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/*# sourceURL=/css/ampshared.css*/</style><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="Measles"><meta property="og:url" content="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/03/10/measles/"><meta property="og:description" content="Circulating Now welcomes Dr. Morens, Senior Advisor to the Director of the NIAID and an epidemiologist with a long-standing interest in emerging infectious diseases, virology, tropical medicine, an…"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-03-10T15:00:14+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-13T18:58:06+00:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections"><meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1front_feature2.png?fit=932%2C360&amp;ssl=1"><meta property="og:image:width" content="932"><meta property="og:image:height" content="360"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="A card 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Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections </span>
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<h1 class="amp-wp-title">Measles</h1>
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<amp-img width="840" height="324" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1front_feature2.png?fit=840%2C324&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" alt="A card with two side by side images meant to be viewed through a sterioscope for 3D effect, a young child covered in a find spotted red rash." data-hero-candidate="" layout="intrinsic" data-hero i-amphtml-ssr i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjMyNCIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><img class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="A card with two side by side images meant to be viewed through a sterioscope for 3D effect, a young child covered in a find spotted red rash." src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1front_feature2.png?fit=840%2C324&amp;ssl=1"></amp-img> </figure>
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<p>Circulating Now <em>welcomes guest blogger David Morens, Senior Associate at the <a title="Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health " href="http://www.jhsph.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</a> and</em> <em>Senior Advisor to the <a title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)" href="http://www.niaid.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a> (NIAID). Dr. Morens is an epidemiologist with a long-standing interest in emerging infectious diseases, virology, tropical medicine, and medical history.</em></p>
<p>Since mid-December 2014, epidemic <a title="NLM's MedlinePlus" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/measles.html">measles</a> has spread from Disneyland to infect 170 Americans in 17 states/jurisdictions. People who remember life in the 1950s, when Disneyland was built, also <a title="American Association for the History of Medicine Newsletter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603084520/https://histmed.org/newsletters/February2015web.pdf?_ga=1.162373308.1616661711.1423238469" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">remember measles</a>. In those days, almost every kid got it: the fever, the cough and runny nose, the awful red blotches that kept you out of school and home in bed. Some kids even died from it, or got encephalitis, or eye damage. But beginning in 1963, measles vaccines ended all that. The nation-wide measles epidemics that swept the U.S. every 2–3 years were stopped cold. Why then do we still have measles in 2015?</p>
<figure id="attachment_6222" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6222" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-38b5a4b" data-amp-original-style="width: 650px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1front.png?ssl=1"><amp-img class="size-large wp-image-6222 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1front.png?resize=650%2C458&amp;ssl=1" alt="A card with two side by side images meant to be viewed through a sterioscope for 3D effect, a young child covered in a find spotted red rash." width="650" height="458" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ1OCIgd2lkdGg9IjY1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1front.png?resize=650%2C458&amp;ssl=1" alt="A card with two side by side images meant to be viewed through a sterioscope for 3D effect, a young child covered in a find spotted red rash." width="650" height="458"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6222" class="wp-caption-text">“A young girl with the typical diffuse red maculopapular rash of measles,” <a title="NLM's LocatorPlus Catalog record" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=48220650R">stereoscope card</a>, 1914.</figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_6223" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6223" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-38b5a4b" data-amp-original-style="width: 650px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1back.png?ssl=1"><amp-img class="size-large wp-image-6223 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1back.png?resize=650%2C466&amp;ssl=1" alt="Descriptive text about Measles" width="650" height="466" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ2NiIgd2lkdGg9IjY1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/card1back.png?resize=650%2C466&amp;ssl=1" alt="Descriptive text about Measles" width="650" height="466"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6223" class="wp-caption-text">“A young girl with the typical diffuse red maculopapular rash of measles,” reverse, <a title="NLM's LocatorPlus Catalog record" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=48220650R">stereoscope card</a>, 1914.<br>After a 10-12 day incubation period, illness begins with prodromal symptoms of fever, runny nose, <a title="NLM's MedlinePlus " href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pinkeye.html">conjunctivitis</a> and cough, often accompanied by red macules, having bluish-white centers, on the buccal mucosa. By about the 14th day, the full blown disease appears with onset of the characteristic maculopapular rash, which begins on the head and neck, along the hairline, and then proceeds downward to involve most of the body except the palms and soles. It remains more pronounced on the trunk than the extremities. When seen by experts, the clinical course of measles is considered pathognomonic, meaning that it can be confused with very few other diseases, except rubella (Rotheln, or “German measles”), which was clinically distinguished from measles in the 1880s and is caused by an unrelated virus.</figcaption></figure>
<p>First, some history. The initial advance against measles occurred over 1,000 years ago, when Persian physician Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi (ابو بكر محمد ابن زكرياء الرازى, or “Rhazes”) wrote <em>al-Judari wa al-Hasbah (</em><em>On Smallpox and Measles</em>), describing and distinguishing these two diseases. Before the development of germ theory, there was little appreciation that one disease differed from another. Full clarification of this important distinction awaited discovery of viruses and microbes, centuries later. But Rhazes helped lay the groundwork for its appreciation and acceptance.</p>
<p>Beginning in the Renaissance, measles (also called <em>Masern</em>, <em>morbilli</em>, <em>rubeola</em>,<em> rougeole</em>, and many other names) became known to parents as one of the deadliest of the childhood fevers. In 1713, for example, measles killed 45% of persons infected in the household of Puritan minister Cotton Mather, including Mather’s wife and three of their children, roughly the same fatality rate as the 2014–2015 Ebola epidemic, and almost as terrifying.</p>
<p>Mather was then the New England colonies’ foremost medical authority. Sometime before 1714 he had learned from an African-born slave that smallpox could be prevented by inoculating fluid from the blisters of infected persons into the skins of persons who had not yet been infected. Similar stories reached Europe from Turkey and elsewhere, among the most astonishing medical stories anyone had ever heard. When a smallpox epidemic came to Boston in 1721, Mather, along with the young Benjamin Franklin, Franklin’s brother, and others, campaigned successfully in favor of smallpox inoculation. Inoculation saved many lives between then and 1798, when it was replaced by an even more radical, but safer procedure: vaccination.</p>
<p>The prevention of smallpox by inoculation had no scientific explanation: it just worked. But that got people thinking. In 1758, Scottish physician Francis Home (1719–1813) reasoned that if inoculation worked to prevent one of the pair of diseases described by Rhazes, the same method might work against the other. And in a 1759 publication, Home showed that measles could also be prevented. Whether by insight or blind luck, he chose, as the inoculum, blood from children at the height of their illnesses. In retrospect, those early smallpox and measles inoculation studies, and Jenner’s later vaccination studies, were the first experimental demonstrations of what we now understand as active immunity. Just like natural diseases, fluids from infected people or animals, inoculated into others, can confer long-lasting protection. And that is the basis of modern disease prevention via inoculation, vaccination, passive immunotherapy, and protection of newborns by maternal antibody.</p>
<figure id="attachment_6229" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6229" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-38b5a4b" data-amp-original-style="width: 650px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/book-2045_001.png?ssl=1"><amp-img class="size-large wp-image-6229 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/book-2045_001.png?resize=650%2C511&amp;ssl=1" alt='Book open to section IV "Of the measles as they appeared in 1738 at Edinburg, and of thier innoculation.' width="650" height="511" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjUxMSIgd2lkdGg9IjY1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/book-2045_001.png?resize=650%2C511&amp;ssl=1" alt='Book open to section IV "Of the measles as they appeared in 1738 at Edinburg, and of thier innoculation.' width="650" height="511"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6229" class="wp-caption-text">Francis Home’s 1759 publication <a title="NLM's LocatorPlus Catalog record" href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma992762383406676"><em>Medical Facts and Experiments</em></a> contains the first description of the prevention of measles by inoculation of blood into skin incisions.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Home’s method was never widely adopted, perhaps because of the expense and difficulty getting blood from sick children for the inocula (parents often refused). Control of measles by immunization had to wait two centuries, until the era of modern virology. Tissue-culture propagation of viruses—for which Enders, Weller, and Robbins were awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize—led to the development of the first measles vaccines, which were introduced in the U.S. between 1963 and 1967. In recent decades, these vaccines, brought to every country of the world, have saved millions of lives. There has been a five- to ten-fold drop in annual global measles deaths in the past 15 years, a tremendous achievement that brings us to the doorstep of measles eradication.</p>
<p>However, measles does not go quietly. Politics, superstition, and irrational fears prevent some parents from vaccinating their children. Some believe that measles itself is relatively harmless, and that the vaccine causes diseases like autism—despite overwhelming <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="https://www.cdc.gov/autism/faq/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/topics.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">evidence</a> to the contrary. Some parents even take their children to “measles parties” to purposely expose them to measles-infected children, putting their children at risk of severe or fatal disease—a risk that is, by rough calculation, over a hundred million-times greater than any complication arising from measles vaccination. All of which goes to explain why we are now having an American measles epidemic. If <a title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="http://www.cdc.gov/measles/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">current public health campaigns</a> can persuade parents to have their children vaccinated, one day measles can be eradicated, just like <a title="NLM's MedlinePlus" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallpox.html">smallpox</a>.</p>
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