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</div><div><span>Gas gangrene</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Gas gangrene</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Gas gangrene is a potentially deadly form of tissue death (<a test="test" href="./007218.htm">gangrene</a>).</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Gas gangrene is most often caused by bacteria called <em>Clostridium perfringens.</em> Also, it can occasionally be caused caused by group A streptococcus, <em>Staphylococcus aureus,</em> and <em>Vibrio vulnificus</em>.</p><p>Clostridium is found nearly everywhere. As the bacteria grow inside the body, they emit gas and harmful substances (toxins) that can damage body tissues, cells, and blood vessels.</p><p>Gas gangrene develops suddenly. It usually occurs at the site of trauma or a recent surgical wound. In some cases, it occurs without an irritating event. People most at risk for gas gangrene usually have blood vessel disease (<a test="test" href="./000171.htm">atherosclerosis</a>, or hardening of the arteries), <a test="test" href="./001214.htm">diabetes</a>, or <a test="test" href="./000262.htm">colon cancer</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Gas gangrene causes very painful <a test="test" href="./003103.htm">swelling</a>. The skin turns pale to brownish-red. When the swollen area is pressed, gas can be felt (and sometimes heard) as a crackly sensation (crepitus). The edges of the infected area grow so quickly that changes can be seen over minutes. The area may be completely destroyed.</p><p>Symptoms include:</p><ul><li>Air under the skin (<a test="test" href="./003286.htm">subcutaneous emphysema</a>)</li><li>Blisters filled with brown-red fluid</li><li>Drainage from the tissues, foul-smelling brown-red or bloody fluid (<a test="test" href="./002306.htm">serosanguineous</a> discharge)</li><li>Increased heart rate (<a test="test" href="./003077.htm">tachycardia</a>)</li><li>Moderate to high fever</li><li>Moderate to severe pain around a skin injury</li><li>Pale skin color, later becoming dusky and changing to dark red or purple</li><li>Swelling that worsens around a skin injury</li><li>Sweating</li><li><a test="test" href="./003939.htm">Vesicle</a> formation, combining into large blisters</li><li>Yellow color to the skin (<a test="test" href="./000210.htm">jaundice</a>) </li></ul><p>If the condition is not treated, the person can go into <a test="test" href="./000039.htm">shock</a> with decreased blood pressure (<a test="test" href="./007278.htm">hypotension</a>), <a test="test" href="./000501.htm">kidney failure</a>, coma, and finally death.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may reveal signs of shock. </p><p>Tests that may be done include: </p><ul><li>Tissue and fluid cultures to test for bacteria including clostridial species</li><li>Blood culture to determine the bacteria causing the infection</li><li>Gram stain of fluid from the infected area</li><li><a test="test" href="./003337.htm">X-ray</a>, <a test="test" href="./003330.htm">CT scan</a>, or <a test="test" href="./003335.htm">MRI</a> of the area, which may show gas in the tissues</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Surgery is needed quickly to remove dead, damaged, and infected tissue.</p><p>Surgical removal (amputation) of an arm or leg may be needed to control the spread of infection. Amputation sometimes must be done before all test results are available.</p><p>Antibiotics are also given. These medicines are given through a vein (intravenously). Pain medicines may also be prescribed. </p><p>In some cases, <a test="test" href="./002375.htm">hyperbaric oxygen treatment</a> may be tried.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Gas gangrene usually begins suddenly and quickly gets worse. It is often deadly.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications that may result include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003202.htm">Coma</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000740.htm">Delirium</a></li><li>Disfiguring or disabling permanent tissue damage</li><li>Jaundice with liver damage</li><li><a test="test" href="./000501.htm">Kidney failure</a></li><li>Shock</li><li>Spread of infection through the body (<a test="test" href="./000666.htm">sepsis</a>)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003202.htm">Stupor</a></li><li>Death</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>This is an emergency condition requiring immediate medical attention.</p><p>Contact your provider if you have signs of infection around a skin wound. Go to the emergency room or call 911 or the local emergency number, if you have symptoms of gas gangrene.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Clean any skin injury thoroughly. Watch for signs of infection (such as redness, pain, drainage, or swelling around a wound). See your provider promptly if these occur.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Tissue infection - clostridial; Gangrene - gas; Myonecrosis; Clostridial infection of tissues; Necrotizing soft tissue infection</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Onderdonk AB, Garrett WS. Diseases caused by clostridium. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.</em> 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 246.</p><p>Thompson NB. Hand infections. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, eds. <em>Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics.</em> 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 79.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 12/31/2023</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. </p>
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