1064 lines
No EOL
161 KiB
XML
1064 lines
No EOL
161 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
|
||
|
||
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
||
<!-- AppResources meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="paf-app-resources" content="" />
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources meta end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- TemplateResources meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="paf_template" content="" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- TemplateResources meta end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
||
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK1151" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="gene" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="printable" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK1151/?report=printable" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
|
||
<!-- Logger end -->
|
||
|
||
<title>Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources external_resources begin -->
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/jig/1.15.2/css/jig.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/jig/1.15.2/js/jig.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources external_resources end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Page meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="GeneReviews® [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="University of Washington, Seattle" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2024/02/22" /><meta name="citation_author" content="D Gareth Evans" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20301330" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1151/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS)" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Gorlin Syndrome" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="NBCCS" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Gorlin Syndrome" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS)" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="NBCCS" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Protein patched homolog 1" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Suppressor of fused homolog" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="PTCH1" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="SUFU" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="University of Washington, Seattle" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D Gareth Evans" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/02/22" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1151/" /><meta name="description" content="Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is characterized by the development of multiple jaw keratocysts, frequently beginning in the second decade of life, and/or basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), usually from the third decade onward. Many individuals have a recognizable appearance with macrocephaly, frontal bossing, coarse facial features, and facial milia. Most individuals have skeletal anomalies (e.g., bifid ribs, wedge-shaped vertebrae). Ectopic calcification, particularly in the falx, is present in 90% of affected individuals by age 30 years. Cardiac and ovarian fibromas occur in approximately 2% and 20% of individuals, respectively. Approximately 5% of all children with NBCCS develop medulloblastoma (primitive neuroectodermal tumor), generally the desmoplastic subtype. The risk of developing medulloblastoma is substantially higher in individuals with an SUFU pathogenic variant (33%) than in those with a PTCH1 pathogenic variant (<2%). Peak incidence is at age one to two years. Life expectancy in NBCCS is not significantly different from average." /><meta name="og:title" content="Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is characterized by the development of multiple jaw keratocysts, frequently beginning in the second decade of life, and/or basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), usually from the third decade onward. Many individuals have a recognizable appearance with macrocephaly, frontal bossing, coarse facial features, and facial milia. Most individuals have skeletal anomalies (e.g., bifid ribs, wedge-shaped vertebrae). Ectopic calcification, particularly in the falx, is present in 90% of affected individuals by age 30 years. Cardiac and ovarian fibromas occur in approximately 2% and 20% of individuals, respectively. Approximately 5% of all children with NBCCS develop medulloblastoma (primitive neuroectodermal tumor), generally the desmoplastic subtype. The risk of developing medulloblastoma is substantially higher in individuals with an SUFU pathogenic variant (33%) than in those with a PTCH1 pathogenic variant (<2%). Peak incidence is at age one to two years. Life expectancy in NBCCS is not significantly different from average." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1151/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-gene-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/gene/bcns/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1151/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">if (typeof (jQuery) != 'undefined') { (function ($) { $(function () { var min = Math.ceil(1); var max = Math.floor(100000); var randomNum = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min)) + min; var surveyUrl = "/projects/Gene/portal/surveys/seqdbui-survey.js?rando=" + randomNum.toString(); $.getScript(surveyUrl, function () { try { ncbi.seqDbUISurvey.init(); } catch (err) { console.info(err); } }).fail(function (jqxhr, settings, exception) { console.info('Cannot load survey script', jqxhr); });; }); })(jQuery); };</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Page meta end -->
|
||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico" /><meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8D68CC7C882C2100000000011400E0.m_5" />
|
||
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3985586/3808861/4121862/3974050/3917732/251717/4216701/14534/45193/4113719/3849091/3984811/3751656/4033350/3840896/3577051/3852958/3984801/12930/3964959.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3411343/3882866.css" media="print" /></head>
|
||
<body class="book-part">
|
||
<div class="grid no_max_width">
|
||
<div class="col twelve_col nomargin shadow">
|
||
<!-- System messages like service outage or JS required; this is handled by the TemplateResources portlet -->
|
||
<div class="sysmessages">
|
||
<noscript>
|
||
<p class="nojs">
|
||
<strong>Warning:</strong>
|
||
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
|
||
<a href="/guide/browsers/#enablejs" title="Learn how to enable JavaScript" target="_blank">more...</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</noscript>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.sysmessage-->
|
||
<div class="wrap">
|
||
<div class="page">
|
||
<div class="top">
|
||
|
||
<div class="header">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!--<component id="Page" label="headcontent"/>-->
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<!-- site messages -->
|
||
<div class="container content">
|
||
<div class="document">
|
||
<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2025. </p></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK1151_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Synonyms: Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS), Gorlin Syndrome, NBCCS</div><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">D Gareth Evans</span>, MD, FRCP<div class="affiliation small">Genomic Medicine<br />Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics<br />Manchester Academic Health Science Centre;<br />Consultant in Medical Genetics<br />St Mary's Hospital and Christie Hospital;<br />Professor of Medical Genetics and Cancer Epidemiology<br />University of Manchester<br />Manchester, United Kingdom<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ku.shn.tfm@snave.hterag" class="oemail">ku.shn.tfm@snave.hterag</a></div></div></div><p class="small">Initial Posting: <span itemprop="datePublished">June 20, 2002</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">February 22, 2024</span>.</p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 35 minutes</em></p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="bcns.Summary" itemprop="description"><h2 id="_bcns_Summary_">Summary</h2><div><h4 class="inline">Clinical characteristics.</h4><p>Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is characterized by the development of multiple jaw keratocysts, frequently beginning in the second decade of life, and/or basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), usually from the third decade onward. Many individuals have a recognizable appearance with macrocephaly, frontal bossing, coarse facial features, and facial milia. Most individuals have skeletal anomalies (e.g., bifid ribs, wedge-shaped vertebrae). Ectopic calcification, particularly in the falx, is present in 90% of affected individuals by age 30 years. Cardiac and ovarian fibromas occur in approximately 2% and 20% of individuals, respectively. Approximately 5% of all children with NBCCS develop medulloblastoma (primitive neuroectodermal tumor), generally the desmoplastic subtype. The risk of developing medulloblastoma is substantially higher in individuals with an <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant (33%) than in those with a <i>PTCH1</i> pathogenic variant (<2%). Peak incidence is at age one to two years. Life expectancy in NBCCS is not significantly different from average.</p></div><div><h4 class="inline">Diagnosis/testing.</h4><p>The diagnosis of NBCCS is established in a proband who fulfills proposed diagnostic clinical criteria. Identification of a heterozygous germline pathogenic variant in <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> by molecular genetic testing establishes the diagnosis if clinical features are inconclusive.</p></div><div><h4 class="inline">Management.</h4><p><i>Treatment of manifestations:</i> Best provided by specialists experienced with the condition; avoidance of direct sun exposure through the use of complete sunblock and covering of exposed skin with long sleeves, high collars, and hats; early treatment of BCCs to ensure complete eradication of aggressive BCCs and to preserve normal tissue to prevent disfigurement; sonic hedgehog inhibitors such as vismodegib to treat severe BCCs; jaw keratocysts usually require surgical excision; treatment of medulloblastoma per neurosurgeon/oncologist.</p><p><i>Surveillance:</i> Monitor head circumference throughout childhood; ophthalmology evaluations per ophthalmologist; feeding, hearing, and speech evaluation as needed in those with a history of cleft lip/palate; clinical exam for scoliosis as needed; skin examination at least annually; orthopantogram every 12-18 months beginning at age eight years to identify jaw keratocysts; developmental assessment and physical examination every six months until age five years due to increased risk for medulloblastoma; brain MRI in those with <i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS every three to four months until age three years, every six months until age five years, annually until age eight years for medulloblastoma, and then every three to five years beginning at age 30 years for meningioma; ovarian ultrasound in women at age 18 years.</p><p><i>Agents/circumstances to avoid:</i> Radiotherapy if there are alternative treatments, especially in childhood; diagnostic radiographs should be used sparingly; direct sun exposure should be limited, as excessive sun exposure increases the likelihood of developing BCCs.</p><p><i>Evaluation of relatives at risk:</i> Because of the need for surveillance for complications of NBCCS (medulloblastoma in children; jaw keratocysts and BCCs in adults) and the need to avoid radiographs and sun exposure, clarification of the genetic status of at-risk relatives, including children, is appropriate.</p></div><div><h4 class="inline">Genetic counseling.</h4><p>NBCCS is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Approximately 70%-80% of individuals with NBCCS have an affected parent and about 20%-30% have NBCCS as the result of a <i>de novo</i> pathogenic variant. Each child of an individual with NBCCS has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder. If the NBCCS-related pathogenic variant has been identified in an affected family member, prenatal and preimplantation genetic testing for NBCCS are possible.</p></div></div><div id="bcns.Diagnosis"><h2 id="_bcns_Diagnosis_">Diagnosis</h2><p>No consensus clinical diagnostic criteria for nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) have been published. Diagnostic criteria for NBCCS have been proposed [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.1993.460">Evans et al 1993</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.kimonis.1997.299">Kimonis et al 1997</a>].</p><div id="bcns.Suggestive_Findings"><h3>Suggestive Findings</h3><p>NBCCS <b>should be suspected</b> in individuals with the following findings, which constitute major or minor diagnostic criteria.</p><p>
|
||
<b>Major criteria</b>
|
||
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Lamellar (sheet-like) calcification of the falx</b> or clear evidence of calcification in an individual younger than age 20 years. Note: Falx calcification is nearly always present on AP skull radiographs after age 20 years in those with NBCCS.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Jaw keratocyst.</b> Odontogenic keratocyst histologically; seen on orthopantogram as an area of translucency</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Palmar/plantar pits</b> (≥2); particularly useful in diagnosis and more pronounced when the hands and feet are soaked in warm water for up to ten minutes. Pits may appear as white "punched-out" or pink "pin-prick" lesions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs)</b> (>5 in a lifetime) or a BCC before age 30 years. Provision needs to be made for decreased risk of BCC in individuals with dark skin and increased risk in those with light skin living in hot, sunny climates, particularly those with type 1 skin (that burns easily and does not tan) and red hair, and of this group, particularly those with the common <i>MC1R</i> variant (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1805007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs1805007</a>), which can modify age of onset for NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.yasar.2015.708">Yasar et al 2015</a>].</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<b>First-degree relative with diagnosis of NBCCS</b>
|
||
</div></li></ul><p>
|
||
<b>Minor criteria</b>
|
||
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Childhood medulloblastoma (also called primitive neuroectodermal tumor)</div><div class="half_rhythm">Note: A consensus meeting consisting of US-based experts (with one French participant) has suggested changing medulloblastoma to a major criterion and allowing the diagnosis of NBCCS with only two minor criteria in addition to a major criterion [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.bree.2011.2091">Bree et al 2011</a>]. The concern would be that this would reduce the specificity of diagnostic criteria, as individuals with medulloblastoma undergoing radiotherapy without NBCCS are likely to develop more than one BCC. Confining the medulloblastoma diagnosis to nodular/desmoplastic and disallowing BCCs occurring after radiotherapy as a major criterion may improve sensitivity without losing specificity. These changes have not yet been adopted. A consensus conference on screening recommendations convened by the American Association of Cancer Research did not propose adopting the <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.bree.2011.2091">Bree et al [2011]</a> criteria [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.foulkes.2017.e62">Foulkes et al 2017</a>].</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Lymphomesenteric or pleural cysts</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Macrocephaly (OFC >97th centile)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Cleft lip/palate</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Rib/vertebral anomalies observed on chest and/or spine radiograph: bifid/splayed/extra ribs, bifid vertebrae</div><div class="half_rhythm">Note: (1) To verify a clinical diagnosis of NBCCS, AP and lateral radiographs of the skull, an orthopantogram, chest radiograph, and spine radiograph are usually necessary. (2) Radiographs should be avoided in children if they are not needed to confirm the diagnosis of NBCCS. (3) If radiographs have been taken previously (i.e., before the diagnosis of NBCCS is being considered), providers should obtain and review the original radiographs rather than repeat them because individuals with NBCCS are susceptible to x-irradiation. (4) Even when present, bifid ribs, bifid vertebrae, and falx calcification are often not mentioned in formal reports of radiographic findings, as these can also be normal variations in the general population. (5) Radiographic findings may be helpful in suggesting or confirming the diagnosis in young children with cardiac fibromas, cleft lip/palate, polydactyly, or macrocephaly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Preaxial or postaxial polydactyly</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Ovarian/cardiac fibromas</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Ocular anomalies (e.g., cataract, developmental defects, and pigmentary changes of the retinal epithelium)</div></li></ul></div><div id="bcns.Establishing_the_Diagnosis"><h3>Establishing the Diagnosis</h3><p>The clinical diagnosis of NBCCS can be <b>established</b> in a proband based on proposed clinical diagnostic criteria [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.1993.460">Evans et al 1993</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.kimonis.1997.299">Kimonis et al 1997</a>], or the molecular diagnosis can be <b>established</b> in a proband with <a href="#bcns.Suggestive_Findings">suggestive findings</a> and a heterozygous pathogenic (or likely pathogenic) variant in <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> identified by molecular genetic testing (see <a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobbcnsTmoleculargenetictestingusedin">Table 1</a>).</p><p>Note: (1) Per ACMG/AMP variant interpretation guidelines, the terms "pathogenic variant" and "likely pathogenic variant" are synonymous in a clinical setting, meaning that both are considered diagnostic and can be used for clinical decision making [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.richards.2015.405">Richards et al 2015</a>]. Reference to "pathogenic variants" in this <i>GeneReview</i> is understood to include likely pathogenic variants. (2) Identification of a heterozygous <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> variant of uncertain significance does not establish or rule out the diagnosis.</p><div id="bcns.Clinical_Diagnosis"><h4>Clinical Diagnosis</h4><p>A clinical diagnosis of NBCCS <b>can be established</b> in a proband with two major diagnostic criteria and one minor diagnostic criterion or one major and three minor diagnostic criteria [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.1993.460">Evans et al 1993</a>] (see <a href="#bcns.Suggestive_Findings">Suggestive Findings</a>). A similar series of diagnostic criteria was proposed by <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.kimonis.1997.299">Kimonis et al [1997]</a>. No study has been able to assess which combination of diagnostic criteria represents the best trade-off between sensitivity and specificity.</p><p>Note: Some clinical features of NBCCS only become apparent with increasing age (e.g., BCCs, jaw keratocysts, ectopic calcifications, meningioma, and gonadal tumors). Clinical diagnostic criteria may be more informative in adults with NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.guerrinirousseau.2018.1122">Guerrini-Rousseau et al 2018</a>].</p></div><div id="bcns.Molecular_Diagnosis"><h4>Molecular Diagnosis</h4><p>The molecular diagnosis of NBCCS <b>is established</b> in a proband with <a href="#bcns.Suggestive_Findings">suggestive findings</a> and identification of a heterozygous germline <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant on molecular genetic testing (see <a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobbcnsTmoleculargenetictestingusedin">Table 1</a>). This finding establishes the diagnosis if clinical features are inconclusive.</p><p>Note: Identification of an identical <i>PTCH1</i> pathogenic variant in two or more separate tumors but not present in lymphocyte DNA (or present at a variant allele fraction of <50%) confirms mosaicism for <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2007.424">Evans et al 2007</a>].</p><p>Molecular testing approaches can include a combination of <b>gene-targeted testing</b> (concurrent gene testing, serial single-gene testing, multigene panel) and <b>comprehensive</b>
|
||
<b>genomic testing</b> (exome sequencing, genome sequencing). Gene-targeted testing requires that the clinician determine which gene(s) are likely involved (see <a href="#bcns.Option_1">Option 1</a>), whereas comprehensive genomic testing does not (see <a href="#bcns.Option_2">Option 2</a>).</p><div id="bcns.Option_1"><h5>
|
||
<b>Option 1</b>
|
||
</h5><p><b>Concurrent gene testing.</b> In those with suspected NBCCS, sequence analysis of <i>PTCH1</i> and <i>SUFU</i> can be performed first to detect missense, nonsense, and splice site variants and small intragenic deletions/insertions. Note: Depending on the sequencing method used, single-exon, multiexon, or whole-gene deletions/duplications may not be detected. If no variant is detected by the sequencing method used, the next step is to perform <i>PTCH1</i> and <i>SUFU</i> deletion/duplication analysis to detect exon and whole-gene deletions or duplications.</p><p><b>Serial single-gene testing.</b> Sequence analysis and gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis of <i>PTCH1</i> can be considered first in individuals with a personal or family history of jaw keratocysts. <i>SUFU</i> molecular testing should be considered first in individuals with medulloblastoma and without jaw keratocysts [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2014.4155">Smith et al 2014</a>].</p><p><b>A multigene panel</b> that includes <i>PTCH1,</i>
|
||
<i>SUFU</i> and other genes of interest (see <a href="#bcns.Differential_Diagnosis">Differential Diagnosis</a>) may be considered. Note: (1) If only NBCCS is being considered, a bespoke panel of just <i>PTCH1</i> and <i>SUFU</i> should be considered optimal, as large multigene panels may have decreased sensitivity and may not include gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis or <i>PTCH1</i> RNA analysis necessary to identify large rearrangements [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2014.4155">Smith et a 2014</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2016.250">Smith et al 2016</a>]. (2) The genes included in the panel and the diagnostic sensitivity of the testing used for each gene vary by laboratory and are likely to change over time. (3) Some multigene panels may include genes not associated with the condition discussed in this <i>GeneReview</i>; thus, clinicians need to determine which multigene panel is most likely to identify the genetic cause of condition while limiting identification of variants of uncertain significance and pathogenic variants in genes that do not explain the underlying phenotype. (4) Methods used in a panel may include sequence analysis, deletion/duplication analysis, and/or other non-sequencing-based tests.</p><p>For an introduction to multigene panels click <a href="/books/n/gene/app5/#app5.Multigene_Panels">here</a>. More detailed information for clinicians ordering genetic tests can be found <a href="/books/n/gene/app5/#app5.Multigene_Panels_FAQs">here</a>.</p></div><div id="bcns.Option_2"><h5>
|
||
<b>Option 2</b>
|
||
</h5><p>When the diagnosis of NBCCS has not been considered because an individual has atypical phenotypic features, <b>comprehensive</b>
|
||
<b>genomic testing</b> does not require the clinician to determine which gene is likely involved. <b>Exome sequencing</b> is most commonly used; <b>genome sequencing</b> is also possible.</p><p>For an introduction to comprehensive genomic testing click <a href="/books/n/gene/app5/#app5.Comprehensive_Genomic_Testing">here</a>. More detailed information for clinicians ordering genomic testing can be found <a href="/books/n/gene/app5/#app5.Comprehensive_Genomic_Testing_1">here</a>.</p><div id="bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Molecular Genetic Testing Used in Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gene <sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Proportion of NBCCS Attributed to Pathogenic Variants in Gene</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proportion of Probands with a Pathogenic Variant <sup>2</sup> Detectable by Method</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Sequence analysis <sup>3</sup></th><th headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis <sup>4</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<i>PTCH1</i>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">67%-79%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_3 hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50%-85% <sup>5, 6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_3 hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6%-21% <sup>6</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<i>SUFU</i>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">~6%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_3 hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5% <sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_3 hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">~1% <sup>6</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unknown</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15%-27% <sup>7, 8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_1_3 hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_2_1 hd_h_bcns.T.molecular_genetic_testing_used_in_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">NA = not applicable; NBCCS = nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome</p></div></dd><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.1.1"><p class="no_margin">See <a href="/books/NBK1151/#bcns.molgen.TA">Table A. Genes and Databases</a> for chromosome locus and protein.</p></div></dd><dt>2. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.1.2"><p class="no_margin">See <a href="#bcns.Molecular_Genetics">Molecular Genetics</a> for information on variants detected in this gene.</p></div></dd><dt>3. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.1.3"><p class="no_margin">Sequence analysis detects variants that are benign, likely benign, of uncertain significance, likely pathogenic, or pathogenic. Variants may include missense, nonsense, and splice site variants and small intragenic deletions/insertions; typically, exon or whole-gene deletions/duplications are not detected. For issues to consider in interpretation of sequence analysis results, click <a href="/books/n/gene/app2/">here</a>.</p></div></dd><dt>4. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.1.4"><p class="no_margin">Gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis detects intragenic deletions or duplications. Methods used may include a range of techniques such as quantitative PCR, long-range PCR, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and a gene-targeted microarray designed to detect single-exon deletions or duplications. Exome and genome sequencing may be able to detect deletions/duplications using breakpoint detection or read depth; however, sensitivity can be lower than gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis.</p></div></dd><dt>5. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.1.5"><p class="no_margin"><i>PTCH1</i> deep intronic pathogenic variants that alter splicing have been identified; sequence analysis that detects these deep intronic variants should be considered [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.bholah.2014.477">Bholah et al 2014</a>].</p></div></dd><dt>6. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.1.6"><p class="no_margin">Data derived from the subscription-based professional view of Human Gene Mutation Database [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.stenson.2020.1197">Stenson et al 2020</a>]</p></div></dd><dt>7. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.1.7"><p class="no_margin"><i>PTCH2</i> pathogenic variants have been reported in individuals with NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.fujii.2013.611">Fujii et al 2013</a>]. This finding has not been confirmed on subsequent studies [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2022.343">Smith & Evans 2022</a>].</p></div></dd><dt>8. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.1.8"><p class="no_margin">Heterozygous germline pathogenic variants in <i>GPR161</i> and <i>ELP1</i> have been reported in individuals with pediatric medulloblastoma. One individual with a <i>GPR161</i> pathogenic variant had minimal features of NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.begemann.2020.43">Begemann et al 2020</a>] (see <a href="#bcns.Differential_Diagnosis">Differential Diagnosis</a>). An additional 27 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of NBCCS (and no <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant identified) were not found to have a pathogenic variant in either <i>GPR161</i> or <i>ELP1</i> [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2023.341">Smith et al 2023</a>].</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="bcns.Clinical_Characteristics"><h2 id="_bcns_Clinical_Characteristics_">Clinical Characteristics</h2><div id="bcns.Clinical_Description"><h3>Clinical Description</h3><p>Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is characterized by macrocephaly, characteristic facial features, congenital rib/vertebral anomalies, ectopic calcification of the falx, basal cell carcinoma, and an increased risk of medulloblastoma and other tumors. To date, more than 500 individuals have been identified with <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS and 176 individuals have been identified with <i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.p_l.2023.5293">Pál et al 2023</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.lee.2024">Lee et al 2024</a>]. The following description of the phenotypic features associated with this condition is based on these reports.</p><div id="bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome: Frequency of Select Features</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Feature</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">% of Persons w/Feature</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Comment</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS</th><th headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Craniofacial features</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Macrocephaly</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">>90%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">>60%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Typically >97th centile by age 10-18 mos</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Characteristic facial features</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">~60%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Less frequent than in <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Frontal bossing, hypertelorism, coarse facial features, & facial milia</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Eye findings</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">>60%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Unknown</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Strabismus, cataract, nystagmus, coloboma</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cleft lip/palate</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Skeletal features</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Congenital rib/vertebral anomalies</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">60%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Less frequent than in <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Bifid ribs, wedge-shaped vertebrae, polydactyly</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ectopic calcification</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">90% by age 30 yrs</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Likely similar to <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Typically of the falx</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Polydactyly</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Unknown</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" rowspan="6" scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Tumors</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Basal cell carcinoma</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">90%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><90%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Typical onset is late teens or early adulthood; onset can be in childhood</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Jaw keratocysts</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">~90%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Medulloblastoma</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><2%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Up to 20%-33%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Meningioma</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><2%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cardiac fibroma</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2%</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ameloblastoma</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Rare</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_2 hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Tumor developing from jaw keratocyst</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Based on <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2017.530">Evans et al [2017]</a></p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">NBCCS = nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome; NR = to date, this feature has not been reported in this group</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="bcns.Craniofacial_Features"><h4>Craniofacial Features</h4><p><b>Macrocephaly.</b> The first feature likely to be observed is macrocephaly. A large proportion of babies with NBCCS require delivery by cesarean section because of large head size; most infants have head circumference >97th centile at birth. After birth, the head growth pattern often resembles that of arrested hydrocephalus, but hydrocephaly requiring treatment is rare. Head circumference increases above the 97th centile until age ten to 18 months and then maintains its centile.</p><p><b>Facies.</b> Approximately 60% of individuals with a <i>PTCH1</i> pathogenic variant have a recognizable appearance. Frontal bossing, hypertelorism, and coarse facial features develop after puberty, and facial milia are present post infancy. Facial features are likely more subtle in individuals with <i>SUFU-</i>related NBCCS.</p><p><b>Eye findings</b> include strabismus (63%), congenital cataract (18%), nystagmus (9%), and colobomas (9%). Orbital cyst, microphthalmia, and pigmentary changes of the retinal epithelium are less common eye findings [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.black.2003.3269">Black et al 2003</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.ragge.2005.988">Ragge et al 2005</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.moramarco.2019.218">Moramarco et al 2019</a>].</p><p><b>Cleft lip/palate</b> is reported in 5% of individuals but is not reported thus far in individuals with <i>SUFU-</i>related NBCCS.</p></div><div id="bcns.Skeletal_Features"><h4>Skeletal Features</h4><p><b>Congenital rib/vertebral anomalies</b> are present at birth but are not clinically apparent in a newborn. The shoulders slope downward. Most individuals have skeletal anomalies identified on radiographs (e.g., bifid ribs, wedge-shaped vertebrae). Severe skeletal defects resulting from multiple rib/vertebral anomalies have been reported but are uncommon, as is open spina bifida.</p><p><b>Ectopic calcification,</b> particularly in the falx, is present in 90% of individuals by age 30 years. Sella calcification, when present, is visible on lateral radiographs of the skull.</p><p><b>Polydactyly</b> (typically postaxial) can occur in individuals with NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.acharya.2013.208">Acharya et al 2013</a>].</p></div><div id="bcns.Tumors"><h4>Tumors</h4><p><b>Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs).</b> Brownish/pink/orange basal cell nevi may occur in early childhood; basal cell nevi may be numerous and may be quiescent without evidence of aggressive behavior. BCCs can occur in early childhood, but in general do not present until the late teens or early adulthood. The histologic appearance is that of a typical BCC, which can be the first identified feature of NBCCS in simplex cases (i.e., affected individuals with no known family history of NBCCS), especially in children. BCCs may grow from existing basal cell nevi or may appear from blemish-free skin. BCCs may also crust, bleed, and ulcerate, or may present as a localized infection.</p><p>BCCs occur more frequently with age, although 10% of individuals with NBCCS never develop a BCC. Individuals with type 1 skin (white skin that burns but never tans) and individuals with excessive ultraviolet light exposure seem especially prone to developing large numbers of BCCs. Some affected individuals appear to be particularly radiosensitive, with new BCCs appearing in the field of radiation following radiotherapy.</p><p><b>Jaw keratocysts (keratocystic odontogenic tumors).</b> Approximately 90% of individuals with <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS develop multiple jaw keratocysts. They can occur as early as age five years, but the peak occurrence is in the teenage years. Jaw keratocysts usually present as painless swellings. Untreated, they can lead to major tooth disruption and fracture of the jaw. Jaw keratocysts rarely occur after age 30 years.</p><p>Jaw keratocysts have not been reported in individuals with <i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2014.4155">Smith et al 2014</a>].</p><p>Ameloblastoma, a rare malignant transformation of a jaw keratocyst, has been reported in individuals with NBCCS at least six times [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.ponti.2012.177">Ponti et al 2012</a>].</p><p><b>Medulloblastoma.</b> Approximately 5% of all individuals with NBCCS develop the childhood brain malignancy medulloblastoma (primitive neuroectodermal tumor) [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.cowan.1997.141">Cowan et al 1997</a>]. Peak incidence of medulloblastoma in individuals with NBCCS is age one to two years, compared to age seven years in those with sporadic medulloblastoma [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.cowan.1997.141">Cowan et al 1997</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.amlashi.2003.618">Amlashi et al 2003</a>]. The tumor tends to be of desmoplastic histology [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.amlashi.2003.618">Amlashi et al 2003</a>] and to have a favorable prognosis.</p><p><i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS is associated with a high risk for medulloblastoma of up to 33% (3/9) and a high meningioma risk post radiation [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2014.4155">Smith et al 2014</a>]. The risk for medulloblastoma in <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS is less than 2% [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2014.4155">Smith et al 2014</a>].</p><p><b>Cardiac tumors.</b> Cardiac fibromas occur in approximately 2% of individuals with NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.1993.460">Evans et al 1993</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.gorlin.2004.530">Gorlin 2004</a>]. Cardiac fibromas are usually present at birth or soon after. They can be asymptomatic or can cause arrhythmia or obstruction of cardiac flow.</p><p><b>Gonadal tumors.</b> Ovarian fibromas occur in approximately 20% of females with NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.1993.460">Evans et al 1993</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.gorlin.2004.530">Gorlin 2004</a>]. They may be more common in individuals with <i>SUFU-</i>related NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2017.530">Evans et al 2017</a>]. They are usually an incidental finding on ultrasound examination or at cesarean section. They may cause torsion of the ovary but are not thought to affect fertility. They can become large and calcified; however, malignant transformation is uncommon. Gonadal teratoma and testicular fibrosarcoma have also been reported in individuals with <i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.guerrinirousseau.2022.1123">Guerrini-Rousseau et al 2022</a>].</p><p><b>Meningioma.</b> Meningiomas occur in around 2% of individuals with <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS and 11%-30% of individuals with <i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2017.530">Evans et al 2017</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.lee.2024">Lee et al 2024</a>].</p><p><b>Other tumors.</b> The risk of other malignant tumors is not clearly increased, although lymphoma has been reported [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.pereira.2011.388">Pereira et al 2011</a>]. Rhabdomyoma of the tongue has also been reported in a fetus with NBCCS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.watson.2004.716">Watson et al 2004</a>].</p></div><div id="bcns.Other_Reported_Features"><h4>Other Reported Features</h4><p><b>Other skin manifestations</b> include meibomian cysts in the eyelids, sebaceous cysts, and dermoid cysts. Skin tags (especially around the neck) often have the histologic appearance of BCCs but do not act aggressively.</p><p><b>Gross motor delay.</b> There is often some delay in motor milestones; most individuals catch up by about age five years. No published psychometric evidence for global delay exists.</p><p><b>Mesenteric and pleural cysts</b> are rarely reported and do not often result in clinical manifestations [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2017.530">Evans et al 2017</a>].</p><p><b>Morbidity/mortality.</b> Life expectancy in NBCCS is not significantly different from average [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.wilding.2012.264">Wilding et al 2012</a>]. The major problem is with the cosmetic effect of treatment of multiple skin tumors and, to a lesser extent, treatment of jaw keratocysts. A poor cosmetic outcome can lead to social difficulties, including difficulty maintaining employment.</p></div></div><div id="bcns.Phenotype_Correlations_by_Gene"><h3>Phenotype Correlations by Gene</h3><div id="bcns.PTCH1"><h4>
|
||
<i>PTCH1</i>
|
||
</h4><p>A review of 182 genotyped individuals with NBCCS found that individuals with <i>PTCH1-</i>related NBCCS were more likely to be diagnosed earlier (P=0.02), have jaw keratocysts (P=0.002), and have bifid ribs (P=0.003) or any skeletal abnormality (P=0.003) than individuals with no identified pathogenic variant [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2017.530">Evans et al 2017</a>].</p><p>Approximately 90% of individuals with <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS develop multiple jaw keratocysts.</p><p>Approximately 60% of individuals with a <i>PTCH1</i> pathogenic variant have a recognizable appearance with frontal bossing, coarse facial features, and facial milia.</p><p>The risk for medulloblastoma in individuals with <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS was less than 2% [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2014.4155">Smith et al 2014</a>].</p></div><div id="bcns.SUFU"><h4>
|
||
<i>SUFU</i>
|
||
</h4><p><i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS is associated with a high risk for medulloblastoma of up to 33% (3/9) and a high meningioma risk following radiation treatment.</p><p>Facial features are likely more subtle in individuals with an <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant.</p><p>Overall, clinical features are milder in individuals with <i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS, with fewer BCCs and no jaw keratocysts reported [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2017.530">Evans et al 2017</a>].</p><p>Individuals with a heterozygous germline <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant have been reported with meningioma or meningioblastoma and minimal or no additional features of NBCCS. Additional cancers reported in individuals with a <i>SUFU</i> heterozygous germline pathogenic variant have included early-onset breast cancer and leiomyosarcoma [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.taylor.2002.306">Taylor et al 2002</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.brugi_res.2010.142">Brugières et al 2010</a>]. Because several clinical features of NBCCS are age dependent, it is not clear if these individuals will develop additional features of NBCCS with time. Affected individuals from one family described with <i>SUFU</i>-related meningioma also developed an ovarian tumor and a basal cell tumor [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.aavikko.2012.520">Aavikko et al 2012</a>].</p></div></div><div id="bcns.GenotypePhenotype_Correlations"><h3>Genotype-Phenotype Correlations</h3><p><b><i>PTCH1.</i></b> Individuals with <i>PTCH1</i> missense pathogenic variants were diagnosed later (P=0.03) and were less likely to develop ten or more BCCs and jaw keratocysts (P=0.03) than those with other <i>PTCH1</i> pathogenic variants.</p></div><div id="bcns.Penetrance"><h3>Penetrance</h3><p>Although NBCCS shows intra- and interfamilial variation in expression, experience clinically and from molecular testing is compatible with complete penetrance for <i>PTCH1</i>-related NBCCS, although with more subtle features in those with missense pathogenic variants [Author, personal observation]. The penetrance of <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variants appears to be reduced.</p></div><div id="bcns.Prevalence"><h3>Prevalence</h3><p>The prevalence of NBCCS is reported to be between 1:18,976 and 1:30,827 [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2010.327">Evans et al 2010</a>]. The true prevalence may be higher, as individuals with milder features may not be recognized.</p></div></div><div id="bcns.Genetically_Related_Allelic_Disorde"><h2 id="_bcns_Genetically_Related_Allelic_Disorde_">Genetically Related (Allelic) Disorders</h2><p>
|
||
<b>
|
||
<i>PTCH1</i>
|
||
</b>
|
||
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A non-recurrent contiguous gene deletion at chromosome 9q22.3 encompassing a 352-kb critical region including <i>PTCH1</i>, <i>FANCC</i>, and adjacent genes is characterized by the clinical findings of NBCCS as well as developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, metopic craniosynostosis, obstructive hydrocephalus, pre- and postnatal macrosomia, seizures, and in increased risk for Wilms tumor. The clinical spectrum of the 9q22.3 deletion is variable, and the clinical findings depend somewhat on the size of the deletion [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.beltrami.2020.e987">Beltrami et al 2020</a>].</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Sporadic tumors.</b> Somatic variants in <i>PTCH1</i> are involved in a range of sporadically occurring tumors including those observed in NBCCS: keratocysts, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), skin trichoepithelioma, medulloblastoma, and ovarian fibroma. In these circumstances predisposition to these tumors is not heritable.</div></li></ul><p>
|
||
<b>
|
||
<i>SUFU</i>
|
||
</b>
|
||
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><i>SUFU</i>-related neurodevelopmental disorder.</b> Heterozygous germline <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variants have been reported in individuals with Joubert syndrome and congenital ocular motor apraxia [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.serpieri.2022.888">Serpieri et al 2022</a>]. To date, features reported in <i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS have not been reported in individuals with <i>SUFU</i>-related neurodevelopmental disorder.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Sporadic tumors</b> (including medulloblastoma and BCC) occurring as single tumors in the absence of any other findings of NBCCS may contain a somatic pathogenic variant in <i>SUFU</i> that is <b>not</b> present in the germline [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.kool.2014.393">Kool et al 2014</a>]. In these circumstances predisposition to these tumors is not heritable.</div></li></ul><p>Note: Pathogenic variants in <i>PTCH1</i> and <i>SUFU</i> have been reported in individuals with nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly (HPE). However, because investigations of several large HPE cohorts have failed to reproduce these findings, more data may be needed to confirm the possible role of these genes in HPE pathogenesis. (See <a href="/books/n/gene/hpe-overview/">Holoprosencephaly Overview</a>.)</p></div><div id="bcns.Differential_Diagnosis"><h2 id="_bcns_Differential_Diagnosis_">Differential Diagnosis</h2><div id="bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Genes of Interest in the Differential Diagnosis of Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gene /<br />Genetic Mechanism</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Disorder</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MOI</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Features of Disorder</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Overlapping w/NBCCS</th><th headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Distinguishing from NBCCS</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<i>CYLD</i>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<a href="/books/n/gene/cyld-cs/">Brooke-Spiegler syndrome</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Milia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>BCC</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trichoepitheliomas & cylindromas</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Absence of macrocephaly & other congenital & skeletal features of NBCCS</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<i>ELP1</i>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>ELP1-</i>related pediatric medulloblastoma <sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Medulloblastoma</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Absence of macrocephaly & other congenital & skeletal features of NBCCS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<i>GPR161</i>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>GPR161-</i>related pediatric medulloblastoma <sup>1, 2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Multiple BCCs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medulloblastoma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meningioma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frontal bossing</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Multinodular thyroid goiter</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>GI polyposis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>GI adenoma</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<i>NSD1</i>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<a href="/books/n/gene/sotos/">Sotos syndrome</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Macrocephaly</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DD</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Broad & prominent forehead, dolichocephaly, sparse frontotemporal hair, downslanting palpebral fissures, long & narrow face</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mild-to-severe ID</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Risk of other types of tumors not reported in NBCCS</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<i>PTEN</i>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<a href="/books/n/gene/phts/"><i>PTEN</i> hamartoma tumor syndrome</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Macrocephaly</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Skin features such as trichilemmoma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lhermitte-Duclos disease</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Xq26 duplication</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/301845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">301845</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">XL</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Multiple BCCs</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_1_4 hd_h_bcns.T.genes_of_interest_in_the_differen_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follicular atrophoderma on the dorsum of hands & feet, ↓ sweating, & hypotrichosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pitting on backs of hands is reminiscent of orange peel & quite unlike palmar & plantar pits of NBCCS.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Absence of macrocephaly & other congenital & skeletal features of NBCCS</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">AD = autosomal dominant; BCC = basal cell carcinoma; DD = developmental delay; GI = gastrointestinal; ID = intellectual disability; MOI = mode of inheritance; NBCCS = nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome; XL = X-linked</p></div></dd><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.3.1"><p class="no_margin">Although increased risk of medulloblastoma is reported in individuals with a germline pathogenic variant in <i>ELP1</i> or <i>GPR161</i>, the overall risks are below 1% [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.smith.2023.341">Smith et al 2023</a>].</p></div></dd><dt>2. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.3.2"><p class="no_margin">One individual with a <i>GPR161</i> pathogenic variant had minimal features of NBCCS; several additional individuals were only reported to have childhood-onset medulloblastoma [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.begemann.2020.43">Begemann et al 2020</a>].</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><p>Rombo syndrome, a dominantly inherited condition similar to Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome, has been reported in a single family (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/180730" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">180730</a>). Skin findings are vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, trichoepitheliomas, basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), and peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis. The skin is normal until later childhood; BCCs develop in adulthood. Sweating is normal.</p><p>Acquired causes of multiple BCCs include arsenic exposure.</p></div><div id="bcns.Management"><h2 id="_bcns_Management_">Management</h2><div id="bcns.Evaluations_Following_Initial_Diagn"><h3>Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis</h3><p>To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), the evaluations summarized in <a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobbcnsTnevoidbasalcellcarcinomasyndr1">Table 4</a> (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended.</p><div id="bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome: Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">System/Concern</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Evaluation</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Comment</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Macrocephaly</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Baseline head circumference, preferably plotted on a chart that accounts for height</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Evidence of rapid increase in centiles should prompt further investigation to exclude hydrocephalus.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Eye manifestations</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ophthalmologic eval for evidence of strabismus, cataract, orbital cyst, microphthalmia, & pigmentary changes of retinal epithelium</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Congenital anomalies (orofacial clefts, rib/vertebral anomalies, polydactyly)</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Physical exam for birth defects of clinical significance (e.g., orofacial clefts, spine abnormalities, polydactyly)</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>BCCs</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Skin exam by dermatologist familiar w/NBCCS</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Jaw keratocysts</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eval by dentist or orthodontist familiar w/NBCCS</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Jaw radiograph (orthopantogram)</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">In persons age ≥8 years to evaluate for jaw keratocysts & other anomalies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Medulloblastoma</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Brain MRI w/contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Cardiac tumors</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Echocardiography to evaluate for cardiac fibromas</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">In 1st yr of life <sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Ovarian fibromas</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ultrasound exam of ovaries to evaluate for ovarian fibromas</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">In women at age 18 yrs <sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Genetic counseling</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">By genetics professionals <sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">To inform affected persons & their families re nature, MOI, & implications of NBCCS to facilitate medical & personal decision making</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">BCC = basal cell carcinoma; MOI = mode of inheritance; NBCCS = nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome</p></div></dd><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.4.1"><p class="no_margin">
|
||
<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.foulkes.2017.e62">Foulkes et al [2017]</a>
|
||
</p></div></dd><dt>2. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.4.2"><p class="no_margin">Medical geneticist, certified genetic counselor, certified advanced genetic nurse</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div id="bcns.Treatment_of_Manifestations"><h3>Treatment of Manifestations</h3><p>Manifestations should be treated by specialists (e.g., ophthalmologist, orthopedist, dermatologist, plastic surgeon, oral surgeon, neurosurgeon, oncologist, gynecologist) experienced with the condition (see <a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobbcnsTnevoidbasalcellcarcinomasyndr2">Table 5</a>).</p><div id="bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome: Treatment of Manifestations</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Manifestation/Concern</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Considerations/Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Macrocephaly</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Rarely, treatment for hydrocephalus is indicated.</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Eye manifestations</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment per ophthalmologist</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Orofacial clefts</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment per craniofacial specialists</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Skeletal anomalies: rib/vertebral anomalies, polydactyly</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment per orthopedist as needed</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>BCCs</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Education re prevention of BCCs:
|
||
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid direct sun exposure.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cover up exposed skin by wearing long sleeves, high collars, & hats.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Complete sunblock should be used.</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment options incl surgical excision, cryotherapy, laser treatment for early lesions, photodynamic therapy, & sonic hedgehog inhibitors (e.g., vismodegib). <sup>1</sup>
|
||
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical treatment using Mohs microsurgery <sup>2</sup> appears particularly effective.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Photodynamic therapy is particularly suitable for thin lesions of <2 mm on ultrasound. <sup>3</sup></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treatment of severe &/or advanced BCCs w/sonic hedgehog inhibitors (e.g., vismodegib) is particularly helpful w/lesions around the eyes, <sup>4</sup> although side effects are common & quite severe. Due to high cost of treatment, NICE in the UK has judged the treatment not cost effective.</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Early treatment is essential to prevent long-term cosmetic problems, particularly on the face. The priorities are to ensure complete eradication of aggressive BCCs, & to preserve normal tissue to prevent disfigurement.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Jaw keratocysts</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Keratocysts usually require surgical excision.</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Medulloblastoma</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment per neurosurgeon/oncologist</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Cardiac tumors</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cardiac fibromas may be asymptomatic & can be monitored by a pediatric cardiologist.</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Ovarian fibromas</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">If ovarian fibromas require surgical treatment, preservation of ovarian tissue is recommended, although it involves a risk of recurrence. <sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">BCC = basal cell carcinoma; NICE = National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; UK = United Kingdom</p></div></dd><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.5.1"><p class="no_margin">Systemic treatment of BCCs with retinoids (e.g., etretinate) is possible but often not well tolerated.</p></div></dd><dt>2. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.5.2"><p class="no_margin">
|
||
<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.mohs.1980.777">Mohs et al [1980]</a>
|
||
</p></div></dd><dt>3. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.5.3"><p class="no_margin">
|
||
<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.bassetseguin.2014.626">Basset-Seguin et al [2014]</a>
|
||
</p></div></dd><dt>4. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.5.4"><p class="no_margin">
|
||
<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.ozgur.2015.220">Ozgur et al [2015]</a>
|
||
</p></div></dd><dt>5. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.5.5"><p class="no_margin">
|
||
<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.seracchioli.2001.1261">Seracchioli et al [2001]</a>
|
||
</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div id="bcns.Surveillance"><h3>Surveillance</h3><p>To monitor existing manifestations, the individual's response to supportive care, and the emergence of new manifestations, the evaluations summarized in <a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobbcnsTnevoidbasalcellcarcinomasyndr3">Table 6</a> are recommended.</p><div id="bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome: Recommended Surveillance</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">System/Concern</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Evaluation</th><th id="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Frequency</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Macrocephaly</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Assess head circumference using gender- & ethnicity-specific growth charts.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid enlargement of head circumference should prompt eval for possible hydrocephalus.</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">At each visit throughout childhood</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Eye manifestations</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ophthalmology eval</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Frequency per ophthalmologist</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Orofacial clefts</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Feeding, hearing, & speech evals in those w/history of clefts</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Frequency per ENT or craniofacial specialist</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Scoliosis</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Clinical exam for scoliosis in those w/vertebral anomalies</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">As needed</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>BCCs</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Skin exam by dermatologist for BCCs</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">At least annually; consider every 3-4 mos</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Jaw keratocysts</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Orthopantogram to identify new jaw keratocysts</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Every 12-18 mos in persons age ≥8 yrs <sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Medulloblastoma</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Consider developmental assessment & physical exam</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Every 6 mos until age 5 yrs</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Brain MRI w/o contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In those w/<b><i>PTCH1-</i>related NBCCS:</b> risk does not warrant screening.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In those w/<b><i>SUFU</i>- related NBCCS:</b> every 3-4 mos until age 3 yrs, every 6 mos until age 5 yrs, then annually until age 8 yrs <sup>1</sup></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In those w/clinical diagnosis of NBCCS & <b>no identified pathogenic variant</b>: risk does not warrant screening.</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Meningioma</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Brain MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">In those w/<b><i>SUFU</i>-related NBCCS &:</b>
|
||
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>No history of medulloblastoma:</b> every 3-5 yrs beginning at age 30 yrs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>History of medulloblastoma:</b> frequency per neurosurgeon/oncologist</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Cardiac tumors</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Follow-up imaging only if recommended by cardiologist</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Ovarian fibromas</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ovarian ultrasound</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">In women at age 18 yrs <sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<b>Other tumors</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No other tumors occur at a frequency that warrants surveillance above that offered to members of the general population.</td><td headers="hd_h_bcns.T.nevoid_basal_cell_carcinoma_syndr_3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">BCC = basal cell carcinoma; ENT = ears, nose, and throat specialist; NBCCS = nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome</p></div></dd><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="bcns.TF.6.1"><p class="no_margin">
|
||
<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.foulkes.2017.e62">Foulkes et al [2017]</a>
|
||
</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div id="bcns.AgentsCircumstances_to_Avoid"><h3>Agents/Circumstances to Avoid</h3><p>Avoid unnecessary radiation exposure from the environment, investigative radiology, or radiotherapy treatment. Use of radiotherapy can lead to the development of thousands of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in the radiation field [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.strong.1977.1861">Strong 1977</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.1991.643">Evans et al 1991</a>] and therefore should be avoided if there are alternative treatments, especially in childhood. If the treating team believes that no other treatment modality is possible, radiotherapy should be used through as few skin ports as possible.</p><p>Diagnostic radiographs should be used sparingly.</p><p>Avoid direct sun exposure as much as possible. Excessive sun exposure increases the likelihood of developing BCCs.</p></div><div id="bcns.Evaluation_of_Relatives_at_Risk"><h3>Evaluation of Relatives at Risk</h3><p>It is appropriate to evaluate apparently asymptomatic older and younger at-risk relatives (including children) of an affected individual in order to identify as early as possible those who would benefit from <a href="#bcns.Surveillance">surveillance</a> for complications of NBCCS (most notably medulloblastoma in children and jaw cysts and BCCs in adults), early treatment, and avoidance of radiographs and sun exposure (see <a href="#bcns.AgentsCircumstances_to_Avoid">Agents/Circumstances to Avoid</a>). Evaluations can include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Molecular genetic testing if the <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant in the family is known;</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical examination and radiographs of the skull for calcification if the pathogenic variant in the family is not known; these may be less likely to clarify the genetic status in a very young child because of the age-related features of NBCCS.</div></li></ul><p>See <a href="#bcns.Evaluation_of_Relatives_at_Risk">Genetic Counseling</a> for issues related to testing of at-risk relatives for genetic counseling purposes.</p></div><div id="bcns.Pregnancy_Management"><h3>Pregnancy Management</h3><p>Since individuals with NBCCS have a large head circumference, a woman who is carrying an affected fetus should be assessed for the need for either early induction of labor or cesarean section delivery due to cephalopelvic disproportion.</p></div><div id="bcns.Therapies_Under_Investigation"><h3>Therapies Under Investigation</h3><p>Aminolevulinic acid has been investigated for treatment of BCCs [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.itkin.2004.1054">Itkin & Gilchrest 2004</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.oseroff.2005.60">Oseroff et al 2005</a>]. It is usually used in conjunction with photodynamic therapy [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.loncaster.2009.502">Loncaster et al 2009</a>]. Topical treatment with 5-fluorouracil (Efudex<sup>®</sup>) or imiquimod (5%) has been investigated [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.kagy.2000.577">Kagy & Amonette 2000</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.marks.2001.807">Marks et al 2001</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.stockfleth.2002.569">Stockfleth et al 2002</a>]. Topical 5-fluorouracil appears effective for superficial multicentric BCCs without follicular involvement but should not be used for deeply invasive BCCs. A review suggested control rates approaching 90% for superficial BCCs and 50% for aggressive or nodular BCCs with imiquimod [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.alessi.2009.961">Alessi et al 2009</a>].</p><p>Search <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> in the US and <a href="https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EU Clinical Trials Register</a> in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions.</p></div></div><div id="bcns.Genetic_Counseling"><h2 id="_bcns_Genetic_Counseling_">Genetic Counseling</h2><p>
|
||
<i>Genetic counseling is the process of providing individuals and families with
|
||
information on the nature, mode(s) of inheritance, and implications of genetic disorders to help them
|
||
make informed medical and personal decisions. The following section deals with genetic
|
||
risk assessment and the use of family history and genetic testing to clarify genetic
|
||
status for family members; it is not meant to address all personal, cultural, or
|
||
ethical issues that may arise or to substitute for consultation with a genetics
|
||
professional</i>. —ED.</p><div id="bcns.Mode_of_Inheritance"><h3>Mode of Inheritance</h3><p>Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.</p></div><div id="bcns.Risk_to_Family_Members"><h3>Risk to Family Members</h3><p>
|
||
<b>Parents of a proband</b>
|
||
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Approximately 70%-80% of individuals diagnosed with NBCCS have an affected parent.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A proband with NBCCS may have the disorder as the result of a <i>de novo PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant. The proportion of individuals with NBCCS with a <i>de novo</i> pathogenic variant is approximately 20%-30%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recommendations for the evaluation of parents of a proband who appears to be the only affected family member (i.e., a simplex case) include a detailed skin examination, anterior to posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of the skull, chest radiograph, and spine radiograph. Molecular genetic testing can be used to clarify the genetic status of a parent if a <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant has been identified in the proband or other affected family member.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the pathogenic variant identified in the proband is not identified in either parent and parental identity testing has confirmed biological maternity and paternity, the following possibilities should be considered:</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">The proband has a <i>de novo</i> pathogenic variant.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">The proband inherited a pathogenic variant from a parent with germline (or somatic and germline) mosaicism.* Note: Testing of parental leukocyte DNA may not detect all instances of somatic mosaicism and will not detect a pathogenic variant that is present in the germ (gonadal) cells only.</div><div class="half_rhythm">* A parent with somatic and germline mosaicism for <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant may be mildly/minimally affected.</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The family history of some individuals diagnosed with NBCCS may appear to be negative as a result of failure to recognize the disorder in a family member, early death of the parent before the onset of symptoms, late onset of the disorder in the affected parent, or reduced penetrance in a parent heterozygous for a <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant. Therefore, an apparently negative family history cannot be confirmed without appropriate clinical evaluation of the parents and/or molecular genetic testing (to establish that neither parent is heterozygous for the pathogenic variant identified in the proband).</div></li></ul><p><b>Sibs of a proband.</b> The risk to the sibs of the proband depends on the clinical/genetic status of the proband's parents:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a parent of the proband is affected and/or is known to have the pathogenic variant identified in the proband, the risk to the sibs is 50%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a molecular diagnosis has been established in the proband and the <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant identified in the proband cannot be detected in the leukocyte DNA of either parent, the recurrence risk to sibs is estimated to be 1% because of the possibility of parental germline mosaicism [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.rahbari.2016.126">Rahbari et al 2016</a>]. Although parental germline mosaicism has not been reported in NBCCS, low risks have been confirmed in the analogous situation in individuals with <a href="/books/n/gene/nf2/">neurofibromatosis type 2</a> [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.evans.2007.424">Evans et al 2007</a>].</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the parents are clinically unaffected but their genetic status is unknown, the risk to the sibs of a proband appears to be low. However, sibs of a proband with clinically unaffected parents are still presumed to be at increased risk for NBCCS because of the possibility of reduced penetrance in a heterozygous parent or parental germline mosaicism.</div></li></ul><p>
|
||
<b>Offspring of a proband</b>
|
||
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Each child of an individual with NBCCS has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The offspring of an individual with mild NBCCS caused by somatic mosaicism may have a less than 50% chance of inheriting the pathogenic variant [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.reinders.2017.249">Reinders et al 2017</a>].</div></li></ul><p><b>Other family members.</b> The risk to other family members depends on the genetic status of the proband's parents: if a parent is affected and/or known to have a <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant, the parent's family members may be at risk.</p></div><div id="bcns.Related_Genetic_Counseling_Issues"><h3>Related Genetic Counseling Issues</h3><p>See Management, <a href="#bcns.Evaluation_of_Relatives_at_Risk">Evaluation of Relatives at Risk</a> for information on evaluating at-risk relatives for the purpose of early diagnosis and treatment.</p><p>
|
||
<b>Predictive testing (i.e., testing of asymptomatic at-risk individuals)</b>
|
||
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Predictive genetic testing for at-risk asymptomatic family members requires prior identification of the <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> pathogenic variant in the family.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Clinical examination and radiographs frequently act as a "genetic test" in an apparently unaffected individual. (Clinical examination and radiographs of the skull for calcification may be less likely to clarify the genetic status in a very young child because of the age-related nature of features in NBCCS.) Individuals need to be aware of the predictive implications of these examinations as well as those of molecular genetic testing of <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU.</i></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Because of the need for surveillance for complications of NBCCS (most notably medulloblastoma) during childhood, clarification of the genetic status of at-risk individuals during childhood is appropriate. Parents often want to know the genetic status of their children prior to initiating screening to avoid unnecessary procedures for a child who has not inherited the pathogenic variant. Special consideration should be given to education of the children and their parents prior to genetic testing. A plan should be established for the manner in which results are to be given to the parents and children.</div><div class="half_rhythm">Potential consequences of such testing (including, but not limited to, socioeconomic changes and the need for long-term follow up and evaluation arrangements for individuals with a positive test result) as well as the capabilities and limitations of predictive testing should be discussed in the context of formal genetic counseling prior to testing.</div></li></ul><p><b>Genetic cancer risk assessment and counseling.</b> For comprehensive descriptions of the medical, psychosocial, and ethical ramifications of identifying at-risk individuals through cancer risk assessment with or without molecular genetic testing, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/risk-assessment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Genetics Risk Assessment and Counseling – for health professionals</a> (part of PDQ<sup>®</sup>, National Cancer Institute).</p><p>
|
||
<b>Family planning</b>
|
||
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The optimal time for determination of genetic risk and discussion of the availability of prenatal/preimplantation genetic testing is before pregnancy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>It is appropriate to offer genetic counseling (including discussion of potential risks to offspring and reproductive options) to young adults who are affected or at risk.</div></li></ul><p><b>DNA banking.</b> Because it is likely that testing methodology and our understanding of genes, pathogenic mechanisms, and diseases will improve in the future, consideration should be given to banking DNA from probands in whom a molecular diagnosis has not been confirmed (i.e., the causative pathogenic mechanism is unknown). For more information, see <a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.huang.2022.389">Huang et al [2022]</a>.</p></div><div id="bcns.Prenatal_Testing_and_Preimplantatio"><h3>Prenatal Testing and Preimplantation Genetic Testing</h3><p>If the NBCCS-related pathogenic variant has been identified in an affected family member, prenatal and preimplantation genetic testing for NBCCS are possible.</p><p>Differences in perspective may exist among medical professionals and within families regarding the use of prenatal testing, particularly if the testing is being considered for the purpose of pregnancy termination rather than early diagnosis. While most centers would consider use of prenatal testing to be a personal decision, discussion of these issues may be helpful.</p></div></div><div id="bcns.Resources"><h2 id="_bcns_Resources_">Resources</h2><p>
|
||
<i>GeneReviews staff has selected the following disease-specific and/or umbrella
|
||
support organizations and/or registries for the benefit of individuals with this disorder
|
||
and their families. GeneReviews is not responsible for the information provided by other
|
||
organizations. For information on selection criteria, click <a href="/books/n/gene/app4/">here</a>.</i></p>
|
||
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<b>Gorlin Syndrome Alliance</b>
|
||
</div><div><b>Phone:</b> 267-689-6443</div><div><b>Email:</b> info@gorlinsyndrome.org</div><div>
|
||
<a href="https://gorlinsyndrome.org" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.gorlinsyndrome.org</a>
|
||
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<b>Gorlin Syndrome Group</b>
|
||
</div><div>
|
||
<a href="http://www.gorlingroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.gorlingroup.org</a>
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</div><div id="bcns.Molecular_Genetics"><h2 id="_bcns_Molecular_Genetics_">Molecular Genetics</h2><p><i>Information in the Molecular Genetics and OMIM tables may differ from that elsewhere in the GeneReview: tables may contain more recent information. —</i>ED.</p><div id="bcns.molgen.TA" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table A.</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome: Genes and Databases</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.molgen.TA/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__bcns.molgen.TA_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Gene</th><th id="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Chromosome Locus</th><th id="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Protein</th><th id="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Locus-Specific Databases</th><th id="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">HGMD</th><th id="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">ClinVar</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="/gene/5727" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=gene">
|
||
<i>PTCH1</i>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/?context=gene&acc=5727" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">9q22<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.32</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q13635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Protein patched homolog 1</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="http://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes/PTCH1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PTCH1 database</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/gene.php?gene=PTCH1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PTCH1</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=PTCH1[gene]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PTCH1</a>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="/gene/51684" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=gene">
|
||
<i>SUFU</i>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/?context=gene&acc=51684" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">10q24<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.32</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UMX1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Suppressor of fused homolog</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="http://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes/SUFU" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">SUFU database</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/gene.php?gene=SUFU" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">SUFU</a>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_bcns.molgen.TA_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=SUFU[gene]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">SUFU</a>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div id="bcns.TFA.1"><p class="no_margin">Data are compiled from the following standard references: gene from
|
||
<a href="http://www.genenames.org/index.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">HGNC</a>;
|
||
chromosome locus from
|
||
<a href="http://www.omim.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">OMIM</a>;
|
||
protein from <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">UniProt</a>.
|
||
For a description of databases (Locus Specific, HGMD, ClinVar) to which links are provided, click
|
||
<a href="/books/n/gene/app1/">here</a>.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="bcns.molgen.TB" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table B.</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>OMIM Entries for Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (<a href="/omim/109400,601309,607035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=omim">View All in OMIM</a>) </p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK1151/table/bcns.molgen.TB/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__bcns.molgen.TB_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="/omim/109400" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=omim">109400</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME 1; BCNS1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="/omim/601309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=omim">601309</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PATCHED 1; PTCH1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="/omim/607035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=omim">607035</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SUFU NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING; SUFU</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="bcns.Molecular_Pathogenesis"><h3>Molecular Pathogenesis</h3><p><i>PTCH1</i> encodes protein patched homolog 1 (PTC1), an integral membrane protein with 12 transmembrane regions, two extracellular loops, and a putative sterol-sensing domain. PTC1 binds the secreted factor sonic hedgehog (SHH) and functions as the SHH receptor. PTC1 represses the signaling activity of the coreceptor smoothened (SMO). When in complex with SHH, PTC1 is not a repressor, and signaling ensues. At least three forms of the PTC1 are present in human cells [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.hahn.1996.841">Hahn et al 1996</a>]. The suppression of the SHH signaling pathway through SMO has been the target of inhibitor drug therapies that partly mimic the loss of PTC1 function [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.skoda.2018.8">Skoda et al 2018</a>].</p><p><i>PTCH1</i> functions as a tumor suppressor in medulloblastoma as well as in basal cell carcinoma. Inactivation of the normal allele also appears to be the mechanism responsible for jaw keratocysts, whereas the congenital malformations are likely to result from alterations in the concentration of PTC1 in the extremely dosage-sensitive hedgehog signaling pathway [<a class="bk_pop" href="#bcns.REF.villavicencio.2000.1047">Villavicencio et al 2000</a>].</p><p><i>SUFU</i> encodes suppressor of fused homolog (SUFUH), which is a negative regulator in the hedgehog signaling pathway. Similarly to PTC1<i>,</i> loss of SUFUH function leads to upregulation of the pathway and increased risk of medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma.</p><p><b>Mechanism of disease causation.</b> Loss of function</p></div></div><div id="bcns.Chapter_Notes"><h2 id="_bcns_Chapter_Notes_">Chapter Notes</h2><div id="bcns.Author_Notes"><h3>Author Notes</h3><p>Dr Miriam Smith (<a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ku.ca.retsehcnam@htims.mairim" class="oemail">ku.ca.retsehcnam@htims.mairim</a>) is actively involved in clinical research regarding individuals with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). Dr Smith would be happy to communicate with persons who have any questions regarding diagnosis of NBCCS or other considerations.</p><p>Dr Smith is also interested in hearing from clinicians treating families affected by NBCCS in whom no causative variant has been identified through molecular genetic testing of the genes known to be involved in this group of disorders.</p><p>Contact Dr Miriam Smith to inquire about review of <i>PTCH1</i> or <i>SUFU</i> variants of uncertain significance.</p></div><div id="bcns.Acknowledgments"><h3>Acknowledgments</h3><p>The author acknowledges research support from the UK Gorlin Group.</p></div><div id="bcns.Author_History"><h3>Author History</h3><p>D Gareth Evans, MD, FRCP (2002-2024)<br />Peter A Farndon, MD, FRCP; University of Birmingham (2002-2024)</p></div><div id="bcns.Revision_History"><h3>Revision History</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>22 February 2024 (sw) Comprehensive update posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>29 March 2018 (sw) Comprehensive update posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>1 October 2015 (me) Comprehensive update posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>7 March 2013 (me) Comprehensive update posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>22 July 2010 (me) Comprehensive update posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>25 January 2008 (me) Comprehensive update posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>6 October 2004 (me) Comprehensive update posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>20 June 2002 (me) Review posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>21 November 2001 (pf) Original submission</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="bcns.References"><h2 id="_bcns_References_">References</h2><div id="bcns.Published_Guidelines__Consensus_Sta"><h3>Published Guidelines / Consensus Statements</h3><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>American Society of Clinical Oncology. Policy statement update: genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. Available <a href="https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2009.27.0660" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">online</a>. 2010. Accessed 2-12-24.</div></li></ul></div><div id="bcns.Literature_Cited"><h3>Literature Cited</h3><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.aavikko.2012.520">Aavikko
|
||
M, Li
|
||
SP, Saarinen
|
||
S, Alhopuro
|
||
P, Kaasinen
|
||
E, Morgunova
|
||
E, Li
|
||
Y, Vesanen
|
||
K, Smith
|
||
MJ, Evans
|
||
DG, Pöyhönen
|
||
M, Kiuru
|
||
A, Auvinen
|
||
A, Aaltonen
|
||
LA, Taipale
|
||
J, Vahteristo
|
||
P. Loss of SUFU function in familial multiple meningioma.
|
||
Am J Hum Genet.
|
||
2012;91:520-6.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3511996/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3511996</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22958902" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22958902</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.acharya.2013.208">Acharya
|
||
S, Panda
|
||
S, Singh Dhull
|
||
K, Sahoo
|
||
SR, Ray
|
||
P. Gorlin syndrome with bilateral polydactyly: a rare case report.
|
||
Int J Clin Pediatr Dent.
|
||
2013;6:208-12.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4086603/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4086603</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25206225" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25206225</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.alessi.2009.961">Alessi
|
||
SS, Sanches
|
||
JA, Oliveira
|
||
WR, Messina
|
||
MC, Pimentel
|
||
ER, Festa Neto
|
||
C. Treatment of cutaneous tumors with topical 5% imiquimod cream.
|
||
Clinics (Sao Paulo).2009;64:961-6.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2763070/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2763070</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19841702" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19841702</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.amlashi.2003.618">Amlashi
|
||
SF, Riffaud
|
||
L, Brassier
|
||
G, Morandi
|
||
X. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: relation with desmoplastic medulloblastoma in infancy. A population-based study and review of the literature.
|
||
Cancer.
|
||
2003;98:618-24
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12879481" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12879481</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.bassetseguin.2014.626">Basset-Seguin
|
||
N, Bissonnette
|
||
R, Girard
|
||
C, Haedersdal
|
||
M, Lear
|
||
JT, Paul
|
||
C, Piaserico
|
||
S. Consensus recommendations for the treatment of basal cell carcinomas in Gorlin syndrome with topical methylaminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy.
|
||
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
|
||
2014;28:626-32
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23581795" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23581795</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.begemann.2020.43">Begemann
|
||
M, Waszak
|
||
SM, Robinson
|
||
GW, Jäger
|
||
N, Sharma
|
||
T, Knopp
|
||
C, Kraft
|
||
F, Moser
|
||
O, Mynarek
|
||
M, Guerrini-Rousseau
|
||
L, Brugieres
|
||
L, Varlet
|
||
P, Pietsch
|
||
T, Bowers
|
||
DC, Chintagumpala
|
||
M, Sahm
|
||
F, Korbel
|
||
JO, Rutkowski
|
||
S, Eggermann
|
||
T, Gajjar
|
||
A, Northcott
|
||
P, Elbracht
|
||
M, Pfister
|
||
SM, Kontny
|
||
U, Kurth
|
||
I. Germline GPR161 mutations predispose to pediatric medulloblastoma.
|
||
J Clin Oncol.
|
||
2020;38:43-50.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6943973/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6943973</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31609649" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31609649</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.beltrami.2020.e987">Beltrami
|
||
B, Prada
|
||
E, Tolva
|
||
G, Scuvera
|
||
G, Silipigni
|
||
R, Graziani
|
||
D, Bulfamante
|
||
G, Gervasini
|
||
C, Marchisio
|
||
P, Milani
|
||
D.
|
||
Unexpected phenotype in a frameshift mutation of PTCH1.
|
||
Mol Genet Genomic Med.
|
||
2020;8:e987.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6978275/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6978275</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31578813" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31578813</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.bholah.2014.477">Bholah
|
||
Z, Smith
|
||
MJ, Byers
|
||
HJ, Miles
|
||
EK, Evans
|
||
DG, Newman
|
||
WG. Intronic splicing mutations in PTCH1 cause Gorlin syndrome.
|
||
Fam Cancer.
|
||
2014;13:477-80.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24659465" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24659465</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.black.2003.3269">Black
|
||
GC, Mazerolle
|
||
CJ, Wang
|
||
Y, Campsall
|
||
KD, Petrin
|
||
D, Leonard
|
||
BC, Damji
|
||
KF, Evans
|
||
DG, McLeod
|
||
D, Wallace
|
||
VA. Abnormalities of the vitreoretinal interface caused by dysregulated Hedgehog signaling during retinal development.
|
||
Hum Mol Genet.
|
||
2003;12:3269-76.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14570707" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14570707</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.bree.2011.2091">Bree
|
||
AF, Shah
|
||
MR; BCNS Colloquium Group. Consensus statement from the first international colloquium on basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS).
|
||
Am J Med Genet A.
|
||
2011;155A:2091-7.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21834049" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21834049</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.brugi_res.2010.142">Brugières
|
||
L, Pierron
|
||
G, Chompret
|
||
A, Paillerets
|
||
BB, Di Rocco
|
||
F, Varlet
|
||
P, Pierre-Kahn
|
||
A, Caron
|
||
O, Grill
|
||
J, Delattre
|
||
O. Incomplete penetrance of the predisposition to medulloblastoma associated with germ-line SUFU mutations.
|
||
J Med Genet.
|
||
2010;47:142-4.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19833601</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.cowan.1997.141">Cowan
|
||
R, Hoban
|
||
P, Kelsey
|
||
A, Birch
|
||
JM, Gattamaneni
|
||
R, Evans
|
||
DG. The gene for the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome acts as a tumour-suppressor gene in medulloblastoma.
|
||
Br J Cancer.
|
||
1997;76:141-5.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2223943/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2223943</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9231911" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9231911</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.evans.1991.643">Evans
|
||
DG, Birch
|
||
JM, Orton
|
||
CI. Brain tumours and the occurrence of severe invasive basal cell carcinoma in first degree relatives with Gorlin syndrome.
|
||
Br J Neurosurg.
|
||
1991;5:643-6.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1772613" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1772613</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.evans.2010.327">Evans
|
||
DG, Howard
|
||
E, Giblin
|
||
C, Clancy
|
||
T, Spencer
|
||
H, Huson
|
||
SM, Lalloo
|
||
F. Birth incidence and prevalence of tumor-prone syndromes: estimates from a UK family genetic register service.
|
||
Am J Med Genet A.
|
||
2010;152A:327-32.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20082463" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20082463</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.evans.1993.460">Evans
|
||
DG, Ladusans
|
||
EJ, Rimmer
|
||
S, Burnell
|
||
LD, Thakker
|
||
N, Farndon
|
||
PA. Complications of the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: results of a population based study.
|
||
J Med Genet.
|
||
1993;30:460-4.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1016416/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1016416</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8326488" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8326488</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.evans.2017.530">Evans
|
||
DG, Oudit
|
||
D, Smith
|
||
MJ, Rutkowski
|
||
D, Allan
|
||
E, Newman
|
||
WG, Lear
|
||
JT. First evidence of genotype-phenotype correlations in Gorlin syndrome.
|
||
J Med Genet.
|
||
2017;54:530-6.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28596197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28596197</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.evans.2007.424">Evans
|
||
DG, Ramsden
|
||
RT, Shenton
|
||
A, Gokhale
|
||
C, Bowers
|
||
NL, Huson
|
||
SM, Wallace
|
||
A. Mosaicism in NF2 an update of risk based on uni/bilaterality of vestibular schwannoma at presentation and sensitive mutation analysis including MLPA.
|
||
J Med Genet.
|
||
2007;44:424-8.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2598002/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2598002</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17307835" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17307835</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.foulkes.2017.e62">Foulkes
|
||
WD, Kamihara
|
||
J, Evans
|
||
DGR, Brugières
|
||
L, Bourdeaut
|
||
F, Molenaar
|
||
JJ, Walsh
|
||
MF, Brodeur
|
||
GM, Diller
|
||
L. Cancer surveillance in Gorlin syndrome and rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome.
|
||
Clin Cancer Res.
|
||
2017;23:e62-e67.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7309678/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7309678</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28620006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28620006</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.fujii.2013.611">Fujii
|
||
K, Ohashi
|
||
H, Suzuki
|
||
M, Hatsuse
|
||
H, Shiohama
|
||
T, Uchikawa
|
||
H, Miyashita
|
||
T. Frameshift mutation in the PTCH2 gene can cause nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
|
||
Fam Cancer.
|
||
2013;12:611-4.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23479190" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23479190</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.gorlin.2004.530">Gorlin
|
||
RJ. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome.
|
||
Genet Med.
|
||
2004;6:530-9.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15545751" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15545751</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.guerrinirousseau.2018.1122">Guerrini-Rousseau
|
||
L, Dufour
|
||
C, Varlet
|
||
P, Masliah-Planchon
|
||
J, Bourdeaut
|
||
F, Guillaud-Bataille
|
||
M, Abbas
|
||
R, Bertozzi
|
||
AI, Fouyssac
|
||
F, Huybrechts
|
||
S, Puget
|
||
S, Bressac-De Paillerets
|
||
B, Caron
|
||
O, Sevenet
|
||
N, Dimaria
|
||
M, Villebasse
|
||
S, Delattre
|
||
O, Valteau-Couanet
|
||
D, Grill
|
||
J, Brugières
|
||
L. Germline SUFU mutation carriers and medulloblastoma: clinical characteristics, cancer risk and prognosis.
|
||
Neuro Oncol.
|
||
2018;20:1122-32.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6280147/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6280147</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29186568" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29186568</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.guerrinirousseau.2022.1123">Guerrini-Rousseau
|
||
L, Masliah-Planchon
|
||
J, Waszak
|
||
SM, Alhopuro
|
||
P, Benusiglio
|
||
PR, Bourdeaut
|
||
F, Brecht
|
||
IB, Del Baldo
|
||
G, Dhanda
|
||
SK, Garrè
|
||
ML, Gidding
|
||
CEM, Hirsch
|
||
S, Hoarau
|
||
P, Jorgensen
|
||
M, Kratz
|
||
C, Lafay-Cousin
|
||
L, Mastronuzzi
|
||
A, Pastorino
|
||
L, Pfister
|
||
SM, Schroeder
|
||
C, Smith
|
||
MJ, Vahteristo
|
||
P, Vibert
|
||
R, Vilain
|
||
C, Waespe
|
||
N, Winship
|
||
IM, Evans
|
||
DG, Brugieres
|
||
L. Cancer risk and tumour spectrum in 172 patients with a germline SUFU pathogenic variation: a collaborative study of the SIOPE Host Genome Working Group.
|
||
J Med Genet.
|
||
2022;59:1123–32.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9613872/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9613872</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35768194" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35768194</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.hahn.1996.841">Hahn
|
||
H, Wicking
|
||
C, Zaphiropoulous
|
||
PG, Gailani
|
||
MR, Shanley
|
||
S, Chidambaram
|
||
A, Vorechovsky
|
||
I, Holmberg
|
||
E, Unden
|
||
AB, Gillies
|
||
S, Negus
|
||
K, Smyth
|
||
I, Pressman
|
||
C, Leffell
|
||
DJ, Gerrard
|
||
B, Goldstein
|
||
AM, Dean
|
||
M, Toftgard
|
||
R, Chenevix-Trench
|
||
G, Wainwright
|
||
B, Bale
|
||
AE. Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
|
||
Cell.
|
||
1996;85:841-51.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8681379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8681379</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.huang.2022.389">Huang
|
||
SJ, Amendola
|
||
LM, Sternen
|
||
DL. Variation among DNA banking consent forms: points for clinicians to bank on.
|
||
J Community Genet.
|
||
2022;13:389-97.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9314484/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9314484</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35834113" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35834113</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.itkin.2004.1054">Itkin
|
||
A, Gilchrest
|
||
BA. Delta-Aminolevulinic acid and blue light photodynamic therapy for treatment of multiple basal cell carcinomas in two patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
|
||
Dermatol Surg.
|
||
2004;30:1054-61.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15209801" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15209801</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.kagy.2000.577">Kagy
|
||
MK, Amonette
|
||
R. The use of imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinomas in a basal cell nevus syndrome patient.
|
||
Dermatol Surg.
|
||
2000;26:577-8.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10848940" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10848940</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.kimonis.1997.299">Kimonis
|
||
VE, Goldstein
|
||
AM, Pastakia
|
||
B, Yang
|
||
ML, Kase
|
||
R, DiGiovanna
|
||
JJ, Bale
|
||
AE, Bale
|
||
SJ
|
||
Clinical manifestations in 105 persons with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
|
||
Am J Med Genet.
|
||
1997;69:299-308.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9096761" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9096761</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.kool.2014.393">Kool
|
||
M, Jones
|
||
DT, Jäger
|
||
N, Northcott
|
||
PA, Pugh
|
||
TJ, Hovestadt
|
||
V, Piro
|
||
RM, Esparza
|
||
LA, Markant
|
||
SL, Remke
|
||
M, Milde
|
||
T, Bourdeaut
|
||
F, Ryzhova
|
||
M, Sturm
|
||
D, Pfaff
|
||
E, Stark
|
||
S, Hutter
|
||
S, Seker-Cin
|
||
H, Johann
|
||
P, Bender
|
||
S, Schmidt
|
||
C, Rausch
|
||
T, Shih
|
||
D, Reimand
|
||
J, Sieber
|
||
L, Wittmann
|
||
A, Linke
|
||
L, Witt
|
||
H, Weber
|
||
UD, Zapatka
|
||
M, König
|
||
R, Beroukhim
|
||
R, Bergthold
|
||
G, van Sluis
|
||
P, Volckmann
|
||
R, Koster
|
||
J, Versteeg
|
||
R, Schmidt
|
||
S, Wolf
|
||
S, Lawerenz
|
||
C, Bartholomae
|
||
CC, von Kalle
|
||
C, Unterberg
|
||
A, Herold-Mende
|
||
C, Hofer
|
||
S, Kulozik
|
||
AE, von Deimling
|
||
A, Scheurlen
|
||
W, Felsberg
|
||
J, Reifenberger
|
||
G, Hasselblatt
|
||
M, Crawford
|
||
JR, Grant
|
||
GA, Jabado
|
||
N, Perry
|
||
A, Cowdrey
|
||
C, Croul
|
||
S, Zadeh
|
||
G, Korbel
|
||
JO, Doz
|
||
F, Delattre
|
||
O, Bader
|
||
GD, McCabe
|
||
MG, Collins
|
||
VP, Kieran
|
||
MW, Cho
|
||
YJ, Pomeroy
|
||
SL, Witt
|
||
O, Brors
|
||
B, Taylor
|
||
MD, Schüller
|
||
U, Korshunov
|
||
A, Eils
|
||
R, Wechsler-Reya
|
||
RJ, Lichter
|
||
P, Pfister
|
||
SM, et al.
|
||
Genome sequencing of SHH medulloblastoma predicts genotype-related response to smoothened inhibition.
|
||
Cancer Cell.
|
||
2014;25:393-405.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4493053/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4493053</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24651015" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24651015</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.lee.2024">Lee
|
||
SG, Evans
|
||
G, Stephen
|
||
M, Goren
|
||
R, Bondy
|
||
M, Goodman
|
||
S. Medulloblastoma and other neoplasms in patients with heterozygous germline SUFU variants: a scoping review.
|
||
Am J Med Genet A.
|
||
2024. Epub ahead of print.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38282294" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 38282294</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.loncaster.2009.502">Loncaster
|
||
J, Swindell
|
||
R, Slevin
|
||
F, Sheridan
|
||
L, Allan
|
||
D, Allan
|
||
E. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as a treatment for Gorlin syndrome-related basal cell carcinomas.
|
||
Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2009;21:502-8.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19398312" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19398312</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.marks.2001.807">Marks
|
||
R, Gebauer
|
||
K, Shumack
|
||
S, Amies
|
||
M, Bryden
|
||
J, Fox
|
||
TL, Owens
|
||
ML. Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results of a multicenter 6-week dose-response trial.
|
||
J Am Acad Dermatol.
|
||
2001;44:807-13.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11312429" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11312429</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.mohs.1980.777">Mohs
|
||
FE, Jones
|
||
DL, Koranda
|
||
FC. Microscopically controlled surgery for carcinomas in patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
|
||
Arch Dermatol.
|
||
1980;116:777-9.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7396540" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7396540</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.moramarco.2019.218">Moramarco
|
||
A, Himmelblau
|
||
E, Miraglia
|
||
E, Mallone
|
||
F, Roberti
|
||
V, Franzone
|
||
F, Iacovino
|
||
C, Giustini
|
||
S, Lambiase
|
||
A.
|
||
Ocular manifestations in Gorlin-Goltz syndrome.
|
||
Orphanet J Rare Dis.
|
||
2019;14:218.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6749644/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6749644</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31533758" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31533758</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.oseroff.2005.60">Oseroff
|
||
AR, Shieh
|
||
S, Frawley
|
||
NP, Cheney
|
||
R, Blumenson
|
||
LE, Pivnick
|
||
EK, Bellnier
|
||
DA. Treatment of diffuse basal cell carcinomas and basaloid follicular hamartomas in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome by wide-area 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy.
|
||
Arch Dermatol.
|
||
2005;141:60-7.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15655143" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15655143</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.ozgur.2015.220">Ozgur
|
||
OK, Yin
|
||
V, Chou
|
||
E, Ball
|
||
S, Kies
|
||
M, William
|
||
WN, Migden
|
||
M, Thuro
|
||
BA, Esmaeli
|
||
B. Hedgehog pathway inhibition for locally advanced periocular basal cell carcinoma and basal cell nevus syndrome.
|
||
Am J Ophthalmol.
|
||
2015;160:220-7.e2.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25935097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25935097</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.p_l.2023.5293">Pál
|
||
M, Vetró
|
||
É, Nagy
|
||
N, Nagy
|
||
D, Horváth
|
||
E, Bokor
|
||
BA, Varga
|
||
A, Seres
|
||
L, Oláh
|
||
J, Piffkó
|
||
J, Széll
|
||
M. Whole-exome sequencing identified two novel pathogenic mutations in the PTCH1 gene in BCNS.
|
||
Curr Issues Mol Biol.
|
||
2023;45:5293-304.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10378406/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10378406</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37504252" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 37504252</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.pereira.2011.388">Pereira
|
||
CM, Lopes
|
||
AP, Meneghini
|
||
AJ, Silva
|
||
AF, Botelho Tde
|
||
L. Oral diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated to Gorlin-Goltz syndrome: a case report with one year follow-up.
|
||
Indian J Pathol Microbiol.
|
||
2011;54:388-90.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21623100" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21623100</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.ponti.2012.177">Ponti
|
||
G, Pollio
|
||
A, Mignogna
|
||
MD, Pellacani
|
||
G, Pastorino
|
||
L, Bianchi-Scarrà
|
||
G, Di Gregorio
|
||
C, Magnoni
|
||
C, Azzoni
|
||
P, Greco
|
||
M, Seidenari
|
||
S. Unicysticameloblastoma associated with the novel K729M PTCH1 mutation in a patient with nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome.
|
||
Cancer Genet.
|
||
2012;205:177-81.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22559979" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22559979</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.ragge.2005.988">Ragge
|
||
NK, Salt
|
||
A, Collin
|
||
JR, Michalski
|
||
A, Farndon
|
||
PA. Gorlin syndrome: the PTCH gene links ocular developmental defects and tumour formation.
|
||
Br J Ophthalmol.
|
||
2005;89:988-91.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1772759/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1772759</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16024850" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16024850</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.rahbari.2016.126">Rahbari
|
||
R, Wuster
|
||
A, Lindsay
|
||
SJ, Hardwick
|
||
RJ, Alexandrov
|
||
LB, Turki
|
||
SA, Dominiczak
|
||
A, Morris
|
||
A, Porteous
|
||
D, Smith
|
||
B, Stratton
|
||
MR, Hurles
|
||
ME, et al.
|
||
Timing, rates and spectra of human germline mutation.
|
||
Nat Genet.
|
||
2016;48:126-33.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4731925/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4731925</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26656846" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26656846</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.reinders.2017.249">Reinders
|
||
MGHC, Boersma
|
||
HJ, Leter
|
||
EM, Vreeburg
|
||
M, Paulussen
|
||
ADC, Arits
|
||
AHMM, Roemen
|
||
GMJM, Speel
|
||
EJM, Steijlen
|
||
PM, van Geel
|
||
M, Mosterd
|
||
K. Postzygotic mosaicism in basal cell naevus syndrome.
|
||
Br J Dermatol.
|
||
2017;177:249-52.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27658957" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27658957</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.richards.2015.405">Richards
|
||
S, Aziz
|
||
N, Bale
|
||
S, Bick
|
||
D, Das
|
||
S, Gastier-Foster
|
||
J, Grody
|
||
WW, Hegde
|
||
M, Lyon
|
||
E, Spector
|
||
E, Voelkerding
|
||
K, Rehm
|
||
HL; ACMG Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology.
|
||
Genet Med.
|
||
2015;17:405-24.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4544753/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4544753</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25741868" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25741868</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.seracchioli.2001.1261">Seracchioli
|
||
R, Bagnoli
|
||
A, Colombo
|
||
FM, Missiroli
|
||
S, Venturoli
|
||
S. Conservative treatment of recurrent ovarian fibromas in a young patient affected by Gorlin syndrome.
|
||
Hum Reprod
|
||
2001;16:1261-3.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11387302" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11387302</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.serpieri.2022.888">Serpieri
|
||
V, D'Abrusco
|
||
F, Dempsey
|
||
JC, Cheng
|
||
YH, Arrigoni
|
||
F, Baker
|
||
J, Battini
|
||
R, Bertini
|
||
ES, Borgatti
|
||
R, Christman
|
||
AK, Curry
|
||
C, D'Arrigo
|
||
S, Fluss
|
||
J, Freilinger
|
||
M, Gana
|
||
S, Ishak
|
||
GE, Leuzzi
|
||
V, Loucks
|
||
H, Manti
|
||
F, Mendelsohn
|
||
N, Merlini
|
||
L, Miller
|
||
CV, Muhammad
|
||
A, Nuovo
|
||
S, Romaniello
|
||
R, Schmidt
|
||
W, Signorini
|
||
S, Siliquini
|
||
S, Szczałuba
|
||
K, Vasco
|
||
G, Wilson
|
||
M, Zanni
|
||
G, Boltshauser
|
||
E, Doherty
|
||
D, Valente
|
||
EM; University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics (UW-CMG) group. SUFU haploinsufficiency causes a recognisable neurodevelopmental phenotype at the mild end of the Joubert syndrome spectrum.
|
||
J Med Genet.
|
||
2022;59:888-94.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9411896/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9411896</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34675124" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34675124</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.skoda.2018.8">Skoda
|
||
AM, Simovic
|
||
D, Karin
|
||
V, Kardum
|
||
V, Vranic
|
||
S, Serman
|
||
L
|
||
The role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in cancer: a comprehensive review.
|
||
Bosn J Basic Med Sci.
|
||
2018;18:8-20.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5826678/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5826678</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29274272" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29274272</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.smith.2014.4155">Smith
|
||
MJ, Beetz
|
||
C, Williams
|
||
SG, Bhaskar
|
||
SS, O'Sullivan
|
||
J, Anderson
|
||
B, Daly
|
||
SB, Urquhart
|
||
JE, Bholah
|
||
Z, Oudit
|
||
D, Cheesman
|
||
E, Kelsey
|
||
A, McCabe
|
||
MG, Newman
|
||
WG, Evans
|
||
DG. Germline mutations in SUFU cause Gorlin syndrome-associated childhood medulloblastoma and redefine the risk associated with PTCH1 mutations.
|
||
J Clin Oncol.
|
||
2014;32:4155-61.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25403219" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25403219</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.smith.2022.343">Smith
|
||
MJ, Evans
|
||
DG. PTCH2 is not a strong candidate gene for gorlin syndrome predisposition.
|
||
Fam Cancer.
|
||
2022;21:343-6.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9203365/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9203365</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170463" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34170463</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.smith.2016.250">Smith
|
||
MJ, Urquhart
|
||
JE, Harkness
|
||
EF, Miles
|
||
EK, Bowers
|
||
NL, Byers
|
||
HJ, Bulman
|
||
M, Gokhale
|
||
C, Wallace
|
||
AJ, Newman
|
||
WG, Evans
|
||
DG. The contribution of whole gene deletions and large rearrangements to the mutation spectrum in inherited tumor predisposing syndromes.
|
||
Hum Mutat.
|
||
2016;37:250-6.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26615784" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26615784</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.smith.2023.341">Smith
|
||
MJ, Woodward
|
||
ER, Evans
|
||
DG. Perspectives on the implications of carrying putative pathogenic variants in the medulloblastoma predisposition genes ELP1 and GPR161.
|
||
Fam Cancer.
|
||
2023;22:341-4.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10276115/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10276115</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36961676" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36961676</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.stenson.2020.1197">Stenson
|
||
PD, Mort
|
||
M, Ball
|
||
EV, Chapman
|
||
M, Evans
|
||
K, Azevedo
|
||
L, Hayden
|
||
M, Heywood
|
||
S, Millar
|
||
DS, Phillips
|
||
AD, Cooper
|
||
DN. The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD®): optimizing its use in a clinical diagnostic or research setting.
|
||
Hum Genet.
|
||
2020;139:1197-207.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7497289/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7497289</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32596782" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32596782</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.stockfleth.2002.569">Stockfleth
|
||
E, Ulrich
|
||
C, Hauschild
|
||
A, Lischner
|
||
S, Meyer
|
||
T, Christophers
|
||
E. Successful treatment of basal cell carcinomas in a nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome with topical 5% imiquimod.
|
||
Eur J Dermatol.
|
||
2002;12:569-72.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12459530" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12459530</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.strong.1977.1861">Strong
|
||
LC. Genetic and environmental interactions.
|
||
Cancer.
|
||
1977;40:1861-6.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/332332" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 332332</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.taylor.2002.306">Taylor
|
||
MD, Liu
|
||
L, Raffel
|
||
C, Hui
|
||
CC, Mainprize
|
||
TG, Zhang
|
||
X, Agatep
|
||
R, Chiappa
|
||
S, Gao
|
||
L, Lowrance
|
||
A, Hao
|
||
A, Goldstein
|
||
AM, Stavrou
|
||
T, Scherer
|
||
SW, Dura
|
||
WT, Wainwright
|
||
B, Squire
|
||
JA, Rutka
|
||
JT, Hogg
|
||
D. Mutations in SUFU predispose to medulloblastoma.
|
||
Nat Genet.
|
||
2002;31:306-10.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12068298" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12068298</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.villavicencio.2000.1047">Villavicencio
|
||
EH, Walterhouse
|
||
DO, Iannaccone
|
||
PM. The sonic hedgehog-patched-gli pathway in human development and disease.
|
||
Am J Hum Genet.
|
||
2000;67:1047-54.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1288546/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1288546</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11001584" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11001584</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.watson.2004.716">Watson
|
||
J, Depasquale
|
||
K, Ghaderi
|
||
M, Zwillenberg
|
||
S. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and fetal rhabdomyoma: a case study.
|
||
Ear Nose Throat J.
|
||
2004;83:716-8.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15586876" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15586876</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.wilding.2012.264">Wilding
|
||
A, Ingham
|
||
SL, Lalloo
|
||
F, Clancy
|
||
T, Huson
|
||
SM, Moran
|
||
A, Evans
|
||
DG. Life expectancy in hereditary cancer predisposing diseases: an observational study.
|
||
J Med Genet.
|
||
2012;49:264-9.
|
||
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22362873" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22362873</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="bcns.REF.yasar.2015.708">Yasar
|
||
B, Byers
|
||
HJ, Smith
|
||
MJ, Lear
|
||
J, Oudit
|
||
D, Bholah
|
||
Z, Roberts
|
||
SA, Newman
|
||
WG, Evans
|
||
DG. Common variants modify the age of onset for basal cell carcinomas in Gorlin syndrome.
|
||
Eur J Hum Genet.
|
||
2015;23:708-10.
|
||
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4402640/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4402640</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25159867" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25159867</span></a>]</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 1993-2025, University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is
|
||
a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights
|
||
reserved.<p class="small">GeneReviews® chapters are owned by the University of Washington. Permission is
|
||
hereby granted to reproduce, distribute, and translate copies of content materials for
|
||
noncommercial research purposes only, provided that (i) credit for source (<a href="http://www.genereviews.org/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.genereviews.org/</a>) and copyright (© 1993-2025 University of
|
||
Washington) are included with each copy; (ii) a link to the original material is provided
|
||
whenever the material is published elsewhere on the Web; and (iii) reproducers,
|
||
distributors, and/or translators comply with the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/gene/GRcopyright_permiss/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">GeneReviews® Copyright Notice and Usage
|
||
Disclaimer</a>. No further modifications are allowed. For clarity, excerpts
|
||
of GeneReviews chapters for use in lab reports and clinic notes are a permitted
|
||
use.</p><p class="small">For more information, see the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/gene/GRcopyright_permiss/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">GeneReviews® Copyright Notice and Usage
|
||
Disclaimer</a>.</p><p class="small">For questions regarding permissions or whether a specified use is allowed,
|
||
contact: <a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ude.wu@tssamda" class="oemail">ude.wu@tssamda</a>.</p></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK1151</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301330" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20301330</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/gene/">GeneReviews by Title</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/gene/ncl/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/gene/nbs/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="bottom">
|
||
|
||
<div id="NCBIFooter_dynamic">
|
||
<!--<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="breadcrumbs"/>
|
||
<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="helpdesk"/>-->
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.page-->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.wrap-->
|
||
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- /.grid -->
|
||
|
||
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- BESelector tab -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK1151&ncbi_domain=gene&ncbi_report=printable&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK1151/?report=printable&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
|
||
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal106 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
||
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
||
</html> |