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<h1>Side Effects of HIV Medicines</h1>
|
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<div class="views-row">
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content">HIV and Diabetes</h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fact-sheet-qa"><div class="field-content"><div class="item-list"><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item">
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<h2 class="node__title">
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Key Points</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/diabetes"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Diabetes</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> is a disease that develops when levels of blood </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/glucose"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">glucose</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> (also called blood sugar) are too high.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">While there are different types of diabetes, type 2 diabetes is the most common and is more likely in people with HIV.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">It is important for people with HIV to have their blood glucose levels checked before taking HIV medicines, as some of these medicines can be harmful for people with high blood glucose.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A healthy diet, regular physical activity, and some medicines can help prevent, delay, or manage type 2 diabetes.</span></li></ul></div>
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</article>
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<header>
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||
<h2 class="node__title">
|
||
<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What is diabetes?</span>
|
||
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</h2>
|
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<div class="node__content clearfix">
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/diabetes"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Diabetes</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> is a disease that develops when levels of blood </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/glucose" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">glucose</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> (also called blood sugar) are too high. Glucose comes from the breakdown of the foods we eat and is the body’s main source of energy.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Over time, diabetes can cause serious health problems, including heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye problems, and nerve damage.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">There are different types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational. This fact sheet discusses type 2 diabetes, which is the most common type of diabetes.</span></p></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>
|
||
</li><li class="list-group-item">
|
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<article class="node node--type-fact-sheet-qa node--view-mode-print clearfix">
|
||
<header>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="node__title">
|
||
<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="node__content clearfix">
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">People at an increased risk of type 2 diabetes include those who:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Are 45 years of age or older</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Have a family history of diabetes</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Are overweight or obese</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Do not engage in regular physical activity</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Are African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander American</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">People with HIV have additional unique risk factors for developing diabetes. Risk factors for diabetes in people with HIV include:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Taking specific HIV medicines, including older-generation drugs (such as </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/ritonavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">ritonavir</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Having </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/lipodystrophy-syndrome"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">lipodystrophy</span></a></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Having hepatitis C </span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Having HIV-related inflammation</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you have HIV and any of the risk factors above, it is important to be aware of potential symptoms of diabetes.</span></p></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>
|
||
</li><li class="list-group-item">
|
||
|
||
<article class="node node--type-fact-sheet-qa node--view-mode-print clearfix">
|
||
<header>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="node__title">
|
||
<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What are the symptoms of diabetes?</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="node__content clearfix">
|
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Diabetes is associated with many symptoms which include:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Increased thirst</span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Frequent urination </span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Increased hunger </span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Unusual weight loss </span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Fatigue </span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Blurred vision </span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet</span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Sores that do not heal</span></li></ul><p>If you have HIV and are experiencing any of these symptoms, be sure to consult your health care provider to protect yourself from diabetes or other harmful conditions.</p></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>
|
||
</li><li class="list-group-item">
|
||
|
||
<article class="node node--type-fact-sheet-qa node--view-mode-print clearfix">
|
||
<header>
|
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|
||
<h2 class="node__title">
|
||
<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Should I get tested for diabetes?</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="node__content clearfix">
|
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|
||
<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">You should have your blood glucose levels checked before starting treatment with HIV medicines. Some HIV medicines should be avoided by people with high blood glucose levels.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Even if you don’t have diabetes, your health care provider may want to regularly check your blood glucose to make sure it stays at a healthy level.</span></p></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>
|
||
</li><li class="list-group-item">
|
||
|
||
<article class="node node--type-fact-sheet-qa node--view-mode-print clearfix">
|
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<header>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="node__title">
|
||
<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">How can I prevent, delay, or manage type 2 diabetes?</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="node__content clearfix">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">You can take the following steps to prevent, delay, or manage type 2 diabetes:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Maintain a healthy weight.</strong> If you are overweight, lose weight and keep it off.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-top:0in;tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Eat healthily.</strong> Eat a variety of healthy foods (see </span><a href="https://www.myplate.gov/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">MyPlate.gov</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> for recommendations) and limit foods high in fat, sugar, and salt.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Keep moving.</strong> Aim to get in at least 30 minutes of physical activity on most days of the week.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">In addition to the above measures, some medicines can help manage type 2 diabetes. To learn more, visit the </span><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Managing Diabetes</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> webpage from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you have HIV, talk to your health care provider about your risk for diabetes and what you can do to protect your health. The best way to reduce your risk of diabetes is to take care of yourself by maintaining a proper diet, exercising regularly, and taking your HIV medicines as prescribed. </span></p></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>
|
||
</li><li class="list-group-item">
|
||
|
||
<article class="node node--type-fact-sheet-qa node--view-mode-print clearfix">
|
||
<header>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="node__title">
|
||
<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
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|
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH Office of AIDS Research:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV: </span><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li style="tab-stops:list 1.0in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/adverse-effects-antiretroviral-agents" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Agents</span></a></li><li style="tab-stops:list 1.0in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/tests-initial-assessment-and-follow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Laboratory Testing for Initial Assessment and Monitoring of People With HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> </span></li><li style="tab-stops:list 1.0in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/poor-cd4-cell-recovery-and-persistent-inflammation-despite" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Poor CD4 Cell Recovery and Persistent Inflammation Despite Viral Suppression</span></a></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the U.S. Department of Agriculture:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.myplate.gov/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">MyPlate</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.hiv.va.gov/pdf/pcm-manual.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Primary Care of Veterans with HIV: Diabetes Mellitus</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From NIDDK: </span></p><ul><li><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Diabetes Overview</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the National Library of Medicine:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Diabetes in People Living with HIV. [Updated 2023 Nov 1]. Sarkar S., and Brown T.T. In: Feingold K.R., Anawalt B., Blackman M.R., et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545886/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545886/</span></a></li></ul><p>Also see the <a href="/hiv-source">HIV Source</a> for a collection of HIV links and resources.</p></div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content">HIV and Hepatotoxicity</h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fact-sheet-qa"><div class="field-content"><div class="item-list"><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item">
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Key Points</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Hepatotoxicity refers to liver damage caused by a medicine, chemical, or supplement.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Symptoms of hepatotoxicity can include rash, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dark-colored urine, diarrhea, light-colored stools, </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/jaundice"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">jaundice</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">, itching, loss of appetite, and fever.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Hepatotoxicity is a potentially serious side effect of some HIV medicines.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">HIV medicines that are causing serious hepatotoxicity must be stopped immediately, but only with the approval of your health care provider.</span></li></ul></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What is hepatotoxicity?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Hepatotoxicity is the medical term for liver damage caused by a medicine (prescription or over-the-counter), chemical, or supplement (herbal or dietary). Hepatotoxicity, also called toxic liver disease or toxic hepatitis, can be a side effect of some HIV medicines. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Use the Clinicalinfo </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/drugs"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Drug Database</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> to find information about a specific HIV medicine, including information about its potential side effects. If untreated, hepatotoxicity can cause short-term liver damage (cirrhosis) or even long-term liver failure. People with an increased risk of hepatotoxicity should be aware of the symptoms of this condition.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Which other factors may increase the risk of hepatotoxicity?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In people with HIV, hepatotoxicity may result directly from HIV infection, another liver disease, or an HIV-related medicine (such as <a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/efavirenz/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">efavirenz (EFV)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> and some </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/protease-inhibitor-pi"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">protease inhibitors</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">). The following factors may increase the risk of hepatotoxicity due to HIV medicines:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;">Other liver diseases: <a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-hbv"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">hepatitis B virus (HBV)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> and/or </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/hepatitis-c-virus-infection-hcv"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">hepatitis C virus (HCV)</span></a></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Taking other medicines that can cause liver damage.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Alcohol use, which can cause liver damage.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Pre-existing liver damage.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you believe you are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity due to any of the reasons above, you will want to be mindful of any associated symptoms. </span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What are the symptoms of hepatotoxicity?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Symptoms of hepatotoxicity include the following:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Rash</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Stomach pain</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Nausea and vomiting</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Fatigue</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Dark-colored urine</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Diarrhea</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Light-colored bowel movements</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Itching</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Loss of appetite</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Fever</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">People taking HIV medicines that may cause hepatotoxicity should know about these symptoms. In some cases, hepatotoxicity can be life-threatening. If you have any of these symptoms, contact your health care provider immediately.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Are there tests to determine whether a person is at risk for developing hepatotoxicity from HIV medicines? </span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Several lab tests are done when people start taking HIV medicines, including blood tests to check for liver damage and infections like HBV and HCV. If the health care provider suspects the person is at risk for developing hepatotoxicity, they can avoid prescribing HIV medicines that cause hepatotoxicity.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">How is hepatotoxicity treated?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">People taking HIV medicines are monitored for signs of hepatotoxicity. If HIV medicines are causing serious hepatotoxicity, they must be stopped immediately. However, you should never stop taking an HIV medicine unless your health care provider tells you to.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">There are many HIV medicines available for an HIV </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/treatment-regimen"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">treatment regimen</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">. Choosing a replacement for an HIV medicine that is causing hepatotoxicity will depend on individual needs.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you are taking or plan to take HIV medicines, talk to your health care provider about the risk of hepatotoxicity.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">How can people with HIV help prevent hepatotoxicity?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Beyond the treatment considerations mentioned above, the strategies for preventing and treating hepatotoxicity in people with HIV are essentially identical to those without HIV:</p><ul><li>Reducing or eliminating alcohol use</li><li>Reducing weight in people who are overweight or obese</li><li>Updating vaccinations to protect against other forms of liver disease</li></ul></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From MedlinePlus: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000226.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Drug-Induced Liver Injury</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH National Library of Medicine: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548773/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">LiverTox: Glossary</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH Office of AIDS Research: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV: </span><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li><p style="line-height:150%;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/adverse-effects-antiretroviral-agents" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Agents</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;"> </span></p></li><li><p style="line-height:normal;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/tests-initial-assessment-and-follow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">Laboratory Testing for Initial Assessment and Monitoring of People With HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;"> </span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.hiv.va.gov/pdf/pcm-manual.pdf"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Primary Care of Veterans with HIV</span></a></li></ul><p>Also see the <a href="https://HIVinfo.NIH.gov/hiv-source">HIV Source</a><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> </span>collection of HIV links and resources. </p></div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content">HIV and High Cholesterol</h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fact-sheet-qa"><div class="field-content"><div class="item-list"><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item">
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Key Points</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">High </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/cholesterol"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">cholesterol</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> (also called </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/hyperlipidemia"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">hyperlipidemia</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">) is a complex condition with multiple contributing factors including HIV and certain HIV medicines.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">High </span>cholesterol<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> refers to high levels of total cholesterol in the blood, which increases the risk of heart disease for all people with or without HIV.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Risk factors for high cholesterol include a family history of high cholesterol, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and an excessive dietary intake of calories, saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">In people with HIV, treatment for high cholesterol may involve changing an HIV </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/treatment-regimen"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">treatment regimen</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> to avoid taking certain HIV medicines that can increase cholesterol levels.</span></li></ul></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia) refers to high levels of total cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance made by the body and is also found in foods from animal sources, such as egg yolks, meat, and cheese.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Total cholesterol refers to the total amount of low-density lipoprotein (LDL; bad cholesterol) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL; good, protective cholesterol) in the blood. In short, a lot of LDL is a bad thing, but a lot of HDL is a good thing. However, both are still counted when total cholesterol is measured.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">While the body needs cholesterol to function properly, too much (specifically LDL) can cause health problems. For example, high cholesterol increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. </span></p></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">The most common causes of high cholesterol are unhealthy lifestyle habits, including the following:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Eating foods high in </span><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/dietaryfats.html"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">dietary fats</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">, including </span>saturated and trans fat<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">s</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lack of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle)</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Smoking</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Other potential risk factors for high cholesterol include:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Older age</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A family history of high cholesterol</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Other medical conditions, such as </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/diabetes" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">diabetes</span></a></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Being overweight or obese</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Certain medicines</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Some HIV medicines, such as </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/abacavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">abacavir (ABC)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> and </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/ritonavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">ritonavir (RTV)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">, may increase the risk of high cholesterol by increasing LDLs, which puts people with HIV at a higher risk of developing hyperlipidemia. In addition, these same medicines may directly increase blood </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/triglycerides"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">triglycerides</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">, further increasing disease risk.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What are the symptoms of high cholesterol?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Usually, high cholesterol has no symptoms. However, a blood test can be used to measure total cholesterol levels.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Cholesterol testing is recommended before and after a person starts taking HIV medicines. If cholesterol levels are normal, testing is recommended once a year. If cholesterol levels are too high, more frequent testing is recommended.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What steps can you take to prevent high cholesterol or lower your cholesterol levels?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Eat a healthy diet</strong>. Eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol. Choose low-fat or fat-free dairy products, eat more high-fiber foods, and eat more vegetables and fruits. Visit </span><a href="https://www.myplate.gov/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Myplate.gov</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> for helpful dietary guidance.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Get active</strong>. Try to get at least 30 minutes of physical activity on most days of the week.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Maintain a healthy weight. </strong>If you are overweight or obese, losing weight can improve cholesterol levels.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Quit smoking. </strong>To find tips and tools to help you quit smoking, visit the Department of Health and Human Services’ </span><a href="https://smokefree.gov/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Smokefree.gov</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> website.</span></li></ul></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">How is high cholesterol treated?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Treatment for high cholesterol begins with the lifestyle changes outlined above. Sometimes a cholesterol-lowering medicine is also needed—with </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/statin" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">statins</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> being the most common drug type.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">In people with HIV, treatment for high cholesterol may involve changing an HIV </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/treatment-regimen"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">treatment regimen</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> to avoid taking HIV medicines that can increase cholesterol levels.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Some HIV medicines can have negative interactions with cholesterol medicines. Health care providers carefully consider potential </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/drug-drug-interaction" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">drug-drug interactions</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> between HIV medicines and any other medicines a person may be taking.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH Office of AIDS Research: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV: </span><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li><p style="line-height:150%;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-arv/statin-therapy-people-hiv"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Statin Therapy in People With HIV</span></a></p></li><li><p style="line-height:150%;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/adverse-effects-antiretroviral-agents" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Agents</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;"> </span></p></li><li><p style="line-height:150%;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/tests-initial-assessment-and-follow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Laboratory Testing</span></a></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/about/ldl-and-hdl-cholesterol-and-triglycerides.html"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">LDL and HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the Health Resources and Services Administration: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://hab.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hab/clinical-quality-management/2014guide.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guide for HIV/AIDS Clinical Care: Dyslipidemia</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> </span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From MedlinePlus: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><p style="line-height:150%;"><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/cholesterol.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Cholesterol</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;"> </span></p></li><li><p style="line-height:150%;"><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/howtolowercholesterolwithdiet.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">How to Lower Cholesterol with Diet</span></a></p></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): </span></p><ul><li><a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/public/heart/chol_tlc.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC</span></a></li></ul><p>Also see the <a href="/hiv-source">HIV Source</a> for a collection of HIV links and resources.</p></div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content">HIV and Lactic Acidosis</h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fact-sheet-qa"><div class="field-content"><div class="item-list"><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item">
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Key Points</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/lactic-acidosis"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lactic acidosis</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> is a potentially serious condition caused by the buildup of </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/lactic-acid" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">lactic acid</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> in the blood.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">The condition is a rare but serious side effect of some HIV medicines in the </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-nrti"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> drug class. </span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">The early symptoms of lactic acidosis include unexplained fatigue, persistent nausea, and weight loss, while advanced symptoms include increased heart rate, rapid breathing, jaundice, and muscle weakness.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">HIV medicines that are causing lactic acidosis should be stopped immediately, but only after consulting with your health care provider.</span></li></ul></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What is lactic acidosis?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/lactic-acidosis"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lactic acidosis</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> is a progressive condition caused by the buildup of </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/lactic-acid" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">lactic acid</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> in the blood. Lactic acidosis is believed to cause damage to mitochondria, small organs inside cells that convert energy from food into energy that our body uses to function. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lactic acidosis is a rare but serious side effect of some HIV medicines in the </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-nrti"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> drug class, such as </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/lamivudine/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">lamivudine (3TC)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> and </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/emtricitabine/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">emtricitabine (FTC)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">. While lactic acidosis is unlikely to be caused by modern HIV medicines, there is a possibility that it could result from some HIV medicines.</span></p></div>
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</li><li class="list-group-item">
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Are there other risk factors for developing lactic acidosis?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In addition to the use of some HIV medicines, risk factors for lactic acidosis include:</p><ul><li>Being female</li><li>Pregnancy</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Poor liver function</li><li>Low CD4 cell count</li></ul><p>Even without the risk factors above, it can be helpful to understand the symptoms of lactic acidosis.</p></div>
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<header>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What are the symptoms of lactic acidosis?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lactic acidosis often develops gradually but can occur at any time. Early signs of lactic acidosis can include:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Unexplained fatigue</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Persistent nausea and vomiting</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Weight loss</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Since lactic acidosis can be life-threatening, it’s important to be mindful of these symptoms. If you are taking HIV medicines, <strong>always tell your health care provider about any symptoms that you are having—even symptoms that may not seem serious</strong>.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lactic acidosis can rapidly advance to a life-threatening condition. Advanced signs of lactic acidosis include:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Above-normal heart rate</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Rapid breathing</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes)</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Muscle weakness</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>If you are taking HIV medicines and have any of these symptoms, get medical help immediately.</strong></span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What is the treatment for lactic acidosis?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Health care providers monitor people taking HIV medicines for side effects, like those caused by lactic acidosis. If an HIV medicine causes lactic acidosis, the HIV medicine should be stopped immediately, but only after consulting with your health care provider.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If your HIV medicine is causing lactic acidosis, your health care provider will change your HIV medicine based on your individual needs. Fortunately, there are many HIV medicines that can be included in an HIV </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/treatment-regimen"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">treatment regimen</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">. </span></p></div>
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<header>
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|
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:</span>
|
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH Office of AIDS Research: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection:</span><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/pediatric-arv/lactic-acidosis"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lactic Acidosis</span></a></li></ul></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV: </span><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li style="tab-stops:list 1.0in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/adverse-effects-antiretroviral-agents" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Agents</span></a></li><li style="tab-stops:list 1.0in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/what-start-initial-combination-regimens-antiretroviral-naive"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">What to Start: Initial Combination Regimens for People With HIV</span></a></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From MedlinePlus: </span></p><ul><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000391.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lactic Acidosis</span></a></li></ul></div>
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</article>
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</li></ul></div></div></div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content">HIV and Lipodystrophy</h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fact-sheet-qa"><div class="field-content"><div class="item-list"><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item">
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lipodystrophy is a condition that changes the way the body makes, uses, and stores fat, and may affect some people with HIV.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">The exact cause of lipodystrophy is unknown but is linked to HIV infection and some HIV medicines.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you have HIV and are experiencing lipodystrophy, you should consult with your health care provider to determine if a change to your HIV medicine is necessary.</span></li></ul></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What is lipodystrophy?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/lipodystrophy-syndrome"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lipodystrophy</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> is a condition that changes the way your body makes, uses, and stores fat. Lipodystrophy is also known as fat redistribution, in which the body abnormally takes fat from one region of the body and relocates it to another part of the body.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">The way lipodystrophy affects each person can vary based on numerous factors, including gender. For example, women tend to have fat buildup (also called </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/lipohypertrophy" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">lipohypertrophy</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">) that occurs:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Around the organs in the belly</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">On the back of the neck between the shoulders</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">In the breasts</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">In contrast, men tend to have fat loss (also called </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/lipoatrophy" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">lipoatrophy</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">) that occurs:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">In the arms and legs</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Around the hips</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">On the face</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">People with lipodystrophy often have other metabolic problems, including high cholesterol and insulin resistance, which can lead to diabetes. If untreated, metabolic problems caused by lipodystrophy can also lead to other conditions, such as heart disease.</span></p></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">While the exact cause of lipodystrophy remains unknown, it may be attributed to HIV. In addition, some HIV-related medicines could cause lipodystrophy, particularly after long-term use. Some HIV medicines that have been linked to lipodystrophy include </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/atazanavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">atazanavir</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">, </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/darunavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">darunavir</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">, </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/fosamprenavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">fosamprenavir</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">, </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/ritonavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">ritonavir</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">, and </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/tipranavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">tipranavir</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you are currently taking any of these medicines and believe you are experiencing lipodystrophy, you should consult with your health care provider to determine if you need to adjust your treatment regimen. Do not stop taking your current HIV medicine unless your doctor advises you to do so.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Aside from HIV and HIV-related medicines, some evidence suggests an increased risk of lipodystrophy in people who are:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Women</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Black</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Genetically predisposed</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Underweight or overweight</span></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Older</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you believe you are at an increased risk of lipodystrophy, it’s important to understand your treatment options.</span></p></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you have HIV and think you also have lipodystrophy, talk to your health care provider about treatment options, including potential changes to your HIV medicine. Never stop taking your HIV medicines without consulting your doctor. A health care provider could also prescribe non-HIV medicines to help treat lipodystrophy. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Aside from changing medicines, the effects of lipodystrophy could be reduced through dietary changes and regular exercise. In other cases, liposuction (surgical fat removal) and injectable facial fillers are sometimes used to treat lipodystrophy.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH Office of AIDS Research: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection:</span><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/pediatric-arv/lipodystrophies-and-weight-gain"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Lipodystrophies and Weight Gain</span></a></li></ul></li><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV: </span><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/adverse-effects-antiretroviral-agents" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Agents</span></a></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the Department of Veterans Affairs: </span></p><ul><li><a href="http://www.hiv.va.gov/patient/faqs/fat-loss-and-gain.asp" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">FAQ: Will HIV medicines cause changes to your fat and stomach?</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the New York State Department of Health</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/9408.pdf"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Managing Side Effects of HIV Medications</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the Health Resources and Services Administration: </span></p><ul><li><a href="https://hab.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hab/clinical-quality-management/2014guide.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guide for HIV/AIDS Clinical Care: Abnormalities of Body-Fat Distribution</span></a></li></ul><p>Also see the <a href="https://HIVinfo.NIH.gov/hiv-source">HIV Source</a> collection of HIV links and resources.</p></div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content">HIV and Osteoporosis</h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fact-sheet-qa"><div class="field-content"><div class="item-list"><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item">
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/osteoporosis" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Osteoporosis</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> is a bone disease caused by bone loss that weakens the bones and increases the risk of fractures.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">The risk of osteoporosis increases as people age and is most common in older women. </span>HIV infection and certain HIV medicines may increase the risk of osteoporosis, amplifying the increased risk in older adults, particularly older women. <span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><hiv infection and certain hiv medicines may increase the risk of amplifying increased in older particularly span></hiv></span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Osteoporosis is related to controllable risk factors like diet, physical inactivity, and smoking.</span></li></ul></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Osteoporosis is a bone disease that weakens the bones and increases the risk of fractures. While the risk of fractures increases throughout the body in people with osteoporosis, the risk is most noticeable in the hips, spine, and wrists. A milder form of bone loss is known as osteopenia.</span></p><p>There is a clear link between HIV infection, some HIV-related medicines, and bone loss. If untreated, prolonged bone loss could result in osteoporosis. </p></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">There are many risk factors for osteoporosis. Some risk factors cannot be changed, while others can be controlled by lifestyle choices.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Risk factors for osteoporosis that cannot be changed include:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Age</strong>: The risk of osteoporosis increases as people get older.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Gender</strong>: Compared to men, women have smaller bones and lose bone faster due to hormonal changes after menopause.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Race and ethnicity</strong>: The risk of osteoporosis is greatest for White and Asian women.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Family history</strong>: Osteoporosis tends to be genetic.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">The following risk factors for osteoporosis can be controlled by lifestyle choices:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Poor diet</strong>: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D increases the risk of osteoporosis.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Physical inactivity</strong>: Physical inactivity tends to weaken bones.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Smoking</strong>: Smoking increases the risk of osteoporosis.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Alcohol</strong>: Too much alcohol can cause bone loss and broken bones. </span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Certain HIV medicines, such as </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">tenofovir disoproxil fumarate</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> (TDF), have been linked to bone loss. In contrast, vitamin D and calcium supplements can increase bone mineral density in participants taking TDF-based drugs. If your doctor suspects that TDF or another HIV medicine is lowering your bone density, they may switch you to another HIV medicine.</span></p></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Bone loss that leads to osteoporosis generally occurs without symptoms. The first sign of osteoporosis is often a broken bone after a minor fall. Osteoporosis can also cause tiny fractures in your spine that cause back pain.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A bone mineral density test (also called </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/dual-energy-x-ray-absorptiometry-dxa-dexa"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">) is used to measure bone health. This painless test is used to diagnose osteopenia and osteoporosis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you have HIV, you may want to discuss bone mineral density testing with your health care providers while also taking precautionary steps to prevent osteoporosis.</span></p></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">You can take the following steps to prevent osteoporosis:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Eat a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.</strong> Calcium-rich foods include milk, dairy products, broccoli, sardines, tofu, and almonds. Meanwhile, milk, egg yolks, saltwater fish, and liver are high in vitamin D. Alternatively, you can also take calcium and vitamin D supplements. </span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Stay active.</strong> Weight-bearing physical activities, such as walking and lifting weights, can make bones stronger and help slow down bone loss. </span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Do not smoke.</strong> Smoking is associated with bone density loss and increases the risk of broken bones the longer and more often you smoke.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Cut down on alcohol.</strong> If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. Too much alcohol can damage bones and increase the risk of falling.</span></li></ul></div>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Osteoporosis treatment includes regular exercise and eating a healthy diet that is rich in calcium and vitamin D. While there are also medicines to help prevent and treat osteoporosis, lifestyle choices are essential to long-term bone health.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">People with osteoporosis should also take measures to avoid falls that can lead to broken bones. For example, they may use a cane or walker to help prevent such accidents.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">For people with HIV, regular bone density testing could help reduce the risk of osteoporosis. If you have HIV and believe you are at risk for osteoporosis, be sure to consult with your health care provider in case a change to your treatment regimen is necessary. </span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Osteoporosis Causes and Symptoms</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/bone-health-and-osteoporosis" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Bone Health and Osteoporosis</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH Office of AIDS Research: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><p style="line-height:150%;margin-top:12.0pt;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li><p style="line-height:150%;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-top:12.0pt;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/adverse-effects-antiretroviral-agents" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Agents</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;"> </span></p></li><li><p style="line-height:150%;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-top:12.0pt;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/poor-cd4-cell-recovery-and-persistent-inflammation-despite" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Poor CD4 Cell Recovery and Persistent Inflammation Despite Viral Suppression</span></a></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From MedlinePlus:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000492.htm"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Exercise, Lifestyle, and Your Bones</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the Office on Women's Health</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/osteoporosis"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Osteoporosis</span></a></li></ul><p>Also see the <a href="/hiv-source">HIV Source</a> collection of HIV links and resources.</p></div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content">HIV and Rash</h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fact-sheet-qa"><div class="field-content"><div class="item-list"><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item">
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A rash is an irritated or swollen area of skin that may be itchy, red, bumpy, and painful. </span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;">A rash may be an early symptom of HIV infection. In people who already have HIV, a rash can develop due to secondary infections or interactions with medicines, including some HIV medicines.</li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A rash caused by an HIV medicine is typically not serious and resolves in several days to weeks without treatment. However, it may be necessary to switch HIV medicines if a rash doesn’t go away on its own.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you have HIV and get a rash, tell your health care provider immediately. Even a minor rash can be a sign of a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. </span></li></ul></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Why do people with HIV develop a rash?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A rash is an irritated or swollen area of skin that may be itchy, red, bumpy, and painful. Possible causes of a rash in people with HIV include:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/acute-hiv-infection"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Acute HIV</span></a></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Other infections</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Medicines</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Acute HIV </strong></span><br><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A rash may be an early symptom of HIV infection. During the earliest stages of HIV, a rash can develop as the body fights off the virus, weakening the immune system.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Other infections</strong></span><br><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Without treatment, HIV gradually destroys the </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/immune-system" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">immune system</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">. Damage to the immune system increases the risk of other infections such as </span><a href="https://HIVinfo.NIH.gov/hiv-source/hiv-related-conditions/herpes"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">herpesviruses</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> and </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/molluscum-contagiosum"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">molluscum contagiosum</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> that cause rashes and skin conditions. While a rash may be directly related to HIV, it can also be a symptom of many other infections. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><strong>Medicines</strong> </span><br><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Many medicines, including some HIV medicines, can cause a rash. Examples of HIV medicines that may cause a rash include </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/efavirenz/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">efavirenz (EFV)</span></a><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none;"> and </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/darunavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">darunavir (DRV)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Rashes from EFV often appear in the first two weeks of treatment as pink or red-colored patches with or without raised bumps. In contrast, rashes from DRV often occur weeks to months after starting treatment and are typically darker (red or purple) and more likely to blister or peel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A rash caused by HIV medicine is typically not serious and goes away in several days to weeks without treatment. However, it may be necessary to switch to another HIV medicine if a rash develops and won’t go away, or if other symptoms like fever, blisters, joint pain, or fatigue also occur.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you are taking HIV medicine, tell your health care provider if you have a rash. In rare cases, a rash caused by an HIV medicine can be a sign of a serious condition. Never stop taking your HIV medication without talking to your doctor.</span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What are serious rash-related conditions?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">A rash can be a sign of a </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/hypersensitivity"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">hypersensitivity</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> reaction, which is a potentially serious allergic reaction to a medicine. In addition to a rash, signs of a hypersensitivity reaction can include difficulty breathing, dizziness, or lightheadedness. <strong>A severe hypersensitivity reaction can require immediate medical attention.</strong></span></p><p><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> is a rare but serious hypersensitivity reaction reported with the use of some HIV medicines, including </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/nevirapine/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">nevirapine (NVP)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">. SJS may cause symptoms such as fever, rash, painful blisters, and other flu-like symptoms. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Given the severity of SJS, people taking HIV medicine should know about this condition. <strong>If you have symptoms of SJS, get medical help immediately. SJS can be life-threatening.</strong></span></p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">How are HIV-related skin rashes treated?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Treatment of HIV-related skin rashes depends on the cause. If you think you have been exposed to HIV and developed a rash, see your health care provider immediately. HIV medicines can help restore the immune system and reduce viral load, leading to significant improvement in HIV-related skin conditions.</p><p>If your rash is caused by an HIV medicine, switching to another medicine should help the rash go away. Otherwise, consult with your health care provider if you have concerns about any rash or rash related to an HIV medicine. Never stop taking your HIV medications without talking to your doctor.</p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH Office of AIDS Research: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV: </span><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li style="color:#0563C1;tab-stops:list 1.0in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/acute-and-recent-early-hiv-infection" target="_blank">Early (Acute and Recent) HIV Infection </a></li><li style="tab-stops:list 1.0in;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/adverse-effects-antiretroviral-agents" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Agents</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> </span></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From MedlinePlus: </span></p><ul><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000819.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Drug Allergies</span></a></li><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/stevens-johnson-syndrome-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the United States Food and Drug Administration:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/021937s043lbl.pdf"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">ATRIPLA Drug Label</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/021976s045_202895s020lbl.pdf"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">PREZISTA Drug Label</span></a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content">HIV Medicines and Side Effects</h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fact-sheet-qa"><div class="field-content"><div class="item-list"><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item">
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|
||
<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Key Points</span>
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<div class="node__meta">
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;">Side effects are symptoms or problems that may occur when taking any medicine, including HIV medicine. While HIV medicines can improve quality of life and reduce the risk of disease <a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/transmission">transmission</a> in people with HIV, they can sometimes cause mild to serious side effects.</li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;">HIV medicines approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) generally have more benefits than risks, making them safe for most people.</li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;">The type and severity of side effects caused by HIV medicines can vary depending on the type of medicine and each person. If you are taking any HIV medicine for the first time, you should talk to your health care provider about possible side effects and ways to manage them.</li></ul></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Can HIV medicines cause side effects?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Side effects are symptoms or problems that may occur when taking any medicine, including HIV medicine. Specifically, HIV medicines help people with HIV live long, healthy lives, and can also reduce the risk of </span>HIV transmission<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">As with most medications, HIV medicines can sometimes cause side effects. Most side effects from HIV medicines are manageable and will not cause serious problems, but a few can be serious.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Overall, the benefits of FDA-approved HIV medicines far outweigh the risk of side effects. In addition, HIV medicines have been improved over the years to cause fewer side effects, making people less likely to have side effects from HIV medicines.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you are starting HIV medicines or if you are starting a new HIV medicine, you should discuss the possible side effects of the medication with your health care provider. Health care providers work with you to select an HIV </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/treatment-regimen"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">treatment regimen </span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">based on your individual needs. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">If you experience side effects from an HIV medicine, consult with your health care provider. <strong>Always</strong> <strong>call your health care provider before you stop taking the medicine</strong>.</span></p></div>
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<header>
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|
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Do all HIV medicines cause the same side effects?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Different HIV medicines can cause different side effects. In addition, people taking the same HIV medicine can have different side effects.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Some side effects from HIV medicines are very common and may last only a few days or weeks. For example, nausea, fatigue, and sleep problems are some short-term side effects of HIV medicines.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">HIV medicines can also cause other side effects that may not appear for months or years after starting a medicine. For example, high </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/cholesterol" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">cholesterol</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">—a major risk factor for heart disease—can be a side effect of some HIV medicines.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Having another medical condition or taking other medicines can increase the risk of side effects from HIV medicines. In addition, </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/drug-drug-interaction" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">drug-drug interactions</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> between HIV medicines and other medicines can also cause side effects.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Use the Clinicalinfo </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/drugs" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Drug Database</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> to learn more about your HIV medicines, including possible side effects. For help using the Drug Database, contact a Clinicalinfo health information specialist by phone (1-800-448-0440) or email (</span><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#1a52534c73747c755a747372347d756c"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="6a22233c03040c052a242322440d051c">[email protected]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">).</span></p></div>
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</article>
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</li><li class="list-group-item">
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What are some ways to manage side effects from HIV medicines?</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Before starting HIV medicines, talk to your health care provider about possible side effects.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">In some cases, possible side effects can be avoided by precautionary testing. For example, the HIV drug </span><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/abacavir/patient"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">abacavir (ABC)</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;"> can cause hypersensitivity and a severe rash in patients with a particular genetic makeup. Before starting treatment with abacavir, the FDA recommends that all patients take a genetic test to predict their susceptibility to a serious hypersensitivity reaction.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Depending on the HIV medicines in your HIV treatment regimen, your health care provider will:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Tell you which specific side effects to look out for.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Give you suggestions on how to deal with manageable side effects like nausea and vomiting.</span></li><li style="tab-stops:list .5in;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Tell you about the signs of life-threatening side effects that require immediate medical care, like swelling of the mouth and tongue.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">Once you start taking HIV medicines, tell your health care provider about any side effects that you are having. Your health care provider can recommend ways to treat or manage side effects.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">In some cases, it may be necessary to change HIV medicines to stop a side effect. <strong>However, do NOT cut down on, skip, or stop taking your HIV medicines unless your health care provider tells you to.</strong> </span></p><p>Fortunately, there are many HIV medicines available as alternatives to include in an HIV treatment regimen. Your individual needs will determine the choice of HIV medicines to replace those causing side effects.</p></div>
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<span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:</span>
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<div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the NIH Office of AIDS Research: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><p style="line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV:</span></p><ul style="list-style-type:circle;"><li><p style="line-height:150%;"><a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/adverse-effects-antiretroviral-agents" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;">Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Agents</span></a></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From U.S. Food and Drug Administration: </span></p><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForWomen/ucm118597.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">HIV and AIDS: Medicines to Help You</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: </span></p><ul><li><a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hiv-treatment" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;">HIV/AIDS Treatment</span></a></li></ul><p>Also see the <a href="/hiv-source">HIV Source</a> collection of HIV links and resources.</p></div>
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