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</div><div><span>CSF analysis</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">CSF analysis</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a group of laboratory tests that measure chemicals in the cerebrospinal fluid. CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. The tests may look for proteins, sugar (glucose), and other substances.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>How the Test is Performed</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>A sample of CSF is needed. A <a test="test" href="./003428.htm">lumbar puncture</a>, also called a spinal tap, is the most common way to collect this sample. Less common ways to take a fluid sample include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003428.htm">Cisternal puncture</a></li><li>Removal of CSF from a tube that is already in the CSF, such as a shunt, ventricular drain, or pain pump</li><li><a test="test" href="./003428.htm">Ventricular puncture</a></li></ul><p>After the sample is taken, it is sent to the laboratory for evaluation.</p><p>Your health care provider will ask you to lie flat for at least one hour after the lumbar puncture. You may develop a headache after the lumbar puncture. If it happens, fluids and drinking caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea or soda may help.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>How to Prepare for the Test</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Your provider will tell you how to prepare for <a test="test" href="./003428.htm">lumbar puncture</a>. Make sure to let them know all of the medicines you are taking in case any adjustment is needed.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Why the Test is Performed</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Analysis of CSF can help detect certain conditions and diseases. All of the following can be, but are not always, measured in a sample of CSF:</p><ul><li>Antibodies and DNA of common viruses</li><li>Bacteria (including that which causes syphilis, using a <a test="test" href="./003623.htm">VDRL test</a>)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003625.htm">Cell count</a></li><li>Chloride</li><li><a test="test" href="./000642.htm">Cryptococcal</a> antigen</li><li><a test="test" href="./003633.htm">Glucose</a></li><li>Glutamine</li><li><a test="test" href="./003471.htm">Lactate dehydrogenase</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003631.htm">Oligoclonal banding</a> to look for specific proteins</li><li>Myelin basic protein</li><li><a test="test" href="./003628.htm">Total protein</a></li><li>Whether there are cancerous cells present (CSF cytology)</li><li>Opening pressure</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Normal Results</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Normal results include:</p><ul><li>Antibodies and DNA of common viruses: None</li><li>Bacteria: No bacteria grows in a lab culture</li><li>Cancerous cells: No cancerous cells present</li><li>Cell count: 0 to 5 white blood cells (all mononuclear) and 0 red blood cells</li><li>Chloride: 110 to 125 mEq/L (110 to 125 mmol/L)</li><li>Fungus: None</li><li>Gamma globulin: 3% to 12% of the total protein</li><li>Glucose: 50 to 80 mg/dL or 2.77 to 4.44 mmol/L (or greater than two-thirds of blood sugar level)</li><li>Glutamine: 6 to 15 mg/dL (410.5 to 1,026 micromol/L)</li><li>Lactate dehydrogenase: less than 40 U/L</li><li>Oligoclonal bands: 0 or 1 bands that are not present in a matched serum sample</li><li><a test="test" href="./002467.htm">Protein</a>: 15 to 60 mg/dL (0.15 to 0.6 g/L)</li><li>Opening pressure: 70 to 180 mm of water</li><li>Myelin basic protein: Less than 4ng/mL</li></ul><p>Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.</p><p>The examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>What Abnormal Results Mean</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>An abnormal CSF analysis result may be due to many different causes, including:</p><ul><li>
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Cancer</li><li><a test="test" href="./001415.htm">Encephalitis</a> (such as Herpes simplex, West Nile, and Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000302.htm">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li><li>High blood sugar (hyperglycemia)</li><li>Infection</li><li>Inflammation</li><li><a test="test" href="./001565.htm">Reye syndrome</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000680.htm">Meningitis</a> due to bacteria, fungus, tuberculosis, or a virus</li><li>Multiple sclerosis (MS)</li><li>Alzheimer disease</li><li>Pseudotumor cerebrii</li><li>Normal pressure hydrocephalus</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Cerebrospinal fluid analysis</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/19078t.jpg" alt="Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)" title="Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/19078.htm">Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/9239t.jpg" alt="CSF chemistry" title="CSF chemistry" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/9239.htm">CSF chemistry</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Euerle BD. Spinal puncture and cerebrospinal fluid examination. In: Roberts JR, Custalow CB, Thomsen TW, eds. <em>Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care</em>. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 60.</p><p>Rosenberg GA. Brain edema and disorders of cerebrospinal fluid circulation. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. <em>Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022: chap 88.</p><p>Schnapp BH, Jewell C. Central nervous system infections. In: Walls RM, ed. <em>Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice</em>. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 95.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 4/29/2023</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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