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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Dementia due to metabolic causes</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p><a test="test" href="./000739.htm">Dementia</a> is loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. Dementia may also be referred to as major <a test="test" href="./001401.htm">neurocognitive disorder</a>.</p><p>Dementia due to metabolic causes is a loss of brain function that can occur with abnormal chemical processes in the body. With some of these disorders, if treated early, brain dysfunction can be reversed. Left untreated, permanent brain damage, such as dementia, can occur.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Possible metabolic causes of dementia include:</p><ul><li>Hormonal disorders, such as <a test="test" href="./000378.htm">Addison disease</a>, <a test="test" href="./000348.htm">Cushing disease</a></li><li>Heavy metal exposure, such as to lead, arsenic, mercury, or manganese</li><li>Repeat episodes of low blood sugar (<a test="test" href="./000386.htm">hypoglycemia</a>), most often seen in people with diabetes who use insulin</li><li>High level of calcium in the blood, such as due to <a test="test" href="./001215.htm">hyperparathyroidism</a></li><li>
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Low level of thyroid hormone (<a test="test" href="./000353.htm">hypothyroidism</a>) or high level of thyroid hormone (<a test="test" href="./000356.htm">thyrotoxicosis</a>) in the body</li><li><a test="test" href="./000255.htm">Liver cirrhosis</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000501.htm">Kidney failure</a></li><li>Nutritional disorders, such as vitamin B1 deficiency, <a test="test" href="./002403.htm">vitamin B12</a> deficiency, <a test="test" href="./000342.htm">pellagra</a>, or protein-calorie <a test="test" href="./000404.htm">malnutrition</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./001208.htm">Porphyria</a></li><li>Poisons, such as methanol</li><li>Severe alcohol use</li><li><a test="test" href="./000785.htm">Wilson disease</a></li><li>Disorders of the mitochondria (energy-producing parts of cells)</li><li>Rapid changes in blood sodium level </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Metabolic disorders may cause <a test="test" href="./003205.htm">confusion</a> and changes in thinking or reasoning. These changes may be short-term or lasting. Dementia occurs when the symptoms are not reversible. Symptoms can be different for everyone. They depend on the health condition causing the dementia.</p><p>The early symptoms of dementia can include:</p><ul><li>Difficulty with tasks that take some thought but used to come easily, such as balancing a checkbook, playing games (such as bridge), and learning new information or routines</li><li>Getting lost on familiar routes</li><li>Language problems, such as trouble with names of familiar objects</li><li>Losing interest in things previously enjoyed, flat mood</li><li>Misplacing items</li><li>Personality changes and loss of social skills, which can lead to inappropriate behaviors</li><li>Mood changes that can cause periods of aggression and anxiety</li><li>Poor performance at work resulting in demotion or loss of job</li></ul><p>As the dementia gets worse, symptoms are more obvious and interfere with the ability to take care of yourself:</p><ul><li>Changing sleep patterns, often waking up at night</li><li>Forgetting details about current events, forgetting events in one's life history</li><li>Having difficulty doing basic tasks, such as preparing meals, choosing proper clothing, or driving</li><li>Having hallucinations, (for example, seeing or hearing things that are not there), arguments, striking out, and behaving violently</li><li>More difficulty reading or writing</li><li>Poor judgment and losing the ability to recognize danger</li><li>Using the wrong word, not pronouncing words correctly, speaking in confusing sentences</li><li>Withdrawing from social contact</li></ul><p>The person may also have symptoms from the disorder that caused dementia.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Depending on the cause, a nervous system (neurologic) examination is done to identify the problems.</p><p>Tests to diagnose a medical condition causing the dementia may include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003506.htm">Ammonia level in the blood</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003468.htm">Blood chemistry</a>, electrolytes</li><li><a test="test" href="./003482.htm">Blood glucose level</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003474.htm">BUN</a>, <a test="test" href="./003475.htm">creatinine</a> to check kidney function</li><li><a test="test" href="./003436.htm">Liver function tests</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003428.htm">Lumbar puncture</a> (spinal tap) to measure chemistry of the spinal fluid</li><li>Nutritional assessment</li><li><a test="test" href="./003444.htm">Thyroid function tests</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003579.htm">Urinalysis</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003705.htm">Vitamin B12 level</a></li></ul><p>To check for certain brain disorders, an <a test="test" href="./003931.htm">electroencephalogram</a> (EEG), <a test="test" href="./003786.htm">head CT scan</a>, or <a test="test" href="./003791.htm">head MRI scan</a> is usually done.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>The aim of treatment is to manage and correct the underlying disorder and control symptoms. With some metabolic disorders, treatment may stop or even reverse the dementia symptoms.</p><p>Medicines used to treat <a test="test" href="./000760.htm">Alzheimer disease</a> have not been shown to work for these types of disorders. Sometimes, these medicines are used anyway, when other treatments fail to control the underlying problems.</p><p>Plans should also be made for home care for people with dementia.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Outcome varies, depending on the cause of the dementia and the amount of damage to the brain.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications may include the following:</p><ul><li>Loss of ability to function or care for self</li><li>Loss of ability to interact</li><li><a test="test" href="./000145.htm">Pneumonia</a>, <a test="test" href="./000521.htm">urinary tract infections</a>, and skin infections</li><li><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000740.htm">Pressure sores</a></li><li>Symptoms of the underlying problem (such as loss of sensation due to a nerve injury from vitamin B12 deficiency) </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your health care provider if symptoms get worse or continue. Go to the emergency room or call 911 or the local emergency number if there is a sudden change in mental status or a life-threatening emergency.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Treating the underlying cause may reduce the risk for metabolic dementia.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Chronic brain impairment - metabolic; Mild cognitive impairment - metabolic; MCI - metabolic; Neurocognitive disorder - metabolic</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Budson AE, Solomon PR. Other disorders that cause memory loss or dementia. In: Budson AE, Solomon PR, eds. <em>Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia</em>. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 17.</p><p>Knopman DS. Cognitive impairment and dementia. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 371.</p><p>Paulsen JS, Gehl C. Neuropsychology. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. <em>Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 44.</p><p>Peterson R, Graff-Radford J. Alzheimer disease and other dementias. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. <em>Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 95.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 3/31/2024</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Joseph V. Campellone, MD, Department of Neurology, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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