nih-gov/www.nlm.nih.gov/medline/medline_history.html
2025-02-26 13:17:41 -05:00

419 lines
21 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/>
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@100;300;400;500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.0.10/css/all.css" integrity="sha384-+d0P83n9kaQMCwj8F4RJB66tzIwOKmrdb46+porD/OvrJ+37WqIM7UoBtwHO6Nlg" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" title="The Dublin Core metadata Element Set" />
<script src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/js/uswds-init.min.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/home_assets/uswds/css/styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/home_assets/uswds/css/uswds_accordion_nav.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/home_assets/css/mwm_sidebar.css">
<title>MEDLINE History</title>
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" title="The Dublin Core metadata Element Set" />
<meta name="DC.Title" content="MEDLINE History" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="U.S. National Library of Medicine" />
<meta name="DC.Date.Issued" content="2024-01-19" />
<meta name="DC.Date.Modified" content="2024-01-19" />
<meta name="NLMDC.Date.LastReviewed" content="2024-01-19" />
<meta name="NLM.Contact.Email" content="NLMDASwebsupport@mail.nlm.nih.gov" />
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Training Material and Manuals" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Public Domain" />
<meta name="DC.Language" content="eng" />
<!-- Google Tag Manager --><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push(
{'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'}
);var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MT6MLL');</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
</head>
<body>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MT6MLL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="googletagmanager"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- TOP NAV -->
<a class="usa-skipnav" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<div class="usa-banner site-banner" aria-label="Official government website">
<div class="usa-accordion">
<header class="usa-banner__header">
<div class="usa-banner__inner">
<div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"/> </div>
<div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto">
<p class="usa-banner__header-text"> An official website of the United States government </p>
<p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true"> Heres how you know </p>
</div>
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Heres how you know</span> </button>
</div>
</header>
<div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner">
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg">
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"/>
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
<p> <strong> Official websites use .gov </strong> <br />
A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government
organization in the United States. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"/>
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
<p> <strong> Secure .gov websites use HTTPS </strong> <br />
A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewBox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title-default banner-lock-description-default" focusable="false">
<title id="banner-lock-title-default">Lock</title>
<desc id="banner-lock-description-default">A locked padlock</desc>
<path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/>
</svg>
</span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- HEADER -->
<header id="siteheader" class="usa-header usa-header--basic">
<div class="usa-nav-container tablet:padding-x-4 mobile-lg:padding-x-2 padding-y-1">
<div class="grid-row padding-y-105">
<div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-4 tablet-lg:grid-col-4 tablet:grid-col-6"> <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/"> <img src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/NLM_White.png" alt="NLM logo" class="logo margin-top-1"> </a> </div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 desktop:grid-offset-4 tablet-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-offset-2 tablet:grid-col-6 grid-col-12">
<form class="usa-search desktop:margin-top-2 tablet:margin-top-2 mobile:margin-top-1" role="search" data-gtm-form-interact-id="0" method="get" action="//vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta" target="_self" name="searchForm" id="searchForm2">
<input class="usa-input ui-autocomplete-input" aria-label="Search" type="search" name="query" data-gtm-form-interact-field-id="0" id="search2" placeholder="Search NLM" autocomplete="off">
<input type="hidden" name="v:project" value="nlm-main-website">
<button class="usa-button border border-top border-bottom border-right border-white" role="button" aria-label="Search" type="submit"> <span class="usa-search__submit-text"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </span> </button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="bg-secondary insertCOOP">
<div class="usa-nav-container">
<div class="usa-navbar ">
<button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
</div>
<nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav">
<button class="usa-nav__close"><img src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/close.svg" alt="close"></button>
<ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion insertNav">
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item desktop-lg:margin-x-5 desktop:margin-x-3 tablet:margin-x-0">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-one"> <span>Products and Services <i class="fas fa-caret-down margin-left-05"></i> </span> </button>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-one" class="usa-nav__submenu bg-secondary" hidden="">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//eresources.nlm.nih.gov/nlm_eresources/"><span>All Products and Services</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//clinicaltrials.gov/"><span>ClinicalTrials.gov</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//collections.nlm.nih.gov/"><span>Digital Collections</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//catalog.nlm.nih.gov"><span>LocatorPlus Catalog</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//meshb.nlm.nih.gov/search"><span>Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//medlineplus.gov/"><span>MedlinePlus</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/"><span>PubMed/MEDLINE</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts/"><span>Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)</span></a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item desktop-lg:margin-x-5 desktop:margin-x-3 tablet:margin-x-0">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-two"> <span> Resources for You <i class="fas fa-caret-down margin-left-05"></i></span> </button>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-two" class="usa-nav__submenu bg-secondary" hidden="">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/researchers.html"><span>For Researchers</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/publishers.html "><span>For Publishers</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/librarians.html"><span>For Librarians</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/training.html "><span>For Educators/Trainers </span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/healthcare.html"><span>For Health care Professionals</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/public.html "><span>For the Public</span></a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item desktop-lg:margin-x-5 desktop:margin-x-3 tablet:margin-x-0">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-three"> <span>Explore NLM <i class="fas fa-caret-down margin-left-05"></i> </span> </button>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-three" class="usa-nav__submenu bg-secondary" hidden="">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/about/index.html"><span>About the Library</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/about/visitor.html"><span>Visit the Library</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/hmd/index.html"><span>History of Medicine</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/about/org.html"><span>NLM by Organization</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/news/newsandevents.html"><span>News, Events, and Updates</span></a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item desktop-lg:margin-x-5 desktop:margin-x-3 tablet:margin-x-0">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-four"> <span> Grants and Research <i class="fas fa-caret-down margin-left-05"></i> </span> </button>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-four" class="usa-nav__submenu bg-secondary" hidden="">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/ep/index.html"><span>NLM Extramural Programs</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/research/index.html"><span>NLM Intramural Research Program</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/"><span>National Center for Biotechnology Information</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/"><span>Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications</span></a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<!-- End of TOP NAV -->
<!-- DIVISIONAL BANNER -->
<div class="bg-gray-70">
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="grid-row divisional">
<div class="grid-col text-white">
<div class="float-left">
<h4 class="margin-bottom-0"> MEDLINE</h4>
</div>
<div class="float-right margin-top-05">
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--END DIVISIONAL BANNER -->
<!-- Breadcrumbs -->
<div class="grid-container">
<nav class="usa-breadcrumb usa-breadcrumb--wrap padding-top-1" aria-label="Breadcrumbs">
<ol class="usa-breadcrumb__list">
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"> <a href="/index.html" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Home</span></a> </li>
</ol>
</nav>
</div>
<!-- End Breadcrumbs -->
<main class="padding-bottom-5" id="main">
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="grid-row grid-gap">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-3">
<section class="nav-wrap">
<!-- start accordion nav block -->
<nav class="acnav" role="navigation">
<!-- start level 1 -->
<ul class="acnav__list acnav__list--level1 padding-left-0" style="list-style-type:none">
<li><a class="notactive" href="/medline/medline_home.html"> MEDLINE Home </a></li><li class="has-children is-open"><div class="acnav__label"> <i class="arrow down"></i><a class="notactive" href="/medline/medline_overview.html"> About </a></div><ul class="acnav__list acnav__list--level2" style="list-style-type: none; display: block;"><li class="li nav-item"><a class="active nav-link link10213" href="/medline/medline_history.html">MEDLINE History</a></li><li class="li nav-item"><a class="notactive nav-link link10224" href="/medline/medline_about_lstrc.html">Literature Selection Technical Review Committee (LSTRC)</a></li><li class="li nav-item"><a class="notactive nav-link link10235" href="/medline/medline_statistics.html">MEDLINE Journal Selection Statistics</a></li><li class="li nav-item"><a class="notactive nav-link link10246" href="/medline/medline_new_titles.html">Journals Recently Accepted for Inclusion in MEDLINE</a></li><li class="li nav-item"><a class="notactive nav-link link10257" href="/medline/medline_faq.html">FAQ</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="notactive" href="/medline/medline_how_to_include.html"> How to Include a Journal in MEDLINE </a></li><li><a class="notactive" href="/medline/medline_journal_selection.html"> Journal Selection for MEDLINE </a></li><li><a class="notactive" href="/medline/medline_policies.html"> Policies </a></li>
</ul>
<!-- end level 1 -->
</nav>
<!-- end accordion nav block -->
</section>
</div>
<div class="tablet:grid-col-9">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="desktop:grid-col-8 tablet:grid-col-12">
<h1>MEDLINE History</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>The National Library of Medicine (NLM) began publishing <em>Index Medicus</em>, a comprehensive, print bibliographic index of medical articles, in 1879, at which point it was most often found in research and medical libraries. The production of <em>Index Medicus </em>evolved over time and a computerized version called Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) began in 1963. At that time, NLM patrons could also submit requests to retrieve citations via MEDLARS instead of using the print indices.</p>
<p>In the late 1960&rsquo;s, the NLM also began the distribution of <em>Index Medicus </em>citation data through the production of computer data tapes. These tapes were distributed to libraries and organizations which provided localized computer access to the citation data.</p>
<p>In 1971, NLM began providing access to <em>Index Medicus </em>content via the MEDLARS onLINE (MEDLINE) system, which utilized specialized telecommunications systems. This system provided access to medical journal citations, published from 1966 and forward, that were included in <em>Index Medicus</em>. Accessing MEDLINE required training in the command line syntax used to search the database.&nbsp;</p>
<p>During the mid-1980&rsquo;s, NLM developed a software program called Grateful MED that was intended to expand and ease access to the NLM databases, including MEDLINE. Grateful Med was a more user-friendly front-end to MEDLARS and was in use between 1986 and 2001.</p>
<p>In 1997, PubMed was launched, allowing access to the MEDLINE data through the internet. The previous online version of MEDLINE accessed through MEDLARS was discontinued during this time period. The print <em>Index Medicus </em>continued to be published until 2004.</p>
<p>MEDLINE date coverage has since been expanded to include journal article citations from two additional print indices: Cumulated Index Medicus (CIM) and the Current List of Medical Literature (CLML). Citations from these indices start from 1946.</p>
<br />
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/medline/images/medline_timeline.png" alt="A timeline of MEDLINE." /></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=”margin-top-5”><small>Last Reviewed: January 19, 2024</small></p>
</div>
</main>
<!-- FOOTER -->
<footer class="usa-footer__primary-section padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 insertfooter">
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="desktop:grid-col-3 grid-col-6"> <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">
<p class="text-white margin-bottom-1">Connect with NLM</p>
</a>
<ul class="social_media add-list-reset">
<li class="margin-right-05"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine"><img class="bg-secondary" src="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook"></a></li>
<li class="margin-right-05"><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-library-of-medicine-nlm/"><img class="bg-secondary" src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn"></a></li>
<li class="margin-right-05"><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH"><img src="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/twitter.svg" class="padding-1 bg-secondary" alt="Twitter"></a></li>
<li class="margin-right-05"><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH"><img src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/youtube.svg" class="bg-secondary" alt="You Tube"></a></li>
<li class="margin-right-05"><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNLMOCPL/subscriber/new?preferences=true"><img src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/mail.svg" class=" bg-secondary" alt="Government Delivery"></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-3 grid-col-6">
<p class="address_footer text-white"> National Library of Medicine <br>
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white"> 8600 Rockville Pike <br>
Bethesda, MD 20894 </a></p>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-3 grid-col-6">
<p><a href="/web_policies.html" class="text-white"> Web Policies </a><br>
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white"> FOIA </a><br>
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </p>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-3 grid-col-6">
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="//support.nlm.nih.gov?from="> NLM Support Center </a> <br>
<a href="/accessibility.html" class="text-white"> Accessibility </a><br>
<a href="/careers/careers.html" class="text-white"> Careers </a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="grid-col-12">
<p class="text-center text-white"> <a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<script src="//assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/js/uswds.min.js"></script>
<script src="//assets.nlm.nih.gov/jquery/jquery-latest.min.js"></script>
<script src="//assets.nlm.nih.gov/jquery/jquery-migrate-latest.min.js"></script>
<script src="/scripts/nlm_autocomplete.js"></script>
<script src="/scripts/nlm_uswds.js"></script>
<script src="/scripts/uswds_accordion_nav.js"></script>
</body>
</html>