific model organism databases (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figGeneF2" rid-ob="figobGeneF2">Figure 2</a>). Now Gene represents more than 11,000 taxa, more than 13,000,000 records, and more than 40 types of links to other NCBI databases.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figGeneF1" co-legend-rid="figlgndGeneF1"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figGeneF1" rid-ob="figobGeneF1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image001.gif" src-large="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image001.jpg" alt="Figure 1. . Representation of gene-specific information in LocusLink." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndGeneF1"><h4 id="Gene.F1"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobGeneF1">Figure 1. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Representation of gene-specific information in LocusLink. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figGeneF2" co-legend-rid="figlgndGeneF2"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 2. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figGeneF2" rid-ob="figobGeneF2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image002.gif" src-large="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image002.jpg" alt="Figure 2. . Gene in 2003." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndGeneF2"><h4 id="Gene.F2"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobGeneF2">Figure 2. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Gene in 2003. The diagram of the gene structure was idiosyncratic to Gene; the organization of the page followed the NCBI conventions of the time by using a blue sidebar at the left to provide general information about Gene and other resources. Links <a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobGeneF2">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In addition to the taxonomic scope, the number of records, and connectivity, the look and feel of Gene has changed over the years. The current <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/database/">database</a> implementation provides a hierarchical Table of Contents to facilitate navigation, integration with MyNCBI to support <a href="/books/NBK3841/#EntrezGene.How_Data_Are_Displayed_Displa" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">personalized display</a> of sections of the record, an embedded viewer of <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a>’s annotation of any gene on one or more genomic RefSeqs, a page dedicated to the display of <a href="/gene/about-generif" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">GeneRIF</a>s, and, especially for human, enhanced access to gene-specific variation and <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/phenotype/">phenotype</a> reports (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figGeneF3" rid-ob="figobGeneF3">Figure 3</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figGeneF3" co-legend-rid="figlgndGeneF3"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 3. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figGeneF3" rid-ob="figobGeneF3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image003.gif" src-large="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image003.jpg" alt="Figure 3. . Gene in 2013." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndGeneF3"><h4 id="Gene.F3"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobGeneF3">Figure 3. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Gene in 2013. Partial display of a record in Gene showing content comparable to that in Figure 2, namely the summary section, the genomic context, and part of the embedded view of the annotation of the gene on a selected genomic sequence. In this example <a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobGeneF3">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="Gene.Data_Model"><h2 id="_Gene_Data_Model_">Data Model</h2><p>Gene has a simple data model. Once the concept of a gene is defined by sequence or mapped location, it is assigned a unique integer identifier or GeneID. Then data of particular types are connected to that identifier. These types include sequence accessions, names, summary descriptions, genomic locations, terms from the Gene Ontology Consortium (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gene.REF.2">2</a>), interactions, related phenotypes, and summaries of orthology. For some of the commonly requested elements, and because of the simplicity of the data model, Gene provides tab-delimited files of content anchored on the GeneID.</p><p>The full extraction of Gene is exported as binary <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/asn-1/">ASN.1</a> (<a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/gene/DATA/ASN_BINARY/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/gene/DATA/ASN_BINARY/</a>) with a tool provided to convert to <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/xml/">XML</a> (<a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/asn1-converters/by_program/gene2xml" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/asn1-converters/by_program/gene2xml</a>). The ASN.1 representation of a Gene record (<a href="/IEB/ToolBox/CPP_DOC/lxr/source/src/objects/entrezgene/entrezgene.asn" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/ToolBox/CPP_DOC/lxr/source/src/objects/entrezgene/entrezgene.asn</a>) incorporates several objects used by other resources (<a href="/toolkit/doc/book/ch_datamod/#ch_datamod.Generef_Reference_To" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Gene-ref</a>, <a href="/toolkit/doc/book/ch_datamod/#ch_datamod.Common_ASN1_Specifications" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">BioSource</a>, <a href="/toolkit/doc/book/ch_datamod/#ch_datamod.RNAref_Reference_To_" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">RNA-ref</a>, etc.), but also has several several objects specific to Gene to represent the type of gene, map location, and properties. A major component of Gene’s ASN.1 representation is the generic Gene-commentary that is used to represent content defined by type, heading, label, text, and source.</p></div><div id="Gene.Dataflow"><h2 id="_Gene_Dataflow_">Dataflow</h2><p>Gene is updated daily and incrementally. In other words, on any given day a record may be changed but not all records will be changed on the same day. The <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ftp/">FTP</a> site is refreshed comprehensively each day, except for special reports and documentation files. </p><p>Data are added to Gene by integrating automated and curatorial flows. For some taxa, primarily genomes submitted to <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a> with annotation of genes, data are loaded to Gene by extracting information annotated on the gene feature of the genomic sequence that was submitted. Those data may be supplemented by data from Gene Ontology (GO) based on identifiers in the sequence, according to rules reported by Gene in <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/gene/DATA/go_process.xml" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/gene/DATA/go_process.xml</a>. The content of the Gene record for these species is thus updated only when a new annotation of the <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/genome/">genome</a> is supplied, or when supplementary data such as GeneRIFs, GO terms, or <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/unigene/">UniGene</a> clusters are updated. </p><p>For the taxa included in <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/refseq/">RefSeq</a>’s curated set (see the RefSeq chapter for more information), updates may happen daily, and independently of a re-annotation of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/genome/">genome</a>. There are automated flows to reconcile official gene symbols and full names, protein names, and <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/database/">database</a> identifiers. Curators may modify summaries, add or redefine transcript or <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/refseqgene/">RefSeqGene</a> RefSeqs, or add citations to the record. When this happens the Gene record is updated. Genes that are in scope for more frequent updates can usually be detected because the <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a> Reference Sequences section will include a subsection entitled RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figGeneF4" rid-ob="figobGeneF4">Figure 4</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figGeneF4" co-legend-rid="figlgndGeneF4"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 4. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figGeneF4" rid-ob="figobGeneF4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image004.gif" src-large="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image004.jpg" alt="Figure 4. . A record maintained independently of annotation releases." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndGeneF4"><h4 id="Gene.F4"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobGeneF4">Figure 4. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">A record maintained independently of annotation releases. If this information is included in the Reference Sequences portion of the Gene record, other content of the record is also likely to change more often. </p></div></div><p>More detailed information about the maintenance of information in Gene is provided in <a href="/books/n/hepgene/EntrezGene/#EntrezGene.How_Data_Are_Maintained">Gene Help</a>.</p></div><div id="Gene.Access"><h2 id="_Gene_Access_">Access</h2><div id="Gene.Web"><h3>Web</h3><div id="Gene.Gene"><h4>Gene</h4><p>Gene is accessed on the Web via <a href="/gene/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/.</a> If the GeneID is known, the path to a specfic record is generated based on the root path plus the GeneID, e.g., <a href="/gene/672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/672</a> for human BRCA1, for which the GeneID is 672.</p><p>Gene’s website is searched via <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a>’s <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/entrez/">Entrez</a> system. The fields, filters, and properties that support effective queries are documented in Gene’s <a href="/books/n/hepgene/">Help</a> book. Among those that are used most often are the gene symbol ([gene]) and a sequence accession.</p></div><div id="Gene.Other_NCBI_databases"><h4>Other NCBI databases</h4><p>Gene is also accessed from other databases at <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a>. For example, a <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/query/">query</a> to sequence databases, ClinVar, <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/medgen/">MedGen</a>, or PubMed will detect what looks like a Gene symbol, and provide a display summarizing what is available in Gene (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figGeneF5" rid-ob="figobGeneF5">Figure 5</a>). Records in Gene related to other <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/database/">database</a> entries can be identified by following the links to Gene displayed in the panel at the right.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figGeneF5" co-legend-rid="figlgndGeneF5"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 5. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figGeneF5" rid-ob="figobGeneF5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image005.gif" src-large="/books/NBK169435/bin/Gene-Image005.jpg" alt="Figure 5. . Gene sensor in PubMed." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndGeneF5"><h4 id="Gene.F5"><a href="/books/NBK169435/figure/Gene.F5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobGeneF5">Figure 5. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Gene sensor in PubMed. A query that matches a gene symbol provides the user with link to more information in Gene, as well as the listing of citations in PubMed that satisfy the query (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pcdhga12) </p></div></div></div></div><div id="Gene.FTP"><h3>FTP</h3><p>Information about genes is accessible from any <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ftp/">FTP</a> site of <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a> that includes GeneIDs as part of the content. These will not be enumerated in this document; just be aware that if a record reports a GeneID or gene_id, that is the identifier from NCBI’s Gene <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/database/">database</a>.</p><div id="Gene.Gene_1"><h4>Gene</h4><p>Gene’s <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ftp/">FTP</a> site (<a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/</a>) is divided into DATA, GeneRIF, and tools sections. The <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/README" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/README</a> file describes all sections, reports maintenance details, and provides detailed information about files available from Gene, as well as the annotation-specific files provided from <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genomes" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genomes</a>. The DATA subdirectory provides several comprehensive files, but also includes subdirectories for the full extractions (ASN_BINARY) and tab-delimited reports (GENE_INFO) that provide subsets of data divided by major taxonomic groups.</p></div><div id="Gene.GFF"><h4>GFF</h4><p>For those interested in the location of genes and exons in a genomic context, the genomes path provides a <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/gff/">GFF</a> directory for many species. The README_CURRENT_RELEASE file indicates the <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a> Annotation Release being reported and the dates on which data were frozen to support the annotation. In the GFF file, GeneID is reported as a cross-reference, e.g., Dbxref=GeneID:1080. NCBI uses the <a href="http://www.sequenceontology.org/gff3.shtml" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">GFF3 standard</a>.</p></div></div><div id="Gene.EUtilities"><h3>E-Utilities</h3><p>Gene is fully accessible programmatically using <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ncbi/">NCBI</a>’s E-Utilities. The <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/tools/README" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">tools section</a> on Gene’s <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ftp/">FTP</a> site provides some sample perl scripts to extract information from Gene based on esummary and efetch and elink.</p></div></div><div id="Gene.Related_Tools"><h2 id="_Gene_Related_Tools_">Related Tools</h2><p>In addition to the scripts available from the tools directory of Gene’s <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/ftp/">FTP</a> site (<a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/tools/README" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/tools/README</a>), gene2xml (<a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/asn1-converters/by_program/gene2xml/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=ftp">ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/asn1-converters/by_program/gene2xml/</a>) supports conversion of Gene’s <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/asn-1/">ASN.1</a> representation to <a class="def" href="/books/n/handbook2e/glossary/def-item/xml/">XML</a>. Gene-related programming tips are included in <a href="/books/n/helpgene/EntrezGene/#EntrezGene.Tips_for_Programmers">Gene Help</a> and <a href="/books/n/helpgene/genefaq/">FAQ</a>.</p></div><div id="Gene.References"><h2 id="_Gene_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gene.REF.1">Maglott DR, Katz KS, Sicotte H, Pruitt KD. NCBI's LocusLink and RefSeq.Nucleic Acids Res.2000Jan 12811268 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC102393/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC102393</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10592200" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10592200</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gene.REF.2">Gene Ontology ConsortiumBlake JA, Dolan M, Drabkin H, et alGene Ontology annotations and resources.Nucleic Acids Res.2013Jan41Database issueD5305doiEpub 2012 Nov 1710.1093/nar/gks1050 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3531070/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3531070</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23161678" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23161678</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/nar/gks1050" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK169435/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK169435/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK169435" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK169435" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Maglott D PhD, Pruitt K PhD, Tatusova T PhD, et al. Gene. 2013 Nov 14. In: The NCBI Handbook [Internet]. 2nd edition. 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|
||
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
|
||
<nav class="bottom-links">
|
||
<ul class="mt-3">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentOmnitureBaseJS/InstrumentNCBIConfigJS/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js?v=1"> </script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/static/js/hfjs2.js"> </script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.page-->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.wrap-->
|
||
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- /.grid -->
|
||
|
||
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- BESelector tab -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK169435&ncbi_domain=handbook2e&ncbi_report=record&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK169435/&ncbi_pagename=Gene - The NCBI Handbook - NCBI Bookshelf&ncbi_bookparttype=chapter&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
|
||
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- CE8BC1E97D9F05E1_0182SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal106 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
||
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8BC1E97D9F05E1_0182SID"></span>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/4062932/4209313/4212053/4076480/3921943/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
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||
</html> |