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</div><div><span>Typhus</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Typhus</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Typhus is a bacterial disease spread by lice or fleas.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Typhus is caused by two types of bacteria: <em>Rickettsia typhi</em> or <em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em>.</p><p><em>Rickettsia typhi</em> causes endemic or murine typhus.</p><ul><li>Endemic typhus is uncommon in the United States. It is usually seen in areas where hygiene is poor, and the temperature is cold. Endemic typhus is sometimes called "jail fever." The bacteria that cause this type of typhus is usually spread from rats to fleas to humans.</li><li>Murine typhus occurs in the southern United States, including California and Texas. It is often seen during the summer and fall. It is rarely deadly. You are more likely to get this type of typhus if you are around rat feces or fleas, and other animals such as cats, possums, raccoons, and skunks. </li></ul><p><em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em> causes epidemic typhus. It is spread by lice.</p><p>Brill-Zinsser disease is a mild form of epidemic typhus. It occurs when the bacteria become active again in a person who was previously infected. It is more common in older adults.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms of murine or endemic typhus may include:</p><ul><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Backache</li><li>Dull red rash that begins on the middle of the body and spreads</li><li>Fever, can be extremely high, 105°F to 106°F (40.6°C to 41.1°C) and can last up to 2 weeks</li><li>Hacking, dry cough</li><li>Headache</li><li>Joint and muscle pain</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li></ul><p>Symptoms of epidemic typhus may include:</p><ul><li>High fever, chills</li><li>Confusion, decreased alertness, <a test="test" href="./000740.htm">delirium</a></li><li>Cough</li><li>Severe muscle and joint pain</li><li>Lights that appear very bright; light may hurt the eyes</li><li>Low blood pressure</li><li>Rash that begins on the chest and spreads to the rest of the body (except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet)</li><li>Severe headache</li></ul><p>The early rash is a light rose color and fades when you press on it. Later, the rash becomes dull and red and does not fade. People with severe typhus may also develop small areas of bleeding into the skin.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Diagnosis is often based on a physical examination and detailed information about the symptoms. You may be asked if you recall being bitten by fleas. If the health care provider suspects typhus, you will be started on medicines right away. Blood tests will be ordered to confirm the diagnosis.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment includes the following antibiotics:</p><ul><li>Doxycycline</li><li>Tetracycline</li><li>Chloramphenicol (less common) </li></ul><p>Tetracycline taken by mouth can permanently stain teeth that are still forming. Tetracycline is usually not prescribed for:</p><ul><li>Children until after all of their permanent teeth have grown</li><li>Pregnant women</li></ul><p>People with epidemic typhus may need oxygen and <a test="test" href="./002383.htm">intravenous</a> (IV) fluids.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>People with epidemic typhus who receive treatment quickly should completely recover. Without treatment, death can occur, with those over age 60 having the highest risk of death.</p><p>Only a small number of untreated people with murine typhus may die. Prompt antibiotic treatment will cure nearly all people with murine typhus.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Typhus may cause these complications: </p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000501.htm">Renal insufficiency</a> (kidneys cannot function normally)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000145.htm">Pneumonia</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./002311.htm">Central nervous system</a> damage </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if you develop symptoms of typhus. This serious disorder can require emergency care.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Avoid being in areas where you might encounter rat fleas or <a test="test" href="./000838.htm">lice</a>. Good sanitation and public health measures reduce the rat population.</p><p>Measures to get rid of lice when an infection has been found include:</p><ul><li><div>Bathing</div></li><li><div>Boiling clothes or avoiding infested clothing for at least 5 days (lice will die without feeding on blood)</div></li><li><div>Using insecticides (10% DDT, 1% malathion, or 1% permethrin)</div></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Murine typhus; Epidemic typhus; Endemic typhus; Brill-Zinsser disease; Jail fever</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2609t.jpg" alt="Body louse, female and larvae" title="Body louse, female and larvae" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2609.htm">Body louse, female and larvae</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1239t.jpg" alt="Flea" title="Flea" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1239.htm">Flea</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Blanton LS, Dumler JS, Walker DH. <em>Rickettsia typhi</em> (murine typhus). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 190.</p><p>Blanton LS, Walker DH. <em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em> (epidemic or louse-borne typhus). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 189.</p><p>Fournier PE, Raoult D. Rickettsial infections. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 311.</p></div></div></section>
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