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<tr><td width="98%"><font class="exhindex"><a name="index">Index</a>: <a href="exhibition.html">A-B</a> | <a href="exh-c-d.html">C-D</a> | E-H | <a href="exh-i-l.html">I-L</a> | <a href="exh-m-o.html">M-O</a> | <a href="exh-p-s.html">P-S</a> | <a href="exh-t-z.html">T-Z</a> </font></td><td width="2%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" align="right" alt="pop up close" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<font class="exhhead">E</font><br />
<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Economy">Economy of Ideas, The</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Edison">Edison, Thomas Alva (1847-1931)</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#email">Electronic Mail (email)</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Electrotherapy">Electrotherapy</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Enciphering">Enciphering</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Encryption">Encryption</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Epic">Epic Saga of the Well, The</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Ethernet">Ethernet</a><br />
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<font class="exhhead">F</font><br />
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<a href="exh-e-h.html#Fair">Fair Use</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Fiber">Fiber Optics</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Fire">Fire Alarm Telegraph</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#FTP">FTP (File Transfer Protocol)</a><br />
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<font class="exhhead">G</font><br />
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<a href="exh-e-h.html#Gates">Gates, William (Bill) (1955- )</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Glassarm">Glass Arm</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Gopher">Gopher</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Gore">Gore, Albert (1948- )</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Gould">Gould, Jay (1836-1892)</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#GUI">Graphical User Interface (GUI)</a><br />
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<font class="exhhead">H</font><br />
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<a href="exh-e-h.html#Hafner">Hafner, Katie (1957- )</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Hoff">Hoff, Ted (1937- )</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Homing">Homing Pigeon</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Host">Host</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#HTML">HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)</a><br />
<a href="exh-e-h.html#Hypertext">Hypertext</a><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Economy">Economy of Ideas, The</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Paper: "<a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.03/economy.ideas.html?topic=&topic_set=" target="_blank">The Economy of Ideas,</a>"<br /><br />Author: Barlow, John Perry<br /><br />
Former songwriter for the Grateful Dead, now a widely read commentator on the Internet and society, especially on the implications of the Internet for the economic and legal status of intellectual property.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Edison">Edison, Thomas Alva (1847-1931)</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Prolific American inventor whose inventions transformed the modern world. Although Edison is known today primarily for the electric light bulb, the phonograph, and motion pictures, he held over a thousand patents, and created the world's first industrial research laboratory. His first major inventions were adaptations of the electric telegraph: the Edison printing telegraph (also called the stock ticker) and quadruplex telegraphy, which enabled four messages to be sent simultaneously over one wire.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">The idea that electric and magnetic fields are interrelated and that each can be used to produce the other. Electromagnetism was discovered and studied in the 1820s and succeeding decades by Hans Christian Oersted, Michael Faraday, Joseph Henry and other scientific researchers. Faraday showed that a magnetic field could be generated by running an electric current through a wire wrapped around a ring of soft iron. The electromagnet was an essential component of the Morse telegraph, the Wheatstone and Cooke telegraph, and all subsequent electrical telegraphs.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="email">Electronic Mail (email)</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Method of transmitting text messages electronically over a network. Ray Tomlinson of Bolt, Beranek, and Newman wrote the first programs for sending and receiving electronic mail in 1972 and distributed them widely across the ARPANET in 1973.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Electrotherapy">Electrotherapy</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">The application of electric currents to the human body as a therapeutic agent; first popularized in the 1830s.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Enciphering">Enciphering</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">In the 19th century, the encryption of a message into code.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Encryption">Encryption</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">The process of scrambling information to keep it secret. Once encrypted, information is usually accessible only to persons having the correct decryption key.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Epic">Epic Saga of the Well, The</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Paper: "<a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.05/ff_well.html?topic=&topic_set=" target="_blank">The Epic Saga of the Well</a>"<br /><br />Author: Hafner, Katie<br /><br />Journalist known for her writings on the history of the Internet, especially her article on The Well and her book, <font class="exhitalic">Where Wizards Stay Up Late</font>.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">One of several technologies used to connect personal computers and workstations into local area networks. Ethernet uses different transmission devices and protocols than are used for inter-network communications. Invented by Robert Metcalfe in 1972-73.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Fair">Fair Use</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Legal doctrine that permits people to use copyrighted material, in certain circumstances, without permission from the owner of the rights to that material. Some examples of "fair use" include quoting from a work for the purpose of criticism or commentary and the making of a limited number of photocopies for educational purposes.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Fiber">Fiber Optics</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Glass fibers used to transmit signals in the form of pulses of light. Optical fibers are able to transmit vast quantities of information, far more than copper wires.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Fire">Fire Alarm Telegraph</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Also called the "municipal telegraph"; an adaptation of the electromagnetic telegraph. The first system, installed in Boston in 1852, consisted of three box circuits, three bell circuits, forty boxes, sixteen alarm bells, and a central office apparatus. See William F. Channing.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="FTP">FTP (File Transfer Protocol)</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Protocol for transmitting files over the Internet, typically used for downloading large files.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Gates">Gates, William (Bill) (1955- )</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Computer programmer who created Microsoft, the world's leading maker of computer software.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Glassarm">Glass Arm</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">An occupational illness that afflicted telegraphers, akin to carpal tunnel syndrome, caused by the repetitive motion of tapping on a telegraph key. Also called telegraphists' cramp.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Gopher">Gopher</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Computer program used to retrieve and display documents available on the Internet. Similar in some ways to a browser in that gophers also support hyperlinks. Unlike browsers, gopher programs were limited to text-only display and did not support graphics or sound. Called gopher because it was developed at the University of Minnesota, home of the Golden Gophers.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Gore">Gore, Albert (1948- )</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Former Senator and Vice President of the United States and a strong supporter of the improvement and expansion of the Internet.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Gould">Gould, Jay (1836-1892)</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Railroad tycoon, financier, and speculator, notorious as one of the most unscrupulous "robber barons" of 19th-century America. In the 1870s Gould set his sights on a hostile takeover of Western Union. After almost a decade of struggle, he succeeded in 1881.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="GUI">Graphical User Interface (GUI)</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Way of displaying information on a computer screen in graphical rather than text-only form. First developed at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center in the early 1970s but not commercially available until the development of the Macintosh computer by Apple (1984) and the Windows operating system (1983) by Microsoft. Allowed the use of a mouse (an electronic pointer) to select commands or objects on screen.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Hafner">Hafner, Katie (1957- )</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Identification: Journalist known for her writings on the history of the Internet, especially her article on The Well and her book, <font class="exhitalic">Where Wizards Stay Up Late</font>.<br /><br />
Paper:
"<a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.05/ff_well.html?topic=&topic_set=" target="_blank">The Epic Saga of the Well</a>" </font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Hoff">Hoff, Ted (1937- )</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Engineer who developed the microprocessor in 1971 while working at the Intel Corporation.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Homing">Homing Pigeon</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">A pigeon specially trained to return home when released in a distant location. See carrier pigeon.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Host">Host</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Computer connected via a router to a network.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="HTML">HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Computer language for describing information, and how to present it, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. Documents encoded in HTML (or its descendants, such as XML) contain instructions that tell a browser how to display the document. Documents written in HTML will look almost identical from browser to browser and computer to computer.</font><br /><br />
<font class="exhhead"><a name="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></font><br />
<font class="exhcopy">Non-linear form of text, invented by Theodor Nelson in the mid-1960s. A hypertext document contains links to other documents or other places in the original document. </font><br /><br />
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<strong>First published: </strong>23 October 2001<br/><strong>Last updated: </strong>11 August 2009<br/><strong>Date Archived: </strong>04 January 2012<br/><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exh-e-h.html&amp;description=full" onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exh-e-h.html&amp;description=full'); return false;"><strong>Metadata</strong></a> | <strong> <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html"onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html'); return false;">Permanence level</a>: </strong>Permanent: Stable Content<br/>
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