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</div><div><span>Hookworm infection</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Hookworm infection</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Hookworm infection is caused by roundworms. The disease affects the small intestine and lungs.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>The infection is caused by infestation with any of the following roundworms:</p><ul><li><em>Necator americanus</em></li><li><em>Ancylostoma duodenale</em></li><li><em>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</em></li><li><em>Ancylostoma braziliense</em></li></ul><p>The first two roundworms affect humans only. The last two types also occur in animals.</p><p>Hookworm disease is common in the moist tropics and subtropics. In developing nations, the disease leads to the death of many children by weakening their immune system and increasing their risk for infections that their bodies would normally fight off.</p><p>There is very little risk of getting the disease in the United States because of advances in sanitation and waste control. The important factor in getting the disease is walking barefoot on ground where there are feces of people who are infected with hookworm.</p><p>The larvae (immature form of the worm) enter the skin. The larvae move to the lungs via the bloodstream and enter the airways. The worms are about one-half inch (1 centimeter) long.</p><p>After traveling up the windpipe, the larvae are swallowed. After the larvae are swallowed, they infect the small intestine. They develop into adult worms and live there for 1 or more years. The worms attach to the intestinal wall and suck blood, which can result in iron deficiency anemia and protein loss. Adult worms and larvae are released in the feces.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms may include:</p><ul><li>Abdominal discomfort</li><li>Cough</li><li>Diarrhea</li><li><a test="test" href="./003088.htm">Fatigue</a></li><li>Fever</li><li>Gas</li><li>Itchy rash</li><li><a test="test" href="./003121.htm">Loss of appetite</a></li><li>Nausea, vomiting</li><li><a test="test" href="./003244.htm">Pale skin</a></li></ul><p>Most people have no symptoms once the worms enter the intestines.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Tests that can help diagnose the infection include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC) with <a test="test" href="./003657.htm">differential</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003756.htm">Stool ova and parasites exam</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>The goals of treatment are to:</p><ul><li>Cure the infection</li><li>Treat complications of anemia</li><li>Improve nutrition</li></ul><p>Parasite-killing drugs such as albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate are often prescribed.</p><p>Symptoms and complications of anemia are treated, if needed. Your health care provider will likely recommend increasing the amount of <a test="test" href="./002467.htm">protein in your diet</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>You will have a complete recovery if you get treated before serious complications develop. Treatment gets rid of the infection.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Health problems that may result from hookworm infection include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000584.htm">Iron deficiency anemia</a>, caused by loss of blood</li><li>Nutritional deficiencies</li><li>Severe protein loss with fluid buildup in the abdomen (<a test="test" href="./000286.htm">ascites</a>)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider for an appointment if symptoms of hookworm infection develop.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Handwashing and wearing shoes will reduce the likelihood of infection.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Hookworm disease; Ground itch; Ancylostoma duodenale infection; Necator americanus infection; Parasitic infection - hookworm</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1001t.jpg" alt="Hookworm - mouth of the organism" title="Hookworm - mouth of the organism" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1001.htm">Hookworm - mouth of the organism</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1002t.jpg" alt="Hookworm - close-up of the organism" title="Hookworm - close-up of the organism" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1002.htm">Hookworm - close-up of the organism</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1003t.jpg" alt="Hookworm - Ancylostoma caninum" title="Hookworm - Ancylostoma caninum" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1003.htm">Hookworm - Ancylostoma caninum</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2621t.jpg" alt="Hookworm egg" title="Hookworm egg" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2621.htm">Hookworm egg</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2622t.jpg" alt="Hookworm rhabditiform larva" title="Hookworm rhabditiform larva" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2622.htm">Hookworm rhabditiform larva</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/8710t.jpg" alt="Digestive system organs" title="Digestive system organs" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/8710.htm">Digestive system organs</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Diemert DJ. Nematode infections. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 327.</p><p>Hotez PJ. Hookworms (<em>Necator americanus</em> and <em>Ancylostoma</em> spp.). In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 318.</p></div></div></section>
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