nih-gov/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1528/index.html

497 lines
No EOL
63 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<!-- AppResources meta begin -->
<meta name="paf-app-resources" content="" />
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
<!-- AppResources meta end -->
<!-- TemplateResources meta begin -->
<meta name="paf_template" content="" />
<!-- TemplateResources meta end -->
<!-- Logger begin -->
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK1528" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="gene" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="record" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK1528/" /><meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Appendix: Quick Reference - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="appendix" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
<!-- Logger end -->
<title>Appendix: Quick Reference - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
<!-- AppResources external_resources begin -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/jig/1.15.2/css/jig.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/jig/1.15.2/js/jig.min.js"></script>
<!-- AppResources external_resources end -->
<!-- Page meta begin -->
<meta name="robots" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="GeneReviews® [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Appendix: Quick Reference" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="University of Washington, Seattle" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2019/01/31" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Margaret P Adam" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Jerry Feldman" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Ghayda M Mirzaa" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Roberta A Pagon" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Stephanie E Wallace" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Anne Amemiya" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1528/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Appendix: Quick Reference" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="University of Washington, Seattle" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Margaret P Adam" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jerry Feldman" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ghayda M Mirzaa" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Roberta A Pagon" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Stephanie E Wallace" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Anne Amemiya" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2019/01/31" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1528/" /><meta name="description" content="Standard nomenclature for DNA and protein amino acid sequence. GeneReviews uses the nomenclature guidelines at varnomen.hgvs.org. If the standard nomenclature for a sequence variant cannot be determined, the variant is designated as an alias and a reference to the earliest reported description of the variant is provided." /><meta name="og:title" content="Appendix: Quick Reference" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Standard nomenclature for DNA and protein amino acid sequence. GeneReviews uses the nomenclature guidelines at varnomen.hgvs.org. If the standard nomenclature for a sequence variant cannot be determined, the variant is designated as an alias and a reference to the earliest reported description of the variant is provided." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1528/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-gene-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/gene/app3/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1528/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">if (typeof (jQuery) != 'undefined') { (function ($) { $(function () { var min = Math.ceil(1); var max = Math.floor(100000); var randomNum = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min)) + min; var surveyUrl = "/projects/Gene/portal/surveys/seqdbui-survey.js?rando=" + randomNum.toString(); $.getScript(surveyUrl, function () { try { ncbi.seqDbUISurvey.init(); } catch (err) { console.info(err); } }).fail(function (jqxhr, settings, exception) { console.info('Cannot load survey script', jqxhr); });; }); })(jQuery); };</script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
<!-- Page meta end -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico" /><meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8CCB0E7DA004810000000000080005.m_13" />
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3985586/3808861/4121862/3974050/3917732/251717/4216701/14534/45193/4113719/3849091/3984811/3751656/4033350/3840896/3577051/3852958/4008682/4207974/4206132/4062871/12930/3964959/3854974/36029/4128070/9685/3549676/3609192/3609193/3609213/3395586.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3411343/3882866.css" media="print" /></head>
<body class="book-part">
<div class="grid">
<div class="col twelve_col nomargin shadow">
<!-- System messages like service outage or JS required; this is handled by the TemplateResources portlet -->
<div class="sysmessages">
<noscript>
<p class="nojs">
<strong>Warning:</strong>
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
<a href="/guide/browsers/#enablejs" title="Learn how to enable JavaScript" target="_blank">more...</a>
</p>
</noscript>
</div>
<!--/.sysmessage-->
<div class="wrap">
<div class="page">
<div class="top">
<div id="universal_header">
<section class="usa-banner">
<div class="usa-accordion">
<header class="usa-banner-header">
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
<button class="non-usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-top" type="button">
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
</button>
</div>
</header>
<div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner-top" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov" />
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
<strong>The .gov means it's official.</strong>
<br />
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal
government site.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https" />
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
<br />
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
and transmitted securely.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
<a href="/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none" aria-controls="account_popup" type="button">
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="20px" height="20px">
<g style="fill: #fff">
<ellipse cx="12" cy="8" rx="5" ry="6"></ellipse>
<path d="M21.8,19.1c-0.9-1.8-2.6-3.3-4.8-4.2c-0.6-0.2-1.3-0.2-1.8,0.1c-1,0.6-2,0.9-3.2,0.9s-2.2-0.3-3.2-0.9 C8.3,14.8,7.6,14.7,7,15c-2.2,0.9-3.9,2.4-4.8,4.2C1.5,20.5,2.6,22,4.1,22h15.8C21.4,22,22.5,20.5,21.8,19.1z"></path>
</g>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu" type="button">
<span class="fa fa-times">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="24px" height="24px">
<path d="M38 12.83l-2.83-2.83-11.17 11.17-11.17-11.17-2.83 2.83 11.17 11.17-11.17 11.17 2.83 2.83 11.17-11.17 11.17 11.17 2.83-2.83-11.17-11.17z"></path>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
<h4>Account</h4>
</div>
<div class="account-user-info">
Logged in as:<br />
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
</div>
<div class="account-links">
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
</div>
<section data-section="Alerts">
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="header">
<div class="res_logo"><h1 class="res_name"><a href="/books/" title="Bookshelf home">Bookshelf</a></h1><h2 class="res_tagline"></h2></div>
<div class="search"><form method="get" action="/books/"><div class="search_form"><label for="database" class="offscreen_noflow">Search database</label><select id="database"><optgroup label="Recent"><option value="books" selected="selected" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="pmc">PMC</option><option value="gquery" class="last">All Databases</option></optgroup><optgroup label="All"><option value="gquery">All Databases</option><option value="assembly">Assembly</option><option value="biocollections">Biocollections</option><option value="bioproject">BioProject</option><option value="biosample">BioSample</option><option value="books" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="clinvar">ClinVar</option><option value="cdd">Conserved Domains</option><option value="gap">dbGaP</option><option value="dbvar">dbVar</option><option value="gene">Gene</option><option value="genome">Genome</option><option value="gds">GEO DataSets</option><option value="geoprofiles">GEO Profiles</option><option value="gtr">GTR</option><option value="ipg">Identical Protein Groups</option><option value="medgen">MedGen</option><option value="mesh">MeSH</option><option value="nlmcatalog">NLM Catalog</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="omim">OMIM</option><option value="pmc">PMC</option><option value="protein">Protein</option><option value="proteinclusters">Protein Clusters</option><option value="protfam">Protein Family Models</option><option value="pcassay">PubChem BioAssay</option><option value="pccompound">PubChem Compound</option><option value="pcsubstance">PubChem Substance</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="snp">SNP</option><option value="sra">SRA</option><option value="structure">Structure</option><option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option><option value="toolkit">ToolKit</option><option value="toolkitall">ToolKitAll</option><option value="toolkitbookgh">ToolKitBookgh</option></optgroup></select><div class="nowrap"><label for="term" class="offscreen_noflow" accesskey="/">Search term</label><div class="nowrap"><input type="text" name="term" id="term" title="Search Books. Use up and down arrows to choose an item from the autocomplete." value="" class="jig-ncbiclearbutton jig-ncbiautocomplete" data-jigconfig="dictionary:'bookshelf-search',disableUrl:'NcbiSearchBarAutoComplCtrl'" autocomplete="off" data-sbconfig="ds:'no',pjs:'no',afs:'no'" /></div><button id="search" type="submit" class="button_search nowrap" cmd="go">Search</button></div></div></form><ul class="searchlinks inline_list"><li>
<a href="/books/browse/">Browse Titles</a>
</li><li>
<a href="/books/advanced/">Advanced</a>
</li><li class="help">
<a href="/books/NBK3833/">Help</a>
</li><li class="disclaimer">
<a target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="link_click" data-ga-label="disclaimer_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/about/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
</li></ul></div>
</div>
<!--<component id="Page" label="headcontent"/>-->
</div>
<div class="content">
<!-- site messages -->
<!-- Custom content 1 -->
<div class="col1">
</div>
<div class="container">
<div id="maincontent" class="content eight_col col">
<!-- Custom content in the left column above book nav -->
<div class="col2">
</div>
<!-- Book content -->
<!-- Custom content between navigation and content -->
<div class="col3">
</div>
<div class="document">
<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2025. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All GeneReviews" href="/books/n/gene/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-gene-lrg.png" alt="Cover of GeneReviews®" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>GeneReviews<sup>®</sup> [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK1528_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK1528_dtls__"><div>Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors.</div><div>Seattle (WA): <a href="http://www.washington.edu" ref="pagearea=page-banner&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=publisher">University of Washington, Seattle</a>; 1993-2025.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/gene/">GeneReviews by Title</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/gene/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search GeneReviews" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search GeneReviews" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form><div><ul class="inline_list"><li><a href="/books/n/gene/advanced/">GeneReviews Advanced Search</a></li><li style="margin-left:.5em"><a href="/books/n/gene/helpadvsearch/">Help</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/gene/app2/" title="Previous page in this title">&lt; Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/gene/app4/" title="Next page in this title">Next &gt;</a></div></div></div></div></div>
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK1528_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Appendix: Quick Reference</span></h1><p class="small">Initial Posting: <span itemprop="datePublished">May 6, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 31, 2019</span>.</p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 1 minute</em></p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="app3.Naming_Conventions"><h2 id="_app3_Naming_Conventions_">Naming Conventions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Gene: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee</b> (<a href="https://www.genenames.org/index.html" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">www.genenames.org</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Sequence variants / pathogenic variants: Human Gene Variation Society</b> (<a href="https://varnomen.hgvs.org/" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">varnomen.hgvs.org</a>)</div></li></ul><p><b>Standard nomenclature for DNA and protein amino acid sequence.</b>
<i>GeneReviews</i> uses the nomenclature guidelines at <a href="https://varnomen.hgvs.org/" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">varnomen.hgvs.org</a>. If the standard nomenclature for a sequence variant cannot be determined, the variant is designated as an <b>alias</b> and a reference to the earliest reported description of the variant is provided.</p><div id="app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Basic structure for DNA and Protein Amino Acid Sequence Nomenclature</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1528/table/app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Prefix</th><th id="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Type of Sequence from which the Number(s) are Derived</th><th id="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Example</th><th id="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Interpretation</th><th id="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Commonly Describes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">c.</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><b>c</b>oding DNA sequence, where nucleotide #1 is the first nucleotide of the first codon</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">c.535T&#x0003e;C</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">The T at nucleotide number 535 of the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/coding-region/">coding region</a> changed to a C.</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nucleotide changes in genes (exons, splice sites, untranslated regions)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">p.</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><b>p</b>rotein amino acid sequence, where #1 is the first amino acid residue of the protein</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">p.Cys179Arg</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">The cysteine amino acid at residue 179 changed to an arginine.</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Amino acid changes in a protein</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">g.</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><b>g</b>enomic DNA sequence, where #1 is the first nucleotide in a given reference sequence</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">g.66781T&#x0003e;C</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">The T at nucleotide 66781 in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/genomic/">genomic</a> reference sequence changed to a C.</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nucleotide changes in introns, regulatory, and intergenic regions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">m.</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><b>m</b>itochondrial DNA sequence, where #1 is the first nucleotide in the sequence of the entire mitochondrion genome</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">m.8994T&#x0003e;C</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">The T at nucleotide 8994 of the mitochondrial genome changed to a C.</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.basic_structure_for_dna_and_prote_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Coding and non-coding variants of mitochondrial genome</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">
<a href="https://varnomen.hgvs.org/" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">varnomen<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.hgvs.org</a>
</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><p><b>Reference sequence.</b> For the variant nomenclature to be valid, a reference sequence is required. Reference sequences are found at <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/" ref="pagearea=body&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a>. Note:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reference sequences beginning with "NM" refer to coding nucleotide sequences and those beginning with "NP" refer to protein sequences.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Genes may have multiple reference sequences. The reference sequence shown in the <i>GeneReview</i> matches the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/exon/">exon</a> structure and reference used by the majority of citations.</div></li></ul><p><b>Abbreviations for amino acids.</b>
<i>GeneReviews</i> standard is use of the 3-letter symbol for amino acids.</p><div id="app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Amino Acid Abbreviations</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1528/table/app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Name</th><th id="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Symbol</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3-Letter</th><th headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1-Letter</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Alanine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ala</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">A</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Arginine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Arg</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">R</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Asparagine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Asn</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">N</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Aspartic acid</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Asp</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">D</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cysteine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cys</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">C</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Glutamic acid</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Glu</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">E</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Glutamine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gln</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Q</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Glycine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gly</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">G</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Histidine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">His</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">H</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Isoleucine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ile</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">I</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Leucine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Leu</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">L</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lysine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lys</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">K</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Methionine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Met</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">M</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Phenylalanine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Phe</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">F</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Proline</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Pro</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">P</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Serine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ser</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">S</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Threonine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Thr</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">T</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Tryptophan</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Trp</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">W</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Tyrosine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Tyr</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Y</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Valine</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Val</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">V</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">stop codon</td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ter&#x000a0;<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_1_2 hd_h_app3.T.amino_acid_abbreviations_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>*</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">
<sup>2</sup>
</p></dd></dl>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="app3.TF.2.1"><p class="no_margin">Previously designated as X or *</p></div></dd><dt>2. </dt><dd><div id="app3.TF.2.2"><p class="no_margin">Previously designated as X</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 1993-2025, University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is
a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights
reserved.<p class="small">GeneReviews® chapters are owned by the University of Washington. Permission is
hereby granted to reproduce, distribute, and translate copies of content materials for
noncommercial research purposes only, provided that (i) credit for source (<a href="http://www.genereviews.org/" ref="pagearea=meta&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">http://www.genereviews.org/</a>) and copyright (© 1993-2025 University of
Washington) are included with each copy; (ii) a link to the original material is provided
whenever the material is published elsewhere on the Web; and (iii) reproducers,
distributors, and/or translators comply with the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/gene/GRcopyright_permiss/" ref="pagearea=meta&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">GeneReviews® Copyright Notice and Usage
Disclaimer</a>. No further modifications are allowed. For clarity, excerpts
of GeneReviews chapters for use in lab reports and clinic notes are a permitted
use.</p><p class="small">For more information, see the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/gene/GRcopyright_permiss/" ref="pagearea=meta&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">GeneReviews® Copyright Notice and Usage
Disclaimer</a>.</p><p class="small">For questions regarding permissions or whether a specified use is allowed,
contact: <a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ude.wu@tssamda" class="oemail">ude.wu@tssamda</a>.</p></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK1528</span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/gene/">GeneReviews by Title</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/gene/app2/" title="Previous page in this title">&lt; Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/gene/app4/" title="Next page in this title">Next &gt;</a></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<!-- Custom content below content -->
<div class="col4">
</div>
<!-- Book content -->
<!-- Custom contetnt below bottom nav -->
<div class="col5">
</div>
</div>
<div id="rightcolumn" class="four_col col last">
<!-- Custom content above discovery portlets -->
<div class="col6">
<div id="ncbi_share_book"><a href="#" class="ncbi_share" data-ncbi_share_config="popup:false,shorten:true" ref="id=NBK1528&amp;db=books">Share</a></div>
</div>
<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK1528/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK1528/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK1528" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK1528" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2025. Appendix: Quick Reference. 2008 May 6 [Updated 2019 Jan 31].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK1528/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK1528.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (91K)</li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Bulk Download</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/litarch/ca/84/" ref="pagearea=source-links&amp;targetsite=external&amp;targetcat=link&amp;targettype=uri">Bulk download GeneReviews data from FTP</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>GeneReviews Links</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/n/gene/advanced/"><i>GeneReviews</i> Advanced Search</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/glossary/"><i>GeneReviews</i> Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/resource_mats/">Resource Materials</a> <span class="bk_hlight1">NEW FEATURE</span></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/updates/">New in <i>GeneReviews</i></a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/authors/">Author List</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/prospective_authors/">For Current/Prospective Authors</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/GRpersonnel/"><i>GeneReviews</i> Personnel</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/howto_linkin/">Download/Link to <i>GeneReviews</i></a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/contact_us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&amp;linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67da00c7cde49f3df7d7e694">Appendix: Quick Reference - GeneReviews®</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Appendix: Quick Reference - GeneReviews®<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&amp;linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67da00c6cde49f3df7d7e250">PIK3R2 phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [Homo sapiens]</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">PIK3R2 phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [Homo sapiens]<div class="brieflinkpopdesc">Gene ID:5296</div></div><div class="tertiary">Gene</div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&amp;linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67da00c42f30673f7be97d90">CCND2 cyclin D2 [Homo sapiens]</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">CCND2 cyclin D2 [Homo sapiens]<div class="brieflinkpopdesc">Gene ID:894</div></div><div class="tertiary">Gene</div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&amp;linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67da00c267c23b31e09dd1fa">AKT3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [Homo sapiens]</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">AKT3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [Homo sapiens]<div class="brieflinkpopdesc">Gene ID:10000</div></div><div class="tertiary">Gene</div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&amp;linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67da00bf2f30673f7be96f24">MID1 midline 1 [Homo sapiens]</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">MID1 midline 1 [Homo sapiens]<div class="brieflinkpopdesc">Gene ID:4281</div></div><div class="tertiary">Gene</div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
<!-- Custom content below discovery portlets -->
<div class="col7">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Custom content after all -->
<div class="col8">
</div>
<div class="col9">
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.scrollTo-1.4.2.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
(function($){
$('.skiplink').each(function(i, item){
var href = $($(item).attr('href'));
href.attr('tabindex', '-1').addClass('skiptarget'); // ensure the target can receive focus
$(item).on('click', function(event){
event.preventDefault();
$.scrollTo(href, 0, {
onAfter: function(){
href.focus();
}
});
});
});
})(jQuery);
</script>
</div>
<div class="bottom">
<div id="NCBIFooter_dynamic">
<!--<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="breadcrumbs"/>
<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="helpdesk"/>-->
</div>
<div class="footer" id="footer">
<section class="icon-section">
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
<div class="grid-container container">
<div class="icon-section_container">
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<defs>
<style>
.cls-11 {
fill: #737373;
}
</style>
</defs>
<title>Twitter</title>
<path class="cls-11" d="M250.11,105.48c-7,3.14-13,3.25-19.27.14,8.12-4.86,8.49-8.27,11.43-17.46a78.8,78.8,0,0,1-25,9.55,39.35,39.35,0,0,0-67,35.85,111.6,111.6,0,0,1-81-41.08A39.37,39.37,0,0,0,81.47,145a39.08,39.08,0,0,1-17.8-4.92c0,.17,0,.33,0,.5a39.32,39.32,0,0,0,31.53,38.54,39.26,39.26,0,0,1-17.75.68,39.37,39.37,0,0,0,36.72,27.3A79.07,79.07,0,0,1,56,223.34,111.31,111.31,0,0,0,116.22,241c72.3,0,111.83-59.9,111.83-111.84,0-1.71,0-3.4-.1-5.09C235.62,118.54,244.84,113.37,250.11,105.48Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<title>Facebook</title>
<path class="cls-11" d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<title>LinkedIn</title>
<path class="cls-11" d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
</path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
<defs>
<style>
.cls-11,
.cls-12 {
fill: #737373;
}
.cls-11 {
fill-rule: evenodd;
}
</style>
</defs>
<title>GitHub</title>
<path class="cls-11" d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
</path>
<path class="cls-12" d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
</path>
<path class="cls-12" d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
</path>
<path class="cls-12" d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
<path class="cls-12" d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12" d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12" d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
</path>
<path class="cls-12" d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
</svg></a>
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 40 40">
<defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs>
<title>NCBI Insights Blog</title>
<path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"></path>
</svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
<div class="container pt-5">
<div class="row mt-3">
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<style type="text/css">
.st20 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
.st30 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
</style>
<title>Twitter</title>
<g>
<g>
<g>
<path class="st20" d="M192.9,88.1c-5,2.2-9.2,2.3-13.6,0.1c5.7-3.4,6-5.8,8.1-12.3c-5.4,3.2-11.4,5.5-17.6,6.7 c-10.5-11.2-28.1-11.7-39.2-1.2c-7.2,6.8-10.2,16.9-8,26.5c-22.3-1.1-43.1-11.7-57.2-29C58,91.6,61.8,107.9,74,116 c-4.4-0.1-8.7-1.3-12.6-3.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,13.2,9.3,24.6,22.3,27.2c-4.1,1.1-8.4,1.3-12.5,0.5c3.6,11.3,14,19,25.9,19.3 c-11.6,9.1-26.4,13.2-41.1,11.5c12.7,8.1,27.4,12.5,42.5,12.5c51,0,78.9-42.2,78.9-78.9c0-1.2,0-2.4-0.1-3.6 C182.7,97.4,189.2,93.7,192.9,88.1z"></path>
</g>
</g>
<circle class="st30" cx="124.4" cy="128.8" r="108.2"></circle>
</g>
</svg></a></li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<style type="text/css">
.st10 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
.st110 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
</style>
<title>Facebook</title>
<g>
<g>
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
</g>
</g>
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
</svg>
</a></li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
<title>Youtube</title>
<style type="text/css">
.st4 {
fill: none;
stroke: #FFFFFF;
stroke-width: 8;
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
}
.st5 {
fill: #FFFFFF;
}
</style>
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
<path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
</g>
</svg></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br />
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
<nav class="bottom-links">
<ul class="mt-3">
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentOmnitureBaseJS/InstrumentNCBIConfigJS/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js?v=1"> </script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/static/js/hfjs2.js"> </script>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--/.page-->
</div>
<!--/.wrap-->
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
</div>
<!-- /.grid -->
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
<!-- BESelector tab -->
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&amp;ncbi_db=books&amp;ncbi_pdid=book-part&amp;ncbi_acc=NBK1528&amp;ncbi_domain=gene&amp;ncbi_report=record&amp;ncbi_type=fulltext&amp;ncbi_objectid=&amp;ncbi_pcid=/NBK1528/&amp;ncbi_pagename=Appendix: Quick Reference - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf&amp;ncbi_bookparttype=appendix&amp;ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
<!-- CE8BC1E97D9F05E1_0182SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal105 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8BC1E97D9F05E1_0182SID"></span>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/4062932/4209313/4212053/4076480/3921943/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
</html>