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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Pyloric stenosis in infants</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the opening from the stomach into the small intestine. This is called the pylorus. This article describes the condition in infants.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Normally, food passes easily from the stomach into the first part of the small intestine through a valve called the pylorus. With pyloric stenosis, the muscles of the pylorus are thickened. This prevents the stomach from emptying into the small intestine.</p><p>The exact cause of the thickening is unknown. Genes may play a role, since children of parents who had pyloric stenosis are more likely to have this condition. Other risk factors include:</p><ul><li>Certain antibiotics</li><li>Too much acid in the first part of the <a test="test" href="./002347.htm">small intestine</a> (duodenum)</li><li>Certain diseases a baby is born with, such as diabetes</li></ul><p>Pyloric stenosis occurs most often in infants younger than 6 months. It is more common in boys than in girls.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Vomiting is the first symptom in most children:</p><ul><li>Vomiting may occur after every feeding or only after some feedings.</li><li>Vomiting usually starts around 3 weeks of age, but may start any time between 1 week and 5 months of age.</li><li>Vomiting is forceful (projectile vomiting).</li><li>The infant is hungry after vomiting and wants to feed again. </li></ul><p>Other symptoms appear several weeks after birth and may include:</p><ul><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Burping</li><li>Constant hunger</li><li>Dehydration (gets worse as vomiting gets worse)</li><li>Failure to gain weight or weight loss</li><li>Wave-like motion of the abdomen shortly after feeding and just before vomiting occurs </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>The condition is often diagnosed before the baby is 6 months old.</p><p>A physical exam may reveal: </p><ul><li>Signs of dehydration, such as dry skin and mouth, less tearing when crying, and dry diapers</li><li>Swollen belly</li><li>Olive-shaped mass when feeling the upper belly, which is the abnormal pylorus </li></ul><p><a test="test" href="./003777.htm">Ultrasound of the abdomen</a> may be the first imaging test. Other tests may include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003816.htm">Barium x-ray</a> -- reveals a swollen stomach and narrowed pylorus</li><li>Blood tests -- often reveal an <a test="test" href="./002350.htm">electrolyte</a> imbalance </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment for pyloric stenosis involves surgery to widen the pylorus. The surgery is called pyloromyotomy.</p><p>If it is not safe to put the infant to sleep for surgery, an <a test="test" href="./002360.htm">endoscope</a> is used. This is a long, flexible tube with a camera and a tiny balloon at the end. The balloon is inflated to widen the pylorus.</p><p>In infants who cannot have surgery, tube feeding or medicine to relax the pylorus is tried.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Surgery usually relieves all symptoms. As soon as several hours after surgery, the infant can start small, frequent feedings.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>If pyloric stenosis isn't treated, a baby won't get enough nutrition and fluid. The child can become underweight and dehydrated.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your health care provider if your baby has symptoms of this condition. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; Gastric outlet obstruction; Vomiting - pyloric stenosis</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1090t.jpg" alt="Digestive system" title="Digestive system" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1090.htm">Digestive system</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/8944t.jpg" alt="Pyloric stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/8944.htm">Pyloric stenosis</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/10281t.jpg" alt="Infantile pyloric stenosis - series" title="Infantile pyloric stenosis - series" class="side-img"/><a href="../presentations/100095_1.htm">Infantile pyloric stenosis - Series</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Pyloric stenosis and other congenital anomalies of the stomach. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 355.</p><p>Seifarth FG, Soldes OS. Congenital anomalies and surgical disorders of the stomach. In: Wyllie R, Hyams JS, Kay M, eds. <em>Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease</em>. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 25.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 8/5/2023</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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