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</div><div><span>Thrombocytopenia</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Thrombocytopenia</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Thrombocytopenia means there is an abnormally low amount of platelets. Platelets are parts of the blood that help blood to clot. This condition is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Thrombocytopenia is often divided into 3 major causes of low platelets:</p><ul><li>Not enough platelets are made in the bone marrow</li><li>Increased removal of platelets in the bloodstream</li><li>Increased trapping of platelets in the spleen or liver</li></ul><p>Your bone marrow may not make enough platelets if you have any of the following conditions:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000554.htm">Aplastic anemia</a> (disorder in which the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells)</li><li>Cancer in the bone marrow, such as <a test="test" href="./001299.htm">leukemia</a></li><li>Cirrhosis (liver scarring)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000354.htm">Folate deficiency</a></li><li>Infections in the bone marrow (very rare)</li><li><a test="test" href="./007716.htm">Myelodysplastic syndrome</a> (bone marrow does not make enough blood cells or makes defective cells)</li><li>Vitamin B12 deficiency</li></ul><p>Use of certain medicines may also lead to a low production of platelets in the bone marrow. The most common example is chemotherapy treatment for cancer.</p><p>The following health situations cause a low number of platelets:</p><ul><li>Disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become over active, most often during a serious illness (<a test="test" href="./000573.htm">disseminated intravascular coagulation - DIC</a>)</li><li>Drug-induced low platelet count</li><li>Enlarged spleen</li><li>Disorder in which the immune system destroys platelets (<a test="test" href="./000535.htm">immune thrombocytopenic purpura - ITP</a>)</li><li>Disorder that causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels, causing a low platelet count (<a test="test" href="./000552.htm">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - TTP</a>)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>You may not have any symptoms. Or you may have general symptoms, such as: </p><ul><li>Bleeding in the mouth and gums</li><li><a test="test" href="./007213.htm">Bruising</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003106.htm">Nosebleeds</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003220.htm">Rash</a></li></ul><p>Other symptoms depend on the cause. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your medical history and symptoms. The following tests may be done:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC) </li><li>Blood clotting tests: <a test="test" href="./003653.htm">partial thromboplastin time</a> (PTT) and <a test="test" href="./003652.htm">prothrombin time</a> (PT)</li></ul><p>Other tests that may help diagnose this condition include <a test="test" href="./003658.htm">bone marrow aspiration</a> or <a test="test" href="./003934.htm">biopsy</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment depends on the cause of the condition. In some cases, a transfusion of platelets may be required to stop or prevent bleeding.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>The outcome depends on the disorder causing the low platelet counts.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Severe bleeding (hemorrhage) is the main complication. Bleeding may occur in the brain or gastrointestinal tract.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if you experience unexplained bleeding or bruising.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Prevention depends on the specific cause.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Low platelet count - thrombocytopenia</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Abrams CS. Thrombocytopenia. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 158.</p><p>Branchford BR, Samelson-Jones BJ, Flood VH. Platelet and blood vessel disorders. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 533.</p><p>Warkentin TE. Thrombocytopenia caused by hypersplenism, platelet destruction, or surgery/hemodilution. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. <em>Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 130.</p><p>Zeller MP, Ning S, Arnold DM, Gabe C. Diseases of platelet number: immune thrombocytopenia, neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, and posttransfusion purpura. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. <em>Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 129.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 3/31/2024</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. </p>
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