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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Echinococcosis</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Echinococcosis is an infection caused by either the <em>Echinococcus granulosus</em> or <em>Echinococcus multilocularis</em> tapeworm. The infection is also called hydatid disease.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Humans become infected when they swallow the tapeworm eggs in contaminated food. The eggs then form <a test="test" href="./003240.htm">cysts</a> inside the body. A cyst is a closed pocket or pouch. The cysts keep growing, which leads to symptoms.</p><p><em>E granulosus</em> is an infection caused by tapeworms found in dogs and livestock such as sheep, pigs, goats, and cattle. These tapeworms are around 2 to 7 mm long. The infection is called cystic echinococcosis (CE). It leads to growth of cysts mainly in the lungs and liver. Cysts can also be found in the heart, bones, and brain.</p><p><em>E multilocularis</em> is the infection caused by tapeworms found in dogs, cats, rodents, and foxes. These tapeworms are around 1 to 4 mm long. The infection is called alveolar echinococcosis (AE). It is a life-threatening condition because tumor-like growths form in the liver. Other organs, such as the lungs and brain can be affected.</p><p>Children or young adults are more prone to get the infection.</p><p>Echinococcosis is common in:</p><ul><li>Africa</li><li>Central Asia</li><li>Southern South America</li><li>The Mediterranean</li><li>The Middle East</li></ul><p>In rare cases, the infection is seen in the United States. It has been reported in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.</p><p>Risk factors include being exposed to:</p><ul><li>Cattle</li><li>Deer</li><li>Feces of dogs, foxes, wolves, or coyotes</li><li>Pigs</li><li>Sheep</li><li>Camels</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Cysts may produce no symptoms for 10 years or more.</p><p>As the disease advances and the cysts get larger, symptoms may include:</p><ul><li>Pain in the upper right part of the abdomen (liver cyst)</li><li>Increase in size of the abdomen due to swelling (liver cyst)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003073.htm">Bloody sputum</a> (lung cyst)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003079.htm">Chest pain</a> (lung cyst)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003072.htm">Cough</a> (lung cyst)</li><li>Severe allergic reaction (<a test="test" href="./000844.htm">anaphylaxis</a>) when cysts break open</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>The health care provider will perform a <a test="test" href="./002274.htm">physical exam</a> and ask about the symptoms.</p><p>If the provider suspects CE or AE, tests that may be done to find the cysts include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003337.htm">X-ray</a>, <a test="test" href="./003869.htm">echocardiogram</a>, CT scan, <a test="test" href="./003827.htm">PET scan</a>, or <a test="test" href="./003336.htm">ultrasound</a> to view the cysts</li><li>Blood tests, such as enzyme-linked immunoassay (<a test="test" href="./003332.htm">ELISA</a>), <a test="test" href="./003436.htm">liver function tests</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003933.htm">Fine needle aspiration biopsy</a></li></ul><p>Most often, echinococcosis cysts do not cause symptoms and are found when an imaging test is done for another reason.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Many people can be treated with anti-worm medicines.</p><p>A procedure that involves inserting a needle through the skin into the cyst may be tried. The contents of the cyst are removed (<a test="test" href="./002216.htm">aspirated</a>) through the needle. Then medicine is sent through the needle to kill the tapeworm. This treatment is not for cysts in the lungs.</p><p>Surgery is the treatment of choice for cysts that are large, infected, or located in organs such as the heart and brain.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>If the cysts respond to oral medicines, the likely outcome is good.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Contact your provider if you develop symptoms of this disorder.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Measures to prevent CE and AE include:</p><ul><li>Staying away from wild animals including foxes, wolves, and coyotes</li><li>Avoiding contact with stray dogs</li><li>Washing hands well after touching pet dogs or cats, and before handling food</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Hydatidosis; Hydatid disease, Hydatid cyst disease; Alveolar cyst disease; Polycystic echinococcosis</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1177t.jpg" alt="Liver echinococcus - CT scan" title="Liver echinococcus - CT scan" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1177.htm">Liver echinococcus - CT scan</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Echinococcosis. About echinococcosis. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/echinococcosis/about/" target="_blank">www.cdc.gov/echinococcosis/about/</a>. Updated September 4, 2024. Accessed October 28, 2024.</p><p>Fairley JK, King CH. Tapeworms (cestodes). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.</em> 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 289.</p></div></div></section>
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