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<title>Medieval Manuscripts: Salerno</title>
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<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"> <a href="/hmd/index.html" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>History Home</span></a> </li><li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"> <span>Salerno</span></li>
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<img src="images/salerno_title.gif" alt="Salerno, the Mother of Medical Schools written in red lettering." title="Salerno, the Mother of Medical Schools" />
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<p>Medical practice and learning in the vibrant city of Salerno were nourished by the Greek past of southern Italy, favored by healing shrines in the tradition of Cos and Epidauros, energized by trade with Sicily and across the Mediterranean, and fostered by monastic bibliophiles at Monte Cassino. The fame of Salerno's practitioners, women as well as men, had spread across Europe by the end of the eleventh century, when it was surpassed by the distinction of its teachers and eclipsed by the bookish legacy of the monk Constantine the African (d. 1087). Nevertheless, practical concerns remained manifest even in writings of Constantine, for example the Viaticum, a medical guide for travellers. Summaries of all medical knowledge commonly bore the title Practica. Common-sense dietetics were compiled and soon became popularized as the Regimen of the School of Salerno "for the King of England."</p>
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<p>Through the twelfth century, Salernitan masters showed a growing interest in theoretical foundations. They speculated about natural philosophy in numerous Questions, drew on Aristotle's views of nature (physis) which contributed to the labeling of medicine as physica or physick, (hence "physician") saw the need of a better knowledge of anatomy, and pursued dialectical inquiry in their commentaries on authoritative treatises. Principles and procedure were interwoven in encyclopedic manuals of which the <em>Breviary on the Signs, Causes, and Cures of Diseases</em> by Joannes de Sancto Paulo is a model. Both theory and practice were envisioned in the selection of a few simple works for basic medical education, anchored in the Hippocratic-Galenic "Art" and eventually standardized in the Articella. Salerno's empirical orientation endured in the compilation of ob-gyn lore known as Trotula, while its theoretical contributions were preferred by a Scholastic master such as Gerard of Bourges who wrote a <em>Commentary on the Viaticum of Constantine</em>. The reach and durability of Salerno's influence is documented particularly in the large number of Salernitan manuscripts that are extant in English libraries.
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<a name="DeRicci27"></a><a href="images/88.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/88.gif" alt="Folio 1 recto, the opening page of Joannes de Sancto Paulo's Breviarium de signis, causis, et curis morborum. Brown colored parchment with the majority of the words written in Latin in dark brown ink. The beginning letter A is capitalized filling 6 lines ink red ink." title="Folio 1 recto from Joannes de Sancto Paulo's Breviarium de signis, causis, et curis morborum. NLM Unique ID: 100899276" /></a>
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<p><strong>Joannes de Sancto Paulo.</strong><br />
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<strong><em>Breviarium de signis, causis, et curis morborum</em></strong>.<br />
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(<strong><em>Breviary on the Signs, Causes, and Cures of Diseases</em></strong>)
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13th century.
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<br/><em>MS E 27 | <a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma998992763406676">View Catalog Record</a></em></p>
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<p>This Salernitan manual was widely copied across 13th-century Europe.</p>
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<div class="imgfloatleft50"><a name="DeRicci11"></a>
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<a href="images/40.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/40.gif" alt="Folio 1 recto from Gerard of Bourges's Super Viatico Constantini written on parchment. The text is in two columns and is partially erased. In the upper left corner is an illuminated initial, partially cropped and rubbed. On the bottom of the page in a different hand are the words Bibliotheca Weissenaviensis." title="Folio 1 recto from Gerard of Bourges's Super Viatico Constantini. NLM Unique ID: 100899285" /></a>
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<a href="images/89.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/89.gif" alt="Folio 53 recto from Gerard of Bourges's Super Viatico Constantini written on parchment in two columns. The remains of an elaborate medieval mend is seen on middle page. The text is written in brown ink with red and blue capital letters. A commentary on Constantine's Viaticum with the original text shown by the underlines." title="Medieval mend on folio 53 recto from Gerard of Bourges's Super Viatico Constantini. NLM Unique ID: 100899285" /></a>
|
||
<p><strong>Gerard of Bourges.</strong><br />
|
||
<strong><em>Super Viatico Constantini</em></strong>.<br />
|
||
13th century.
|
||
<br/><em>MS E 11 | <a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma998992853406676">View Catalog Record</a></em></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>A commentary on Constantine's Viaticum with the original text shown by the underlines. The remains of an elaborate medieval mend is seen on this page.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="imgfloatright50">
|
||
<a name="DeRicci12"></a>
|
||
<a href="images/43.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/43.gif" alt="Folio 1 recto from Constantinus Africanus' Viaticum written on parchment with the text heavily rubbed and faded with some text unreadable. On the bottom of the page in a different hand is written Bibli. Weisenav." title="Folio 1 recto from Constantinus Africanus' Viaticum. NLM Unique ID: 100957835" /></a>
|
||
<a href="images/86.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/86.gif" alt="Folios 92 verso and 93 recto from Constantinus Africanus' Viaticum written on parchment. The folios are written in brown ink with marginal annotations in many different hands." title="Folio 92 verso and 93 recto from Constantinus Africanus' Viaticum. NLM Unique ID: 100957835" /></a>
|
||
<p><strong>Constantinus Africanus.</strong>
|
||
<strong><em>Viaticum</em></strong>.<br />
|
||
13th century.
|
||
<br/><em>MS E 12 | <a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma999578353406676">View Catalog Record</a> | <a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/100957835">View Full Digitized Book</a></em></p>
|
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|
||
<p>This manuscript contains marginal annotations in many different hands - at least five on this page alone - showing that it was a heavily used text.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<br class="clearboth" />
|
||
|
||
<div class="imgfloatleft50">
|
||
<a href="images/48.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/48.gif" alt="Folio 1 recto from Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum which are the beginning words of the folio. There is the Surgeon General's Office Library Stamp in the upper right corner of the page. A capital letter A is written in red ink beginning on the third line and continuing through the sixth line. There are two lines of marginilia in brown ink towards the bottom of the folio. At the top of the folio in brown ink is the signature Johannes Chadwicke." title="Folio 1 recto from Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum. NLM Unique ID: 9414702" /></a>
|
||
<a href="images/79.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/79.gif" alt="Folio 39 verso from Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum featuring a marginal note that translates into English doggerel verse the text of the Regimen that is printed in bold above it
|
||
Sheeps flesh if eaten without wine, Is better meate then flesh of swine. If with your meate you use some wine,
|
||
Hogges flesh is meate and medicine." title="Folio 39 verso from Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum. NLM Unique ID: 9414702" /></a>
|
||
<p><strong><em>Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum</em></strong>. Louvain : Johannes de Westfalia, ca. 1480.
|
||
<br/><em>WZ 230 R335 1484 | <a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma997582523406676">View Catalog Record</a> | <a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9414702">View Full Digitized Book</a></em></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>This very early printed edition of the <em>Regimen sanitatis</em>, printed in the Low Countries, must have had an English owner. The marginal note translates into English doggerel verse the text of the <em>Regimen</em> that is printed in bold above it:</p>
|
||
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
Sheeps flesh if eaten without wine<br />
|
||
Is better meate then flesh of swine.<br />
|
||
If with your meate you use some wine,<br />
|
||
Hogges flesh is meate and medicine.</blockquote>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="imgfloatright50">
|
||
<a href="images/expmedfol1r.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/expmedfol1rt.jpg" alt="Folio 1 of Experimentarius medicinae. The page has some darkened water stains on it and the Library Surgeon General's Office stamp on the bottom center of the page" title="Folio 1 of Experimentarius medicinae. NLM Unique ID: 2234066R" /></a>
|
||
<a href="images/expmedfol4v-5r.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="images/expmedfol4v-5rt.jpg" alt="Folios 4 verso and 5 recto of Experimentarius medicinae. The title of the section is the passion of women, before, in and after the birth, and partly also waiting with the rest of the book of wonderful experimental. On folio 4 verso begins the first chapter on the retention of flowers with an illuminated letter s showng a creature with an hourglass on its back holding the leg of a woman sitting on the ground. On folio 5 recto has chapter two about their small number of monthly with an illuminated letter m showng a man holding up a flask in a workroom filled with books." title="Folios 4 verso and 5 recto of Experimentarius medicinae. NLM Unique ID: 2234066R" /></a>
|
||
<p><strong><em>Experimentarius medicinae</em></strong>. Argent[orati] [i.e. Strasbourg]: Apud Joannem Schottum, 1544.
|
||
<br/><em>WZ 240 E966 1544 | <a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma992275843406676">View Catalog Record</a></em></p>
|
||
<p>The name Trotula, while actually the title of a compilation, has most frequently been assigned to a female teacher in the schools of Salerno. Whatever her name, a Salernitan woman appears to be the source of much in this treatise on diseases of women attributed to Trotula.</p>
|
||
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