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</div><div><span>Polycystic kidney disease</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Polycystic kidney disease</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a kidney disorder passed down through families. In this disease, many cysts form in the kidneys, causing them to become enlarged.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>PKD is passed down through families (inherited). The two inherited forms of PKD are <a test="test" href="./002049.htm">autosomal dominant</a> and <a test="test" href="./002052.htm">autosomal recessive</a>.</p><p>People with PKD have many clusters of cysts in the kidneys. What exactly triggers the cysts to form is unknown. </p><p>PKD is associated with the following conditions:</p><ul><li>Aortic aneurysms</li><li>Brain <a test="test" href="./001122.htm">aneurysms</a></li><li>Cysts in the liver, pancreas, and <a test="test" href="./002334.htm">testes</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000257.htm">Diverticula</a> of the colon</li></ul><p>As many as half of people with PKD have cysts in the liver.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms of PKD may include any of the following:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003120.htm">Abdominal pain</a> or tenderness</li><li><a test="test" href="./003138.htm">Blood in the urine</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003141.htm">Excessive urination at night</a> (nocturia)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003113.htm">Flank pain</a> on one or both sides</li><li><a test="test" href="./003208.htm">Drowsiness</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003261.htm">Joint pain</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003247.htm">Nail abnormalities</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>An examination may show:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003120.htm">Abdominal tenderness</a> over the liver</li><li>Enlarged kidneys</li><li><a test="test" href="./003275.htm">Enlarged liver</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003266.htm">Heart murmurs</a> or other signs of <a test="test" href="./000179.htm">aortic insufficiency</a> or mitral insufficiency</li><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Growths in the abdomen</li></ul><p>Tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003799.htm">Cerebral angiography</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC) to check for anemia</li><li>Liver tests (blood)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003579.htm">Urinalysis</a></li></ul><p>People with a personal or family history of PKD who have headaches should be tested to determine if cerebral aneurysms are the cause.</p><p>PKD and <a test="test" href="./003240.htm">cysts</a> on the liver or other organs may be found using the following tests:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003789.htm">Abdominal CT scan</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003796.htm">Abdominal MRI</a> scan</li><li><a test="test" href="./003777.htm">Abdominal ultrasound</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003782.htm">Intravenous pyelogram</a> (IVP)</li></ul><p>If several members of your family have PKD, genetic tests can be done to determine whether you carry the PKD gene.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>The goal of treatment is to control symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include:</p><ul><li>Blood pressure medicines</li><li>Diuretics (water pills)</li><li>Low-salt diet</li></ul><p>Any urinary tract infection should be treated quickly with antibiotics.</p><p>Cysts that are painful, infected, bleeding, or causing a blockage may need to be drained. There are usually too many cysts to make it practical to remove each cyst.</p><p>Surgery to remove one or both kidneys may be needed. Treatments for <a test="test" href="./000500.htm">end-stage kidney disease</a> may include <a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000707.htm">dialysis</a> or a <a test="test" href="./003005.htm">kidney transplant</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Support Groups</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>More information and support for people with polycystic kidney disease and their families can be found at a <a test="test" href="./002172.htm">kidney disease support group</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>The disease gets worse slowly. Eventually, it may lead to end-stage <a test="test" href="./000501.htm">kidney failure</a>. It is also associated with <a test="test" href="./000205.htm">liver disease</a>, including infection of liver cysts.</p><p>Treatment may relieve symptoms for many years.</p><p>People with PKD who don't have other diseases may be good candidates for a kidney transplant.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Health problems that may result from PKD include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000560.htm">Anemia</a></li><li>Bleeding or rupture of cysts</li><li>Long-term (chronic) kidney disease</li><li>End-stage kidney disease</li><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Infection of liver cysts</li><li><a test="test" href="./000458.htm">Kidney stones</a></li><li>Liver failure (mild to severe)</li><li>Repeated <a test="test" href="./000521.htm">urinary tract infections</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Contact your health care provider if:</p><ul><li>You have symptoms of PKD</li><li>You have a family history of PKD or related disorders and you are planning to have children (you may want to have genetic counseling)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-9" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-9"><p>Currently, no treatment can prevent the cysts from forming or enlarging.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Cysts - kidneys; Kidney - polycystic; Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; ADPKD </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1181t.jpg" alt="Liver and spleen cysts - CT scan" title="Liver and spleen cysts - CT scan" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1181.htm">Liver and spleen cysts - CT scan</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Arnaout MA. Cystic kidney diseases. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 112.</p><p>Torres VE, Harris PC. Cystic diseases of the kidney. In: Yu ASL, Chertow GM, Luyckx VA, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Taal MW, eds. <em>Brenner and Rector's The Kidney</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 45.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 8/28/2023</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Walead Latif, MD, Nephrologist and Clinical Associate Professor, Rutgers Medical School, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. </p>
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