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</div><div><span>Failure to thrive</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Failure to thrive</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Failure to thrive refers to children whose current weight or rate of weight gain is much lower than that of other children of similar age and sex.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Failure to thrive may be caused by medical problems or factors in the child's environment, such as abuse or neglect.</p><p>There are many medical causes of failure to thrive. These include:</p><ul><li>Problems with genes, such as <a test="test" href="./000997.htm">Down syndrome</a></li><li>Organ problems</li><li>Hormone problems</li><li>Damage to the brain or central nervous system, which may cause feeding difficulties in an infant</li><li>Heart or lung problems, which can affect how nutrients move through the body</li><li><a test="test" href="./000560.htm">Anemia</a> or other blood disorders</li><li>Gastrointestinal problems that make it hard to absorb nutrients or cause a lack of digestive enzymes</li><li>Long-term (chronic) infections</li><li><a test="test" href="./002257.htm">Metabolism</a> problems</li><li>Problems during pregnancy or low birth weight </li></ul><p>Factors in the child's environment include:</p><ul><li>Loss of emotional bond between parent and child</li><li>Poverty</li><li>Problems with child-caregiver relationship</li><li>Parents do not understand the appropriate diet needs for their child</li><li>Exposure to infections, parasites, or toxins</li><li>Poor eating habits, such as eating in front of the television and not having formal meal times </li></ul><p>Many times, the cause cannot be determined.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Children who fail to thrive do not <a test="test" href="./002456.htm">grow and develop normally</a> as compared to children of the same age. They seem to be much smaller or shorter. Teenagers may not have the usual changes that occur at puberty.</p><p>Symptoms of failure to thrive include:</p><ul><li>Height, weight, and <a test="test" href="./002379.htm">head circumference</a> do not match standard growth charts</li><li>Weight is lower than third percentile of standard growth charts or 20% below the ideal weight for their height</li><li>Growth may have slowed or stopped </li></ul><p>The following may be delayed or slow to develop in children who fail to thrive:</p><ul><li>Physical skills, such as rolling over, sitting, standing and walking</li><li>Mental and social skills</li><li>Secondary sexual characteristics (delayed in adolescents) </li></ul><p>Babies who fail to gain weight or develop often lack interest in feeding or have a problem receiving the proper amount of nutrition. This is called poor feeding.</p><p>Other symptoms that may be seen in a child that fails to thrive include:</p><ul><li>Constipation</li><li>Excessive crying</li><li>Excessive sleepiness (lethargy)</li><li>Irritability </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and check the child's height, weight, and body shape. Parents will be asked about the child's medical and family history.</p><p>A special test called the Denver Developmental Screening Test may be used to show any delays in development. A growth chart outlining all types of growth since birth is created.</p><p>The following tests may be done:</p><ul><li><div><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC)</div></li><li><a test="test" href="./002350.htm">Electrolyte balance</a></li><li>Genetic testing</li><li><a test="test" href="./003639.htm">Hemoglobin electrophoresis</a> to check for conditions such as sickle cell disease</li><li><a test="test" href="./003445.htm">Hormone tests</a>, including thyroid function tests</li><li>X-rays to determine bone age</li><li><a test="test" href="./003579.htm">Urinalysis</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment depends on the cause of the delayed growth and development. Delayed growth due to nutritional problems can be helped by showing the parents how to provide a well-balanced diet.</p><p>Do not give your child dietary supplements such as Boost or Ensure without talking to your provider first.</p><p>Other treatment depends on how severe the condition is. The following may be recommended:</p><ul><li>Increase the number of calories and amount of fluid the infant receives</li><li>Correct any vitamin or mineral deficiencies</li><li>Identify and treat any other medical conditions </li></ul><p>The child may need to stay in the hospital for a little while.</p><p>Treatment may also involve improving the family relationships and living conditions.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Normal growth and development may be affected if a child fails to thrive for a long time.</p><p>Normal growth and development may continue if the child has failed to thrive for a short time, and the cause is determined and treated.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Permanent mental, emotional, or physical delays can occur.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider for an appointment if your child does not seem to be developing normally.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Regular checkups can help detect failure to thrive in children.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Growth failure; FTT; Feeding disorder; Poor feeding</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Patient Instructions</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-carepnt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div name="Patient Instructions" class="section-body" id="section-carepnt"><ul class="side-nav"><li><a href="../patientinstructions/000164.htm">Enteral nutrition - child - managing problems</a></li>
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<li><a href="../patientinstructions/000165.htm">Gastrostomy feeding tube - bolus</a></li>
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<li><a href="../patientinstructions/000181.htm">Jejunostomy feeding tube </a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM, Schuh AM. Failure to thrive. In: Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM, Schuh AM, eds. <em>Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 21.</p><p>Srinath A, Rudolph JA. Nutrition and gastroenterology. In: Zitelli BJ, McIntire SC, Nowalk AJ, Garrison J, eds. <em>Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 11.</p></div></div></section>
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