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<span>Schizophrenia</span>
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<span class="page-url print-only">URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizophrenia/</span>
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<a name="start" id="start"></a>
<h1>Schizophrenia</h1>
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<noscript><span class="js-disabled-message">To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript.</span></noscript>
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<div class="main">
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="description">
<h2>Description</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Schizophrenia is a brain disorder classified as a psychosis, which means that it affects a person's thinking, sense of self, and perceptions. The disorder typically becomes evident during late adolescence or early adulthood.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of schizophrenia include false perceptions called hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations of voices are the most common hallucinations in schizophrenia, but affected individuals can also experience hallucinations of visions, smells, or touch (tactile) sensations. Strongly held false beliefs (delusions) are also characteristic of schizophrenia. For example, affected individuals may be certain that they are a particular historical figure or that they are being plotted against or controlled by others.</p><p>People with schizophrenia often have decreased ability to function at school, at work, and in social settings. Disordered thinking and concentration, inappropriate emotional responses, erratic speech and behavior, and difficulty with personal hygiene and everyday tasks can also occur. People with schizophrenia may have diminished facial expression and animation (flat affect), and in some cases become unresponsive (catatonic). Substance abuse and suicidal thoughts and actions are common in people with schizophrenia.</p><p>Certain movement problems such as tremors, facial tics, rigidity, and unusually slow movement (bradykinesia) or an inability to move (akinesia) are common in people with schizophrenia. In most cases these are side effects of medicines prescribed to help control the disorder. However, some affected individuals exhibit movement abnormalities before beginning treatment with medication.</p><p>Some people with schizophrenia have mild impairment of intellectual function, but schizophrenia is not associated with the same types of physical changes in the brain that occur in people with dementias such as <a data-pid="14421" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alzheimers-disease/">Alzheimer's disease</a>.</p><p>Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are different from mood disorders, including <a data-pid="16877" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/depression/">depression</a> and <a data-pid="16677" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bipolar-disorder/">bipolar disorder</a>, which primarily affect emotions. However, these disorders often occur together. Individuals who exhibit strong features of both schizophrenia and mood disorders are often given the diagnosis of <a data-pid="16873" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizoaffective-disorder/">schizoaffective disorder</a>.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
<h2>Frequency</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Schizophrenia is a common disorder that occurs all over the world. It affects almost 1 percent of the population, with slightly more males than females developing the disorder.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes">
<h2>Causes</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Variations in many genes likely contribute to the risk of developing schizophrenia. In most cases, multiple genetic changes, each with a small effect, combine to increase the risk of developing the disorder. The ways that these genetic changes are related to schizophrenia are not well understood, and the genetics of this disease is an active area of research. The genetic changes can also interact with environmental factors that are associated with increased schizophrenia risk, such as exposure to infections before birth or severe stress during childhood.</p><p><a class="image-modal" data-alt="Genetic material is deleted from a chromosome." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00006K_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00006K" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Chromosomal deletion" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00006K_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00006K_1" title="Show image">Deletions<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> or <a class="image-modal" data-alt="A section of DNA from a chromosome is duplicated." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00008K_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00008K" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Duplication" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00008K_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00008K_2" title="Show image">duplications<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> of genetic material in any of several chromosomes, which can affect multiple genes, are also thought to increase schizophrenia risk. In particular, a small deletion (microdeletion) in a region of <a data-pid="20073" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/22/">chromosome 22</a> called 22q11 may be involved in a small percentage of cases of schizophrenia. Some individuals with this deletion have other features in addition to schizophrenia, such as heart abnormalities, immune system problems, and an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), and are diagnosed with a condition called <a data-pid="14633" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/22q112-deletion-syndrome/">22q11.2 deletion syndrome</a>.</p></div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="related-genes mp-exp exp-full">
<h3>Learn more about the genes and chromosome associated with Schizophrenia</h3>
<ul class="relatedmp">
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/akt1/">AKT1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/comt/">COMT</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/ywhae/">YWHAE</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/22/">chromosome 22</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Additional Information from NCBI Gene:</strong></p>
<ul class="relatedmp">
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/154664" target="TheNewWin">ABCA13</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/720" target="TheNewWin">C4A</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9993" target="TheNewWin">DGCR2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54487" target="TheNewWin">DGCR8</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1813" target="TheNewWin">DRD2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406928" target="TheNewWin">MIR137</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9722" target="TheNewWin">NOS1AP</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9378" target="TheNewWin">NRXN1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10215" target="TheNewWin">OLIG2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65078" target="TheNewWin">RTN4R</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6854" target="TheNewWin">SYN2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8940" target="TheNewWin">TOP3B</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29801" target="TheNewWin">ZDHHC8</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance">
<h2>Inheritance</h2>
<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>The inheritance pattern for schizophrenia is usually unknown. The risk of developing schizophrenia is somewhat higher for family members of affected individuals as compared to the general public; however, most people with a close relative who has schizophrenia will not develop the disorder themselves.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
<section>
<ul class="bulletlist">
<li>Dementia praecox</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Genetic Testing Information</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C0036341/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Schizophrenia</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Clinical Trials</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Schizophrenia%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/181500" target="TheNewWin">SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCZD</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28Schizophrenia%5BMAJR%5D%29+AND+%28schizophrenia%5BTI%5D%29+AND+genetics%5Bmh%5D+AND+review%5Bpt%5D+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+1800+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references">
<h2>References</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<ul>
<li>Barker V, Bois C, Johnstone EC, Owens DG, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM.
Childhood adversity and cortical thickness and surface area in a population at
familial high risk of schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2016 Mar;46(4):891-6. doi:
10.1017/S0033291715002585. Epub 2015 Dec 14. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26654172" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
<li>Debost JP, Larsen JT, Munk-Olsen T, Mortensen PB, Meyer U, Petersen L. Joint
Effects of Exposure to Prenatal Infection and Peripubertal Psychological Trauma
in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2017 Jan;43(1):171-179. doi:
10.1093/schbul/sbw083. Epub 2016 Jun 24. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27343007" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
<li>Escudero I, Johnstone M. Genetics of schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014
Nov;16(11):502. doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0502-8. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25200985" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
<li>Farrell MS, Werge T, Sklar P, Owen MJ, Ophoff RA, O&#x27;Donovan MC, Corvin A,
Cichon S, Sullivan PF. Evaluating historical candidate genes for schizophrenia.
Mol Psychiatry. 2015 May;20(5):555-62. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.16. Epub 2015 Mar 10. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754081" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4414705/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Giusti-Rodriguez P, Sullivan PF. The genomics of schizophrenia: update and
implications. J Clin Invest. 2013 Nov;123(11):4557-63. doi: 10.1172/JCI66031.
Epub 2013 Nov 1. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24177465" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809776/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Gulsuner S, Walsh T, Watts AC, Lee MK, Thornton AM, Casadei S, Rippey C,
Shahin H; Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS); PAARTNERS Study
Group; Nimgaonkar VL, Go RC, Savage RM, Swerdlow NR, Gur RE, Braff DL, King MC,
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