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</div><div><span>Septic arthritis</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Septic arthritis</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Septic arthritis is <a test="test" href="./003262.htm">inflammation of a joint</a> due to a bacterial or fungal infection. Septic arthritis that is due to the bacteria that cause <a test="test" href="./007267.htm">gonorrhea</a>, has different symptoms and is called <a test="test" href="./000453.htm">gonococcal arthritis</a>.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Septic arthritis develops when bacteria or other tiny disease-causing organisms (microorganisms) spread through the blood to a joint. It may also occur when the joint is directly infected with a microorganism from an injury or during surgery. Joints that are commonly affected are the knee and hip.</p><p>Most cases of <a test="test" href="./002215.htm">acute</a> septic arthritis are caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria.</p><p>Chronic septic arthritis (which is less common) is caused by organisms including <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> and <em>Candida albicans</em>.</p><p>The following conditions increase your risk for septic arthritis:</p><ul><li>Artificial joint implants</li><li>Bacterial infection somewhere else in your body</li><li>Presence of bacteria in your blood</li><li><a test="test" href="./002312.htm">Chronic</a> illness or disease (such as diabetes, <a test="test" href="./000431.htm">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and <a test="test" href="./000527.htm">sickle cell disease</a>)</li><li>Intravenous (IV) or injection drug use</li><li>Medicines that suppress your immune system</li><li>Recent joint injury</li><li>Recent joint arthroscopy or other joint surgery </li></ul><p>Septic arthritis may be seen at any age. In children, it occurs most often in those younger than 3 years. The hip is often the site of infection in infants. Most cases are caused by the bacteria group B streptococcus. Another common cause is <em>Haemophilus influenza</em>, especially if the child has not been vaccinated for this bacterium.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms usually come on quickly. There is a fever and <a test="test" href="./003262.htm">joint swelling</a> that is usually in just one joint. There is also intense joint pain, which gets worse with movement.</p><p>Symptoms in newborns or infants:</p><ul><li>Crying when infected joint is moved (for example, during diaper changes)</li><li>Fever</li><li>Not able to move the limb with the infected joint (pseudoparalysis)</li><li>Fussiness </li></ul><p>Symptoms in children and adults:</p><ul><li>Not able to move the limb with the infected joint (pseudoparalysis)</li><li>Severe joint pain</li><li>Joint swelling</li><li>Joint redness</li><li>Fever </li></ul><p>Chills may occur, but are uncommon.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will examine the joint and ask about the symptoms.</p><p>Tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003629.htm">Aspiration of joint fluid</a> for cell count, examination of crystals under the microscope, Gram stain, and <a test="test" href="./003742.htm">culture</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003744.htm">Blood culture</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003810.htm">X-ray of affected joint</a></li><li>Blood work including <a test="test" href="./003642.htm">complete blood count</a> (CBC)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Antibiotics are used to treat the infection.</p><p>Resting, raising the joint above heart level, and using cool compresses may help relieve pain. After the joint starts to heal, exercising it can help speed up recovery.</p><p>If joint (synovial) fluid builds up quickly due to the infection, a needle may be inserted into the joint to withdraw (<a test="test" href="./002216.htm">aspirate</a>) the fluid. Severe cases may need surgery to drain the infected joint fluid and irrigate (wash) the joint.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Recovery is good with prompt antibiotic treatment. If treatment is delayed, permanent joint damage may result.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Contact for an appointment with your provider if you develop symptoms of septic arthritis.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Preventive (prophylactic) antibiotics may be helpful for people at high risk.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Bacterial arthritis; Non-gonococcal bacterial arthritis</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/9095t.jpg" alt="Bacteria" title="Bacteria" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/9095.htm">Bacteria</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Cook PP, Siraj DS. Bacterial arthritis. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, Koretzky GA, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR, eds. <em>Firestein & Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 116.</p><p>Robinette E, Shah SS. Septic arthritis. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 705.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 5/19/2023</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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