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</div><div><span>Stomach cancer</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Stomach cancer</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Stomach cancer is <a test="test" href="./001289.htm">cancer</a> that starts in the stomach.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Several types of cancer can occur in the stomach. The most common type is called adenocarcinoma. It starts from one of the cell types found in the lining of the stomach.</p><p>Adenocarcinoma is a common cancer of the digestive tract. It is less common in the stomach in the United States, compared to Asia. It is diagnosed much more often in people in eastern Asia, parts of South America, and eastern and central Europe. It occurs most often in men over age 40.</p><p>The number of people in the United States who develop this cancer has decreased over the years. Experts think this decrease may be in part because people are eating less salted, cured, and smoked foods.</p><p>You are more likely to be diagnosed with gastric cancer if you: </p><ul><li>Have a diet low in fruits and vegetables</li><li>Have a family history of gastric cancer</li><li>Have an infection of the stomach by a bacteria called <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> (<a test="test" href="./007715.htm">
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H pylori</a>)</li><li>Had a polyp (abnormal growth) larger than 2 centimeters in your stomach</li><li>Have inflammation and swelling of the stomach for a long time (chronic atrophic <a test="test" href="./001150.htm">gastritis</a>)</li><li>Have <a test="test" href="./000569.htm">pernicious anemia</a> (low number of red blood cells from intestines not properly absorbing vitamin B12)</li><li>Smoke </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms of stomach cancer may include any of the following:</p><ul><li>Abdominal fullness or pain, which may occur after a small meal</li><li>Dark stools</li><li>Difficulty swallowing, which becomes worse over time</li><li>Excessive belching</li><li>General decline in health</li><li>Loss of appetite</li><li>Nausea</li><li><a test="test" href="./003118.htm">Vomiting blood</a></li><li>Weakness or fatigue</li><li><a test="test" href="./003107.htm">Weight loss</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Diagnosis is often delayed because symptoms may not occur in the early stages of the disease. And many of the symptoms do not specifically point to the stomach. So, people often self-treat symptoms that gastric cancer has in common with other, less serious, disorders (bloating, gas, heartburn, and fullness).</p><p>Tests that can help diagnose gastric cancer include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC) to check for <a test="test" href="./000560.htm">anemia.</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003888.htm">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a> (EGD) with <a test="test" href="./003416.htm">biopsy</a> to examine the esophagus and the stomach tissue. EGD involves putting a tiny camera down the esophagus (food tube) to look at the inside of the stomach.</li><li><a test="test" href="./003393.htm">Stool test</a> to check for blood in the stools. </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Surgery to remove the stomach (<a test="test" href="./002945.htm">gastrectomy</a>) before the cancer has spread is the standard treatment that can cure adenocarcinoma of the stomach. <a test="test" href="./001918.htm">Radiation therapy</a> and <a test="test" href="./002324.htm">chemotherapy</a> may help. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy after surgery may improve the chance of a cure.</p><p>For people who cannot have surgery, chemotherapy or radiation may improve symptoms and may prolong survival, but will not cure the cancer. For some people, a surgical bypass procedure may relieve symptoms.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Support Groups</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>You can ease the stress of illness by joining a <a test="test" href="./002166.htm">cancer support group</a>. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Outlook varies based on how much the cancer has spread by the time of diagnosis. Tumors in the lower stomach are cured more often than those in the higher stomach. The chance of a cure also depends on how far the tumor has invaded the stomach wall and whether lymph nodes are involved.</p><p>When the tumor has spread outside the stomach, a cure is less likely. When a cure is not possible, the goal of treatment is to improve symptoms and prolong life.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your health care provider if symptoms of gastric cancer develop.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Screening programs are successful in detecting disease in the early stages in parts of the world where the risk for stomach cancer is much higher than in the United States. The value of screening in the United States and other countries with much lower rates of stomach cancer is not clear.</p><p>The following may help reduce your risk for stomach cancer:</p><ul><li>Do not smoke.</li><li>Keep a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.</li><li>Take medicines to treat <a test="test" href="./000265.htm">reflux disease (heartburn)</a>, if you have it.</li><li>Take antibiotics if you are diagnosed with <em>H pylori</em> infection. </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Cancer - stomach; Gastric cancer; Gastric carcinoma; Adenocarcinoma of the stomach</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1090t.jpg" alt="Digestive system" title="Digestive system" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1090.htm">Digestive system</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1202t.jpg" alt="Stomach cancer, X-ray" title="Stomach cancer, X-ray" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1202.htm">Stomach cancer, x-ray</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Ku GY, Ilson DH. Cancer of the stomach. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, eds. <em>Abeloff's Clinical Oncology</em>. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 72.</p><p>National Cancer Institute website. Gastric cancer treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/hp/stomach-treatment-pdq" target="_blank">www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/hp/stomach-treatment-pdq</a>. Updated January 30, 2023. Accessed March 06, 2023.</p><p>Quante M, Bornschein J. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and other gastric tumors. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. <em>Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 54.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 10/16/2022</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Monsey, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Editorial update 03/06/2023.</p>
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