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</div><div><span>Thyroid cancer - medullary carcinoma</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Thyroid cancer - medullary carcinoma</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is cancer of the thyroid gland that starts in cells that release a hormone called calcitonin. These cells are called "C" cells. The thyroid gland is located inside the front of your lower neck.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>The cause of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC) is unknown. MTC is very rare. It can occur in children and adults.</p><p>Unlike other types of thyroid cancer, MTC is less likely to be caused by radiation therapy to the neck given to treat other cancers during childhood.</p><p>There are two forms of MTC:</p><ul><li>
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Sporadic MTC, which does not run in families. Most MTCs are sporadic. This form mainly affects older adults.
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</li><li>Hereditary MTC, which runs in families.
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</li></ul><p>You have an increased risk for this type of cancer if you have:</p><ul><li>
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A family history of MTC
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</li><li>
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A family history of <a test="test" href="./000399.htm">multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)</a></li><li>A prior history of <a test="test" href="./000340.htm">pheochromocytoma</a>, mucosal neuromas, <a test="test" href="./001215.htm">hyperparathyroidism</a> or pancreatic endocrine tumors</li></ul><p>Other types of thyroid cancer include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000352.htm">Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./001213.htm">Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000331.htm">Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid</a></li><li>
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Thyroid <a test="test" href="./000581.htm">lymphoma</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>MTC often begins as a small lump (nodule) in the thyroid gland. There also may be <a test="test" href="./003097.htm">lymph node swelling</a> in the neck. As a result, symptoms may include:</p><ul><li>Swelling of the neck</li><li>Hoarseness</li><li>Breathing problems due to narrowing of airways</li><li>Cough</li><li><a test="test" href="./003073.htm">Cough with blood</a></li><li>Diarrhea due to high calcitonin level</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and medical history.</p><p>Tests that may be used to diagnose MTC include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003699.htm">Calcitonin</a> blood test</li><li><a test="test" href="./003574.htm">CEA</a> blood test</li><li><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000842.htm">Genetic testing</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003899.htm">Thyroid biopsy</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003776.htm">Ultrasound of the thyroid</a> and the lymph nodes of the neck</li><li><a test="test" href="./003827.htm">PET scan</a></li></ul><p>People with MTC should be checked for certain other tumors, especially pheochromocytoma and parathyroid tumors and parathyroid tumors.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment involves surgery to remove the thyroid gland and surrounding lymph nodes. Because this is an uncommon tumor, surgery should be performed by a surgeon who is familiar with this type of cancer and experienced with the operation required.</p><p>Further treatment will depend on your calcitonin levels. A rise in calcitonin levels again may indicate new growth of the cancer.</p><ul><li>Chemotherapy and radiation do not work very well for this type of cancer.</li><li>Radiation is used in some people after surgery.</li><li>Newer <a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000902.htm">targeted therapies</a> may reduce tumor growth also. Your provider can tell you more about these, if needed.</li></ul><p>Near relatives of persons diagnosed with hereditary forms of MTC are at increased risk of this cancer and should discuss with their providers.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Support Groups</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>You can ease the stress of illness by joining a <a test="test" href="./002166.htm">cancer support group</a>. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Most people with MTC live at least 5 years after diagnosis, depending upon the stage of the cancer. The 10-year survival rate is 65%.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Complications may include:</p><ul><li>
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Cancer spreads to other areas of the body
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</li><li>
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Parathyroid glands are accidentally removed during surgery
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</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Contact your provider if you have symptoms of MTC.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-9" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-9"><p>Prevention may not be possible. But, being aware of your risk factors, especially your family history, may allow for early diagnosis and treatment. For people who have a very strong family history of MTC, the option to remove the thyroid gland may be recommended. You should carefully discuss this option with a doctor who is very familiar with the disease.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Thyroid - medullary carcinoma; Cancer - thyroid (medullary carcinoma); MTC; Thyroid nodule - medullary</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Kim M, Kim BH. Current guidelines for management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. <em>Endocrinol Metab</em>. 2021;36(3):514-524. PMID: 34154310 <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154310/" target="_blank">pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154310/</a>.</p><p>National Cancer Institute website. Thyroid cancer treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/hp/thyroid-treatment-pdq" target="_blank">www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/hp/thyroid-treatment-pdq</a>. Updated April 11, 2024. Accessed May 3, 2024.</p><p>Pearce EN, Hollenberg AN. Thyroid. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 207.</p><p>Suh I, Sosa JA. Thyroid. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. <em>Sabiston Textbook of Surgery</em>. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 37.</p></div></div></section>
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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