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<meta name="keywords" content="C5779644, disease or syndrome, fhf - fulminant hepatic failure, fulminant hepatic failure, fulminant hepatic failures, fulminant liver failure, fulminant liver failures, fulminating hepatic failure, fulminating hepatic failures, fulminating liver failure, fulminating liver failures, hepatic failure, fulminant, hepatic failure, fulminating, liver failure, fulminant, liver failure, fulminating, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Hepatic failure refers to the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions, which can result in coagulopathy and alteration in the mental status of a previously healthy individual. Hepatic failure is defined as fulminant if there is onset of encephalopathy within 4 weeks of the onset of symptoms in a patient with a previously healthy liver." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=1830332
ConceptID=C5779644
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Fulminant hepatic failure</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1830332</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C5779644</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Fulminant Hepatic Failure; Fulminant Hepatic Failures; Fulminant Liver Failure; Fulminant Liver Failures; Fulminating Hepatic Failure; Fulminating Hepatic Failures; Fulminating Liver Failure; Fulminating Liver Failures; Hepatic Failure, Fulminant; Hepatic Failure, Fulminating; Liver Failure, Fulminant; Liver Failure, Fulminating</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Fulminant hepatic failure (235884008); FHF - Fulminant hepatic failure (235884008)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0004448">HP:0004448</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Hepatic failure refers to the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions, which can result in coagulopathy and alteration in the mental status of a previously healthy individual. Hepatic failure is defined as fulminant if there is onset of encephalopathy within 4 weeks of the onset of symptoms in a patient with a previously healthy liver. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C5779644[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1830332">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1830332" ref="ncbi_uid=1830332">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Fulminant hepatic failure</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78584" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the digestive system">Abnormality of the digestive system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/927601" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of digestive system physiology">Abnormality of digestive system physiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1368531" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of hepatobiliary system physiology">Abnormality of hepatobiliary system physiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/65430" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Decreased liver function">Decreased liver function</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/88444" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Liver failure">Liver failure</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/58125" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Acute liver failure">Acute liver failure</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Fulminant hepatic failure</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_266222"><div><strong>Deficiency of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>266222</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1291230</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is an inherited condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during prolonged periods without food (fasting).\n\nInitial signs and symptoms of this disorder typically occur during infancy or early childhood and can include poor appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of energy (lethargy). Affected individuals can also have muscle weakness (hypotonia), liver problems, low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), and abnormally high levels of insulin (hyperinsulinism). Insulin controls the amount of glucose that moves from the blood into cells for conversion to energy. Individuals with 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency are also at risk for complications such as seizures, life-threatening heart and breathing problems, coma, and sudden death. This condition may explain some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), which is defined as unexplained death in babies younger than 1 year.\n\nProblems related to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency can be triggered by periods of fasting or by illnesses such as viral infections. This disorder is sometimes mistaken for Reye syndrome, a severe disorder that may develop in children while they appear to be recovering from viral infections such as chicken pox or flu. Most cases of Reye syndrome are associated with the use of aspirin during these viral infections.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/266222">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_322999"><div><strong>Hepatoencephalopathy due to combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>322999</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836797</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder with variable manifestations resulting from a defect in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Onset occurs at or soon after birth, and features can include growth retardation, microcephaly, hypertonicity, axial hypotonia, encephalopathy, cardiomyopathy, and liver dysfunction. Death usually occurs in the first weeks or years of life (summary by Smits et al., 2011).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency&#13; See also COXPD2 (610498), caused by mutation in the MRPS16 gene (609204) on 10q22; COXPD3 (610505), caused by mutation in the TSFM gene (604723) on 12q14; COXPD4 (610678), caused by mutation in the TUFM gene (602389) on 16p11; COXPD5 (611719), caused by mutation in the MRPS22 gene (605810) on 3q23; COXPD6 (300816), caused by mutation in the AIFM1 gene (300169) on Xq26; COXPD7 (613559), caused by mutation in the MTRFR gene (613541) on 12q24; COXPD8 (614096), caused by mutation in the AARS2 gene (612035) on 6p21; COXPD9 (614582), caused by mutation in the MRPL3 gene (607118) on 3q22; COXPD10 (614702), caused by mutation in the MTO1 gene (614667) on 6q13; COXPD11 (614922), caused by mutation in the RMND1 gene (614917) on 6q25; COXPD12 (614924), caused by mutation in the EARS2 gene (612799) on 16p13; COXPD13 (614932), caused by mutation in the PNPT1 gene (610316) on 2p16; COXPD14 (614946), caused by mutation in the FARS2 gene (611592) on 6p25; COXPD15 (614947), caused by mutation in the MTFMT gene (611766) on 15q; COXPD16 (615395), caused by mutation in the MRPL44 gene (611849) on 2q36; COXPD17 (615440), caused by mutation in the ELAC2 gene (605367) on 17p11; COXPD18 (615578), caused by mutation in the SFXN4 gene (615564) on 10q26; COXPD19 (615595), caused by mutation in the LYRM4 gene (613311) on 6p25; COXPD20 (615917), caused by mutation in the VARS2 gene (612802) on 6p21; COXPD21 (615918), caused by mutation in the TARS2 gene (612805) on 1q21; COXPD22 (616045), caused by mutation in the ATP5A1 gene (164360) on 18q12; COXPD23 (616198), caused by mutation in the GTPBP3 (608536) gene on 19p13; COXPD24 (616239), caused by mutation in the NARS2 gene (612803) on 11q14; COXPD25 (616430), caused by mutation in the MARS2 gene (609728) on 2q33; COXPD26 (616539), caused by mutation in the TRMT5 gene (611023) on 14q23; COXPD27 (616672), caused by mutation in the CARS2 gene (612800) on 13q34; COXPD28 (616794), caused by mutation in the SLC25A26 gene (611037) on 3p14; COXPD29 (616811), caused by mutation in the TXN2 gene (609063) on 22q12; COXPD30 (616974), caused by mutation in the TRMT10C gene (615423) on 3q12; and COXPD31 (617228), caused by mutation in the MIPEP gene (602241) on 13q12; COXPD32 (617664), caused by mutation in the MRPS34 gene (611994) on 16q13; COXPD33 (617713), caused by mutation in the C1QBP gene (601269) on 17p13; and COXPD34 (617872), caused by mutation in the MRPS7 gene (611974) on 17q25; COXPD35 (617873), caused by mutation in the TRIT1 gene (617840) on 1p34; COXPD36 (617950), caused by mutation in the MRPS2 gene (611971) on 9q34; COXPD37 (618329), caused by mutation in the MICOS13 gene (616658) on 19p13; COXPD38 (618378), caused by mutation in the MRPS14 gene (611978) on 1q23; COXPD39 (618397), caused by mutation in the GFM2 gene (606544) on 5q13; COXPD40 (618835), caused by mutation in the QRSL1 gene (617209) on 6q21; COXPD41 (618838), caused by mutation in the GATB gene (603645) on 4q31; COXPD42 (618839), caused by mutation in the GATC gene (617210) on 12q24; COXPD43 (618851), caused by mutation in the TIMM22 gene (607251) on 17p13; COXPD44 (618855), caused by mutation in the FASTKD2 gene (612322) on 2q33; COXPD45 (618951), caused by mutation in the MRPL12 gene (602375) on 17q25; COXPD46 (618952), caused by mutation in the MRPS23 gene (611985) on 17q22; COXPD47 (618958), caused by mutation in the MRPS28 gene (611990) on 8q21; COXPD48 (619012), caused by mutation in the NSUN3 gene (617491) on 3q11; COXPD49 (619024), caused by mutation in the MIEF2 gene (615498) on 17p11; COXPD50 (619025), caused by mutation in the MRPS25 gene (611987) on 3p25; COXPD51 (619057), caused by mutation in the PTCD3 gene (614918) on 2p11; COXPD52 (619386), caused by mutation in the NFS1 gene (603485) on 20q11; COXPD53 (619423), caused by mutation in the C2ORF69 gene (619219) on 2q33; and COXPD54 (619737), caused by mutation in the PRORP gene (609947) on 14q13.; COXPD55 (619743), caused by mutation in the POLRMT gene (601778) on 19p13; COXPD56 (620139), caused by mutation in the TAMM41 gene (614948) on 3p25; COXPD57 (620167), caused by mutation in the CRLS1 gene (608188) on 20p12; COXPD58 (620451), caused by mutation in the TEFM gene (616422) on 17q11; and COXPD59 (620646), caused by mutation in the MRPL39 gene (611845) on 21q21.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/322999">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1684495"><div><strong>Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 16 (hepatic type)</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1684495</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5193142</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1684495">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_266222" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Deficiency of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_322999" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hepatoencephalopathy due to combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1684495" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 16 (hepatic type)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36096368">ATP7B Genotype and Chronic Liver Disease Treatment Outcomes in Wilson Disease: Worse Survival With Loss-of-Function Variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nayagam JS,
Jeyaraj R,
Foskett P,
Dhawan A,
Ala A,
Joshi D,
Bomford A,
Thompson RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol</span>
2023 May;21(5):1323-1329.e4.
Epub 2022 Sep 9
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.08.041.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36096368" target="_blank">36096368</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28219691">Hepatitis B Reactivation Associated With Immune Suppressive and Biological Modifier Therapies: Current Concepts, Management Strategies, and Future Directions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Loomba R,
Liang TJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Gastroenterology</span>
2017 May;152(6):1297-1309.
Epub 2017 Feb 20
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28219691" target="_blank">28219691</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5501983" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4908702">The management of fulminant hepatic failure.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Trey C,
Davidson CS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Prog Liver Dis</span>
1970;3:282-98.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4908702" target="_blank">4908702</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22fulminant%20hepatic%20failure%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (146)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26325537">High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Larsen FS,
Schmidt LE,
Bernsmeier C,
Rasmussen A,
Isoniemi H,
Patel VC,
Triantafyllou E,
Bernal W,
Auzinger G,
Shawcross D,
Eefsen M,
Bjerring PN,
Clemmesen JO,
Hockerstedt K,
Frederiksen HJ,
Hansen BA,
Antoniades CG,
Wendon J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
2016 Jan;64(1):69-78.
Epub 2015 Aug 29
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.018.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26325537" target="_blank">26325537</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21167232">Autoimmune hepatitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lohse AW,
Mieli-Vergani G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
2011 Jul;55(1):171-82.
Epub 2010 Dec 15
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21167232" target="_blank">21167232</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15915484">Fulminant hepatic failure.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sass DA,
Shakil AO</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Liver Transpl</span>
2005 Jun;11(6):594-605.
doi: 10.1002/lt.20435.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15915484" target="_blank">15915484</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11232192">Drug-induced liver disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zimmerman HJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Liver Dis</span>
2000 Feb;4(1):73-96, vi.
doi: 10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70097-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11232192" target="_blank">11232192</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9439900">Isoniazid-related hepatitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vasudeva R,
Woods B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dig Dis</span>
1997 Nov-Dec;15(6):357-67.
doi: 10.1159/000171611.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9439900" target="_blank">9439900</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fulminant%20hepatic%20failure%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (856)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35042319">Wilson disease in children and young adults - State of the art.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chanpong A,
Dhawan A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Saudi J Gastroenterol</span>
2022 Jan-Feb;28(1):21-31.
doi: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_501_21.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35042319" target="_blank">35042319</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8919932" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27842768">Herbal and Dietary Supplement-Induced Liver Injury.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Boer YS,
Sherker AH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Liver Dis</span>
2017 Feb;21(1):135-149.
Epub 2016 Oct 14
doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27842768" target="_blank">27842768</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5117680" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20308502">Radiologic mimics of cirrhosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jha P,
Poder L,
Wang ZJ,
Westphalen AC,
Yeh BM,
Coakley FV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">AJR Am J Roentgenol</span>
2010 Apr;194(4):993-9.
doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.3409.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20308502" target="_blank">20308502</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10987113">Hepatitis B.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Befeler AS,
Di Bisceglie AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Infect Dis Clin North Am</span>
2000 Sep;14(3):617-32.
doi: 10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70124-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10987113" target="_blank">10987113</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9107258">Fulminant hepatic failure.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mas A,
Rodés J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
1997 Apr 12;349(9058):1081-5.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)08054-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9107258" target="_blank">9107258</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fulminant%20hepatic%20failure%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (733)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29473717">Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chiew AL,
Gluud C,
Brok J,
Buckley NA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2018 Feb 23;2(2):CD003328.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003328.pub3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29473717" target="_blank">29473717</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491303" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21167232">Autoimmune hepatitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lohse AW,
Mieli-Vergani G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
2011 Jul;55(1):171-82.
Epub 2010 Dec 15
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21167232" target="_blank">21167232</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15915484">Fulminant hepatic failure.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sass DA,
Shakil AO</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Liver Transpl</span>
2005 Jun;11(6):594-605.
doi: 10.1002/lt.20435.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15915484" target="_blank">15915484</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9439900">Isoniazid-related hepatitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vasudeva R,
Woods B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dig Dis</span>
1997 Nov-Dec;15(6):357-67.
doi: 10.1159/000171611.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9439900" target="_blank">9439900</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9107258">Fulminant hepatic failure.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mas A,
Rodés J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
1997 Apr 12;349(9058):1081-5.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)08054-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9107258" target="_blank">9107258</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fulminant%20hepatic%20failure%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (889)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27842768">Herbal and Dietary Supplement-Induced Liver Injury.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Boer YS,
Sherker AH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Liver Dis</span>
2017 Feb;21(1):135-149.
Epub 2016 Oct 14
doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27842768" target="_blank">27842768</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5117680" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11232192">Drug-induced liver disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zimmerman HJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Liver Dis</span>
2000 Feb;4(1):73-96, vi.
doi: 10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70097-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11232192" target="_blank">11232192</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8438639">Fulminant hepatic failure.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sherlock S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Intern Med</span>
1993;38:245-67.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8438639" target="_blank">8438639</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2186881">Fulminant hepatic failure.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Martin P,
Pappas SC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dig Dis</span>
1990;8(3):138-51.
doi: 10.1159/000171247.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2186881" target="_blank">2186881</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3074559">Fulminant hepatic failure.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yanda RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">West J Med</span>
1988 Nov;149(5):586-91.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3074559" target="_blank">3074559</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1026537" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fulminant%20hepatic%20failure%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (863)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32852569">Drug induced liver injury: an update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Garcia-Cortes M,
Robles-Diaz M,
Stephens C,
Ortega-Alonso A,
Lucena MI,
Andrade RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Toxicol</span>
2020 Oct;94(10):3381-3407.
Epub 2020 Aug 27
doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02885-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32852569" target="_blank">32852569</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29473717">Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chiew AL,
Gluud C,
Brok J,
Buckley NA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2018 Feb 23;2(2):CD003328.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003328.pub3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29473717" target="_blank">29473717</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491303" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26325537">High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Larsen FS,
Schmidt LE,
Bernsmeier C,
Rasmussen A,
Isoniemi H,
Patel VC,
Triantafyllou E,
Bernal W,
Auzinger G,
Shawcross D,
Eefsen M,
Bjerring PN,
Clemmesen JO,
Hockerstedt K,
Frederiksen HJ,
Hansen BA,
Antoniades CG,
Wendon J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
2016 Jan;64(1):69-78.
Epub 2015 Aug 29
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.018.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26325537" target="_blank">26325537</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19399811">Hepatitis B: the virus and disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liang TJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hepatology</span>
2009 May;49(5 Suppl):S13-21.
doi: 10.1002/hep.22881.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19399811" target="_blank">19399811</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2809016" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2657263">Hepatic encephalopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gammal SH,
Jones EA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Med Clin North Am</span>
1989 Jul;73(4):793-813.
doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30639-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2657263" target="_blank">2657263</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fulminant%20hepatic%20failure%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (493)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31513460">Systematic Review: Clinical Metabolomics to Forecast Outcomes in Liver Transplantation Surgery.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Attard JA,
Dunn WB,
Mergental H,
Mirza DF,
Afford SC,
Perera MTPR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">OMICS</span>
2019 Oct;23(10):463-476.
Epub 2019 Sep 12
doi: 10.1089/omi.2019.0086.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31513460" target="_blank">31513460</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31095813">Hepatitis E during pregnancy: Maternal and foetal case-fatality rates and adverse outcomes-A systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bergløv A,
Hallager S,
Weis N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Viral Hepat</span>
2019 Nov;26(11):1240-1248.
Epub 2019 Jun 14
doi: 10.1111/jvh.13129.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31095813" target="_blank">31095813</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30677025">Nimesulide-induced hepatotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kwon J,
Kim S,
Yoo H,
Lee E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">PLoS One</span>
2019;14(1):e0209264.
Epub 2019 Jan 24
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209264.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30677025" target="_blank">30677025</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6345488" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29473717">Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chiew AL,
Gluud C,
Brok J,
Buckley NA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2018 Feb 23;2(2):CD003328.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003328.pub3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29473717" target="_blank">29473717</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491303" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12545033">Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to acetaminophen poisoning: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic criteria determining the need for liver transplantation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bailey B,
Amre DK,
Gaudreault P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Crit Care Med</span>
2003 Jan;31(1):299-305.
doi: 10.1097/00003246-200301000-00048.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12545033" target="_blank">12545033</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fulminant%20hepatic%20failure%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (10)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5779644%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (2)</a></li>
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