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</div><div><span>Malignant hyperthermia</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Malignant hyperthermia</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a disease that causes a fast rise in body temperature and severe muscle contractions when someone receives <a test="test" href="./007410.htm">general anesthesia</a> with one or more of the following drugs: halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane or succinylcholine. MH is a genetic disorder passed down through families.</p><p>Hyperthermia means high body temperature. Malignant hyperthermia is not the same as hyperthermia from other medical emergencies such as <a test="test" href="./000056.htm">heat stroke</a> or infection.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>MH is inherited. Only one parent has to carry the gene for the disease for a child to inherit the condition.</p><p>It may occur with some other inherited muscle diseases, such as multiminicore myopathy and central core disease.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms of MH include:</p><ul><li>Bleeding</li><li>Dark brown urine (due to a muscle protein called myoglobin in the urine)</li><li>Muscle ache without an obvious cause, such as exercise or injury</li><li><a test="test" href="./003193.htm">Muscle rigidity</a> and stiffness</li><li>Rise in body temperature to 105°F (40.6°C) or higher </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>MH is often discovered after a person is given anesthesia during surgery.</p><p>There may be a family history of MH or unexplained death during anesthesia.</p><p>The person may have a fast and often <a test="test" href="./001101.htm">irregular heart rate</a>.</p><p>Tests for MH may include:</p><ul><li>Blood clotting studies (<a test="test" href="./003652.htm">PT, or prothrombin time</a>; <a test="test" href="./003652.htm">PTT, or partial thromboplastin time</a>)</li><li>Blood chemistry panel, including CK (creatinine kinase, which is higher in the blood when muscle is destroyed during a bout of the illness)</li><li>Genetic testing to look for defects in the genes that are linked with the disease</li><li><a test="test" href="./003924.htm">Muscle biopsy</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003664.htm">Urine myoglobin</a> (testing for muscle protein in the urine) </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>During an episode of MH, a medicine called dantrolene is often given. Wrapping the person in a cooling blanket can help reduce fever and the risk for serious complications. </p><p>To preserve kidney function during an episode, the person may receive fluids through a vein. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Support Groups</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>These resources can provide more information about MH:</p><ul><li>Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States -- <a class="extln" target="_blank" href="https://www.mhaus.org">www.mhaus.org</a></li><li>National Organization for Rare Disorders -- <a class="extln" target="_blank" href="https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/malignant-hyperthermia">rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/malignant-hyperthermia</a></li><li>US National Library of Medicine - MedlinePlus website -- <a class="extln" target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/malignant-hyperthermia/">medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/malignant-hyperthermia/</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Repeated or untreated episodes can cause kidney failure. Untreated episodes can be fatal.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>These serious complications can occur:</p><ul><li>Amputation</li><li>Breakdown of muscle tissue </li><li>Swelling of the hands and feet and problems with blood flow and nerve function (<a test="test" href="./001224.htm">compartment syndrome</a>)</li><li>Death</li><li>Abnormal blood clotting and bleeding </li><li>Heart rhythm problems</li><li>Kidney failure</li><li>Buildup of acid in the body fluids (<a test="test" href="./000335.htm">metabolic acidosis</a>)</li><li>Fluid buildup in the lungs</li><li>Weak or deformed muscles (myopathy or <a test="test" href="./001190.htm">muscular dystrophy</a>)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>If you need surgery, tell both your surgeon and anesthesiologist before surgery if:</p><ul><li>You know that you or a member of your family has had problems with general anesthesia</li><li>You know you have a family history of MH</li></ul><p>Using certain medicines can prevent the complications of MH during surgery.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-9" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-9"><p>Tell your health care provider before having surgery with general anesthesia, if you or anyone in your family has MH. </p><p>Avoid stimulant drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine (speed), and ecstasy. These drugs may cause problems similar to MH in people who are prone to this condition.</p><p>Genetic counseling is recommended for anyone with a family history of myopathy, muscular dystrophy, or MH.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Hyperthermia - malignant; Hyperpyrexia - malignant; MH</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology. Malignant hyperthermia crisis preparedness and treatment: position statement. 10. <a href="https://issuu.com/aanapublishing/docs/11_-_malignant_hyperthermia_crisis_preparedness_an" target="_blank">issuu.com/aanapublishing/docs/11_-_malignant_hyperthermia_crisis_preparedness_an</a>. Updated April 2018. Accessed July 16, 2023.</p><p>Yepuri N, Pruekprasert N, Cooney RN. Surgical complications. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. <em>Sabiston Textbook of Surgery</em>. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 12.</p><p>Zhou J, Nozari A, Bateman B, Allen PD, Pessah IN. Neuromuscular disorders including malignant hyperthermia and other genetic disorders. In: Gropper MA, ed. <em>Miller's Anesthesia</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 35.</p></div></div></section>
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