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</div><div><span>Pneumococcal meningitis</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Pneumococcal meningitis</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p><a test="test" href="./000680.htm">Meningitis</a> is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This covering is called the meninges.</p><p>Bacteria are one type of germ that can cause meningitis. The pneumococcal bacteria are one kind of bacteria that cause meningitis.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> bacteria (also called pneumococcus, or <em>S pneumoniae</em>). This type of bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults. It is the second most common cause of meningitis in children older than age 2.</p><p>Risk factors include:</p><ul><li>Alcohol use</li><li><a test="test" href="./001214.htm">Diabetes</a></li><li>History of meningitis</li><li>Infection of a heart valve with <em>S pneumoniae</em></li><li>Injury or trauma to the head</li><li>Meningitis in which there is leakage of spinal fluid</li><li>Recent ear infection with <em>S pneumoniae</em></li><li>Recent <a test="test" href="./000145.htm">pneumonia</a> with <em>S pneumoniae</em></li><li>Recent upper respiratory infection</li><li>Spleen removal or a spleen that does not function</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms usually come on quickly, and may include:</p><ul><li>
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Fever and chills</li><li><a test="test" href="./003205.htm">Mental status changes</a></li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li><li>Sensitivity to light (<a test="test" href="./003041.htm">photophobia</a>)</li><li>Severe headache</li><li>
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Stiff neck
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</li></ul><p>Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:</p><ul><li>Agitation</li><li><a test="test" href="./003310.htm">Bulging fontanelles</a> in infants</li><li>Decreased consciousness</li><li>Poor feeding or irritability in children</li><li>Rapid breathing</li><li>Unusual posture, with the head and neck arched backwards (<a test="test" href="./003195.htm">opisthotonos</a>)</li></ul><p>Pneumococcal meningitis is an important cause of fever in infants.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Questions will focus on symptoms and possible exposure to someone who might have the same symptoms, such as a stiff neck and fever.</p><p>If the provider thinks meningitis is possible, a lumbar puncture (<a test="test" href="./003428.htm">spinal tap</a>) will likely be done. This is to obtain a sample of spinal fluid for testing.</p><p>Other tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003744.htm">Blood culture</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003804.htm">Chest x-ray</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003786.htm">CT scan of the head</a></li><li>Gram stain or other special stains, and culture of the spinal fluid</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Antibiotics will be started as soon as possible. Ceftriaxone is one of the most commonly used antibiotics.</p><p>If the antibiotic is not working and the provider suspects antibiotic resistance, vancomycin or rifampin are used. Sometimes, corticosteroids are used.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Meningitis is a dangerous infection and it can be deadly. The sooner it is treated, the better the chance for recovery. Young children and adults over age 50 have the highest risk for death.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Long-term complications may include:</p><ul><li>Brain damage</li><li>Buildup of fluid between the skull and brain (<a test="test" href="./001422.htm">subdural effusion</a>)</li><li>Buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling (<a test="test" href="./001571.htm">hydrocephalus</a>)</li><li>Hearing loss</li><li><a test="test" href="./003200.htm">Seizures</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Call 911 or the local emergency number or go to an emergency room if you suspect meningitis in a young child who has the following symptoms:</p><ul><li>Feeding problems</li><li>High-pitched cry</li><li>Irritability</li><li>Persistent unexplained fever</li></ul><p>Meningitis can quickly become a life-threatening illness.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Early treatment of pneumonia and ear infections caused by pneumococcus may decrease the risk of meningitis. There are also two effective vaccines available to prevent pneumococcus infection:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./007607.htm">Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./007605.htm">Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine</a></li></ul><p>The following people should be vaccinated, according to current recommendations:</p><ul><li>Children</li><li>Adults age 65 and older</li><li>People at high risk for pneumococcus infection</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Pneumococcus - meningitis</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1054t.jpg" alt="Pneumococci organism" title="Pneumococci organism" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1054.htm">Pneumococci organism</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2928t.jpg" alt="Pneumococcal pneumonia" title="Pneumococcal pneumonia" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2928.htm">Pneumococcal pneumonia</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/19080t.jpg" alt="Meninges of the brain" title="Meninges of the brain" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/19080.htm">Meninges of the brain</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/9238t.jpg" alt="CSF cell count" title="CSF cell count" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/9238.htm">CSF cell count</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Meningitis. About bacterial meningitis. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/about/bacterial-meningitis.html" target="_blank">www.cdc.gov/meningitis/about/bacterial-meningitis.html</a>. Updated January 9, 2024. Accessed June 17, 2024.</p><p>Hasbun R, Van de Beek D, Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR. Acute meningitis. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 87.</p><p>Ramirez KA, Peters TR. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 209.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 9/10/2022</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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