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</div><div><span>Colitis</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Colitis</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Colitis is swelling (inflammation) of the large intestine (colon).</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Most of the time, the cause of colitis is not known.</p><p>Causes of colitis include:</p><ul><li>Infections caused by a virus or a parasite</li><li><a test="test" href="./001652.htm">Food poisoning</a> due to bacteria</li><li><a test="test" href="./000249.htm">Crohn disease</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000250.htm">Ulcerative colitis</a></li><li>Lack of blood flow to the colon (ischemic colitis)</li><li>Past radiation to the colon (radiation colitis and strictures)</li><li><a test="test" href="./001148.htm">Necrotizing enterocolitis</a> in newborns</li><li><a test="test" href="./000259.htm">Pseudomembranous colitis</a> caused by <em>Clostridium difficile</em> infection (now called <em>Clostridiodes difficile</em>)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms can include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003120.htm">Abdominal pain</a> and <a test="test" href="./003123.htm">bloating</a> that may be constant or come and go</li><li><a test="test" href="./003130.htm">Bloody stools</a> </li><li>Constant urge to have a bowel movement (tenesmus)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000982.htm">Dehydration</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003126.htm">Diarrhea</a></li><li>Fever </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>The health care provider will perform a physical exam. You will also be asked questions about your symptoms, such as: </p><ul><li>How long have you had the symptoms?</li><li>How severe is your pain?</li><li>How often do you have pain and how long does it last?</li><li>How often do you have diarrhea?</li><li>Have you traveled recently?</li><li>Have you taken antibiotics recently? </li></ul><p>Your provider may recommend a flexible <a test="test" href="./003885.htm">sigmoidoscopy</a> or <a test="test" href="./003886.htm">colonoscopy</a>. During this test, a flexible tube is inserted through your rectum to examine your colon. You may have biopsies taken during this exam. Biopsies may show changes related to inflammation. This can help determine the cause of colitis.</p><p>Other studies that can identify colitis include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003789.htm">CT scan of the abdomen</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003796.htm">MRI of the abdomen</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003817.htm">Barium enema</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003758.htm">Stool culture</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003756.htm">Stool examination for ova and parasites</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Your treatment will depend on the cause of the disease. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>The outlook depends on the cause of the problem.</p><ul><li>Crohn disease is a chronic condition which has no cure but can be controlled. Biologic agents are very effective in controlling symptoms of Crohn colitis.</li><li>Ulcerative colitis can usually be controlled with medicines. If not controlled, it can be cured by surgically removing the colon.</li><li>Viral, bacterial, and parasitic colitis can be cured with appropriate medicines.</li><li>Pseudomembranous colitis can usually be cured with appropriate antibiotics.</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications may include:</p><ul><li>Bleeding with bowel movements</li><li><div>Perforation of the colon</div></li><li><a test="test" href="./000248.htm">Toxic megacolon</a></li><li>Sore (ulceration)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if you have symptoms such as:</p><ul><li><div>Abdominal pain that does not get better</div></li><li><div>Blood in the stool or stools that look black</div></li><li><div>Diarrhea or vomiting that does not go away</div></li><li><div>Swollen abdomen</div></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/19308t.jpg" alt="Ulcerative colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/19308.htm">Ulcerative colitis</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/19220t.jpg" alt="Large intestine (colon)" title="Large intestine (colon)" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/19220.htm">Large intestine (colon)</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1158t.jpg" alt="Crohn disease - X-ray" title="Crohn disease - X-ray" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1158.htm">Crohn disease - X-ray</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/19219t.jpg" alt="Inflammatory bowel disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/19219.htm">Inflammatory bowel disease</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/8834t.jpg" alt="Large intestine" title="Large intestine" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/8834.htm">Large intestine</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Ananthakrishnan AN, Regueiro MD. Management of inflammatory bowel diseases. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. <em>Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. </em>11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 116.</p><p>Lichtenstein GR. Inflammatory bowel disease. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 127.</p><p>Pardi DS, Cotter TG. Other diseases of the colon. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. <em>Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 128.</p></div></div></section>
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