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</div><div><span>Bile duct obstruction</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Bile duct obstruction</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Bile duct obstruction is a blockage in the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p><a test="test" href="./002237.htm">Bile</a> is a liquid released by the liver. It contains cholesterol, bile salts, and waste products such as <a test="test" href="./003479.htm">bilirubin</a>. Bile salts help your body break down (digest) fats. Bile passes out of the liver through the bile ducts and is stored in the gallbladder. After a meal, it is released into the small intestine.</p><p>When the bile ducts become blocked, bile builds up in the liver, and jaundice (yellow color of the skin) develops due to the increasing level of bilirubin in the blood.</p><p>The possible causes of a blocked bile duct include:</p><ul><li>Cysts of the common bile duct</li><li>Enlarged lymph nodes in the porta hepatis (an area on the underside of the liver through which the bile duct passes)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000273.htm">Gallstones</a></li><li>Inflammation of the bile ducts</li><li>Narrowing of the bile ducts from scarring</li><li>Injury of a bile duct from gallbladder surgery</li><li>Tumors of the bile ducts or pancreas</li><li>Tumors that have spread to the <a test="test" href="./002240.htm">biliary system</a></li><li>Liver and bile duct worms (flukes)</li></ul><p>The risk factors for a blocked bile duct include:</p><ul><li>A history of gallstones, <a test="test" href="./000221.htm">chronic pancreatitis</a>, or <a test="test" href="./000236.htm">pancreatic cancer</a></li><li>Injury to the abdominal area</li><li>Recent <a test="test" href="./002930.htm">biliary surgery</a></li><li>Recent biliary cancer (such as <a test="test" href="./000291.htm">bile duct cancer</a>) </li></ul><p>The blockage can also be caused by infections. This is more common in people with weakened immune systems.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms may include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003120.htm">Abdominal pain</a> in the upper right side</li><li><a test="test" href="./003138.htm">Dark urine</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003090.htm">Fever</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003217.htm">Itching</a></li><li>Jaundice (yellow skin color)</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li><li><a test="test" href="./003129.htm">Clay-colored or pale stools</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will examine you and feel your belly. </p><p>The following blood test results could be due to a possible bile duct blockage:</p><ul><li>Increased bilirubin level</li><li>Increased alkaline phosphatase level</li><li>Increased GGT enzyme level</li><li>Increased liver enzymes </li></ul><p>The following tests may be used to investigate a possible blocked bile duct:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003777.htm">Abdominal ultrasound</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003789.htm">Abdominal CT scan</a></li><li>Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003820.htm">Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram</a> (PTCA)</li><li>Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</li><li>Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) </li></ul><p>A blocked bile duct may also alter the results of the following tests: </p><ul><li>Amylase blood test</li><li><a test="test" href="./003826.htm">Gallbladder radionuclide scan</a></li><li>Lipase blood test</li><li>Prothrombin time (PT)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003595.htm">Urine bilirubin</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>The goal of treatment is to relieve the blockage. Stones may be removed using an endoscope during an ERCP.</p><p>In some cases, surgery is required to bypass the blockage. The gallbladder will usually be surgically removed if the blockage is caused by gallstones. Your provider may prescribe antibiotics if an infection is suspected.</p><p>If the blockage is caused by cancer, the duct may need to be widened. This procedure is called endoscopic or percutaneous (through the skin next to the liver) dilation. A tube (stent or drain) may need to be placed to allow drainage.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>If the blockage is not corrected, it can lead to life-threatening infection and a dangerous buildup of bilirubin.</p><p>If the blockage lasts a long time, chronic <a test="test" href="./000205.htm">liver disease</a> can result. Most obstructions can be treated with endoscopy or surgery. Obstructions caused by cancer often have a worse outcome.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Left untreated, the possible complications include infections, <a test="test" href="./000666.htm">sepsis</a>, and liver disease, such as biliary <a test="test" href="./000255.htm">cirrhosis</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if you:</p><ul><li>Notice a change in the color of your urine and stools</li><li>Develop jaundice</li><li>Have abdominal pain that doesn't go away or keeps recurring</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Be aware of any risk factors you have, so that you can get prompt diagnosis and treatment if a bile duct becomes blocked. The blockage itself may not be preventable.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Biliary obstruction</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Fogel EL, Sherman S. Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 141.</p><p>Lidofsky SD. Jaundice. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. <em>Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 21.</p></div></div></section>
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Aria - Jefferson Health Torresdale, Jefferson Digestive Diseases Network, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. </p>
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