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<meta name="keywords" content="C5774275, combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 57, coxpd57, crls1, disease or syndrome, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-57 (COXPD57) is an autosomal recessive multisystem mitochondrial disease with varying degrees of severity from premature death in infancy to permanent disability in young adulthood (Lee et al., 2022).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (609060)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=1824048
ConceptID=C5774275
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 57<span class="h1sub">(COXPD57)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824048</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C5774275</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>COXPD57</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="CRLS1 - ID: 54675 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/54675" class="medgenPMinfo">CRLS1</a> (20p12.3)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0859337" target="_blank">MONDO:0859337</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/620167" target="_blank">620167</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-57 (COXPD57) is an autosomal recessive multisystem mitochondrial disease with varying degrees of severity from premature death in infancy to permanent disability in young adulthood (Lee et al., 2022).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (609060). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_2881"><div><strong>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2881</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0007194</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by the presence of increased ventricular wall thickness or mass in the absence of loading conditions (hypertension, valve disease) sufficient to cause the observed abnormality.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2881">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertrophic%20cardiomyopathy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%202881%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_5456"><div><strong>Cardiac arrest</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>5456</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018790</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abrupt loss of heart function.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/5456">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cardiac%20arrest%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%205456%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_866782"><div><strong>Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>866782</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021133</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is characterized by prominent left ventricular trabeculae and deep inter-trabecular recesses. The myocardial wall is often thickened with a thin, compacted epicardial layer and a thickened endocardial layer. In some patients, LVNC is associated with left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction, which can be transient in neonates.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/866782">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Left%20ventricular%20noncompaction%20cardiomyopathy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20866782%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65920"><div><strong>Small for gestational age</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65920</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235991</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Smaller than normal size according to sex and gestational age related norms, defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65920">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Small%20for%20gestational%20age%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065920%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65429"><div><strong>Feeding difficulties</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65429</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0232466</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65429">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Feeding%20difficulties%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065429%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9164"><div><strong>Sensorineural hearing loss disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9164</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018784</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of hearing impairment in one or both ears related to an abnormal functionality of the cochlear nerve.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9164">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Sensorineural%20hearing%20loss%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209164%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_3940"><div><strong>Dystonic disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>3940</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0013421</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/3940">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dystonic%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%203940%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10234"><div><strong>Myoclonus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10234</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0027066</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10234">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Myoclonus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010234%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20693"><div><strong>Seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036572</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20693">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020693%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116012"><div><strong>Cerebral atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116012</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235946</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116012">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116012%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_452596"><div><strong>Epileptic encephalopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>452596</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0543888</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A condition in which epileptiform abnormalities are believed to contribute to the progressive disturbance in cerebral function. Epileptic encephalaopathy is characterized by (1) electrographic EEG paroxysmal activity that is often aggressive, (2) seizures that are usually multiform and intractable, (3) cognitive, behavioral and neurological deficits that may be relentless, and (4) sometimes early death.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/452596">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Epileptic%20encephalopathy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20452596%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_324613"><div><strong>Developmental regression</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324613</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836830</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Loss of developmental skills, as manifested by loss of developmental milestones.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324613">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Developmental%20regression%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20324613%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_325386"><div><strong>Hyperorality</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>325386</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1838320</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hyperorality is a condition characterized by an excessive preoccupation with oral sensations and behaviors, such as chewing, sucking, biting, swallowing, and excessive mouthing of objects.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/325386">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyperorality%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20325386%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1815057"><div><strong>Reduced cerebral white matter volume</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1815057</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5706151</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormally low volume of the white matter of the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1815057">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Reduced%20cerebral%20white%20matter%20volume%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201815057%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10133"><div><strong>Hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10133</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026827</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10133">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010133%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_608952"><div><strong>Secondary microcephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>608952</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0431352</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Head circumference which falls below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender because of insufficient head growth after birth.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/608952">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Secondary%20microcephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20608952%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_2009"><div><strong>Apnea</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2009</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0003578</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Lack of breathing with no movement of the respiratory muscles and no exchange of air in the lungs. This term refers to a disposition to have recurrent episodes of apnea rather than to a single event.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2009">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Apnea%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%202009%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_812169"><div><strong>Central hypoventilation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>812169</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3805839</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/812169">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Central%20hypoventilation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20812169%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_337055"><div><strong>Unexplained fevers</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337055</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1844662</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Episodes of fever for which no infectious cause can be identified.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337055">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Unexplained%20fevers%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20337055%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_105327"><div><strong>Non-immune hydrops fetalis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>105327</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0455988</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hydrops fetalis is a descriptive term for generalized edema of the fetus, with fluid accumulation in extravascular components and body cavities. It is not a diagnosis in itself, but a symptom and end-stage result of a wide variety of disorders. In the case of immune hydrops fetalis, a frequent cause is maternofetal incompatibility as in that related to a number of genetic anemias and metabolic disorders expressed in the fetus; in other instances, it remains idiopathic and likely multifactorial (summary by Bellini et al., 2009).&#13; Nonimmune hydrops fetalis accounts for 76 to 87% of all described cases of hydrops fetalis (Bellini et al., 2009).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Hydrops Fetalis&#13; In southeast Asia, alpha-thalassemia (604131) is the most common cause of hydrops fetalis, accounting for 60 to 90% of cases. Almost all of these cases result from homozygous deletion of the HBA1 (141800) and HBA2 (141850) genes. A few cases have been reported that had 1 apparently normal alpha-globin gene, termed the hemoglobin H (613978) hydrops fetalis syndrome (summary by Chui and Waye, 1998).&#13; Other genetic disorders predisposing to NIHF include other congenital anemias, such as erythropoietic porphyria (e.g., 606938.0013), and many metabolic disorders, such as one form of Gaucher disease (e.g., 606463.0009), infantile sialic acid storage disease (269920), mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (253220), glycogen storage disease IV (232500), congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia (212065), and disorders of lymphatic malformation (see, e.g., LMPHM1, 153100).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/105327">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Non-immune%20hydrops%20fetalis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20105327%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_759277"><div><strong>Fetal pleural effusion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>759277</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3532164</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fetal pleural effusion is the accumulation of excess fluid in the layers of tissue (pleura) lining the lungs and wall of the chest. It may be primary, also termed hydrothorax, occurring as an isolated finding or it may be secondary, most commonly resulting from non-immune hydrops.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/759277">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Fetal%20pleural%20effusion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20759277%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_8349"><div><strong>Diabetes insipidus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8349</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0011848</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A state of excessive water intake and hypotonic (dilute) polyuria. Diabetes insipidus may be due to failure of vasopressin (AVP) release (central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus) or to a failure of the kidney to respond to AVP (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8349">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Diabetes%20insipidus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%208349%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_57876"><div><strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57876</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0162283</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterized by inability to concentrate the urine, which results in polyuria (excessive urine production) and polydipsia (excessive thirst). Affected untreated infants usually have poor feeding and failure to thrive, and rapid onset of severe dehydration with illness, hot environment, or the withholding of water. Short stature and secondary dilatation of the ureters and bladder from the high urine volume is common in untreated individuals.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/57876">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Nephrogenic%20diabetes%20insipidus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2057876%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_146919"><div><strong>Central diabetes insipidus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>146919</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0687720</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of diabetes insipidus related to a failure of vasopressin (AVP) release from the hypothalamus.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/146919">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Central%20diabetes%20insipidus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20146919%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_45166"><div><strong>Nystagmus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>45166</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0028738</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/45166">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Nystagmus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2045166%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65889"><div><strong>Reduced visual acuity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65889</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0234632</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Diminished clarity of vision.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65889">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Reduced%20visual%20acuity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065889%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_321812"><div><strong>Bull eye maculopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>321812</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1828210</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Progressive maculopathy characterized by concentric regions of hyper- and hypo-pigmentation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/321812">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Bull%20eye%20maculopathy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20321812%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_393796"><div><strong>Decreased activity of mitochondrial complex I</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>393796</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2677650</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduction in the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, which is part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/393796">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Decreased%20activity%20of%20mitochondrial%20complex%20I%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20393796%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_460434"><div><strong>Decreased activity of mitochondrial complex III</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>460434</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3149083</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduction in the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III, which is part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/460434">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Decreased%20activity%20of%20mitochondrial%20complex%20III%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20460434%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_866520"><div><strong>Decreased activity of mitochondrial complex IV</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>866520</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4020800</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduction in the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV, which is part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/866520">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Decreased%20activity%20of%20mitochondrial%20complex%20IV%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20866520%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormal cellular phenotype</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_393796" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Decreased activity of mitochondrial complex I</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_460434" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Decreased activity of mitochondrial complex III</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_866520" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Decreased activity of mitochondrial complex IV</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_337055" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Unexplained fevers</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of prenatal development or birth</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_759277" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fetal pleural effusion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_105327" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Non-immune hydrops fetalis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the cardiovascular system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_5456" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiac arrest</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_2881" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_866782" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65429" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Feeding difficulties</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the endocrine system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_146919" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Central diabetes insipidus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_8349" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diabetes insipidus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_57876" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_321812" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bull eye maculopathy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_45166" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Nystagmus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65889" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Reduced visual acuity</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10133" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_608952" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Secondary microcephaly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116012" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_324613" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental regression</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_3940" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dystonic disorder</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_452596" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epileptic encephalopathy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_325386" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperorality</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10234" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myoclonus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1815057" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Reduced cerebral white matter volume</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20693" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Seizure</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the respiratory system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_2009" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Apnea</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_812169" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Central hypoventilation</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9164" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sensorineural hearing loss disorder</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65920" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Small for gestational age</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39425894">Juvenile Dermatomyositis: Updates in Pathogenesis and Biomarkers, Current Treatment, and Emerging Targeted Therapies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Paediatr Drugs</span>
2025 Jan;27(1):57-72.
Epub 2024 Oct 19
doi: 10.1007/s40272-024-00658-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39425894" target="_blank">39425894</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11774970" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29943164">Different mitochondrial response to cisplatin and hyperthermia treatment in human AGS, Caco-2 and T3M4 cancer cell lines.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Trumbeckaite S,
Cesna V,
Jasukaitiene A,
Baniene R,
Gulbinas A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Bioenerg Biomembr</span>
2018 Oct;50(5):329-338.
Epub 2018 Jun 25
doi: 10.1007/s10863-018-9764-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29943164" target="_blank">29943164</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(combined%20oxidative%20phosphorylation%20deficiency%2057)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36927883">Association of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number With Brain MRI Markers and Cognitive Function: A Meta-analysis of Community-Based Cohorts.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang Y,
Liu X,
Wiggins KL,
Kurniansyah N,
Guo X,
Rodrigue AL,
Zhao W,
Yanek LR,
Ratliff SM,
Pitsillides A,
Aguirre Patiño JS,
Sofer T,
Arking DE,
Austin TR,
Beiser AS,
Blangero J,
Boerwinkle E,
Bressler J,
Curran JE,
Hou L,
Hughes TM,
Kardia SLR,
Launer LJ,
Levy D,
Mosley TH,
Nasrallah IM,
Rich SS,
Rotter JI,
Seshadri S,
Tarraf W,
González KA,
Ramachandran V,
Yaffe K,
Nyquist PA,
Psaty BM,
DeCarli CS,
Smith JA,
Glahn DC,
González HM,
Bis JC,
Fornage M,
Heckbert SR,
Fitzpatrick AL,
Liu C,
Satizabal CL;
NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, Mitochondrial and Neurocognitive Working Groups</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2023 May 2;100(18):e1930-e1943.
Epub 2023 Mar 16
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207157.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36927883" target="_blank">36927883</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10159770" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36722148">Magnesium (Mg(2+)) Deficiency, Not Well-Recognized Non-Infectious Pandemic: Origin and Consequence of Chronic Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress-Associated Diseases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Arancibia-Hernández YL,
Hernández-Cruz EY,
Pedraza-Chaverri J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cell Physiol Biochem</span>
2023 Feb 1;57(S1):1-23.
doi: 10.33594/000000603.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36722148" target="_blank">36722148</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35793595">The association between mitochondrial DNA abundance and stroke: A combination of multivariable-adjusted survival and Mendelian randomization analyses.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Martens LG,
Luo J,
Wermer MJH,
Willems van Dijk K,
Hägg S,
Grassmann F,
Noordam R,
van Heemst D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Atherosclerosis</span>
2022 Aug;354:1-7.
Epub 2022 Jun 19
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.1012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35793595" target="_blank">35793595</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29049454">Association of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number With Cardiovascular Disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ashar FN,
Zhang Y,
Longchamps RJ,
Lane J,
Moes A,
Grove ML,
Mychaleckyj JC,
Taylor KD,
Coresh J,
Rotter JI,
Boerwinkle E,
Pankratz N,
Guallar E,
Arking DE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Cardiol</span>
2017 Nov 1;2(11):1247-1255.
doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.3683.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29049454" target="_blank">29049454</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5710361" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25778941">Spectrum of combined respiratory chain defects.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mayr JA,
Haack TB,
Freisinger P,
Karall D,
Makowski C,
Koch J,
Feichtinger RG,
Zimmermann FA,
Rolinski B,
Ahting U,
Meitinger T,
Prokisch H,
Sperl W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Inherit Metab Dis</span>
2015 Jul;38(4):629-40.
Epub 2015 Mar 17
doi: 10.1007/s10545-015-9831-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25778941" target="_blank">25778941</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4493854" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Combined%20oxidative%20phosphorylation%20deficiency%2057%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (24)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35793595">The association between mitochondrial DNA abundance and stroke: A combination of multivariable-adjusted survival and Mendelian randomization analyses.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Martens LG,
Luo J,
Wermer MJH,
Willems van Dijk K,
Hägg S,
Grassmann F,
Noordam R,
van Heemst D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Atherosclerosis</span>
2022 Aug;354:1-7.
Epub 2022 Jun 19
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.1012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35793595" target="_blank">35793595</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34758253">100,000 Genomes Pilot on Rare-Disease Diagnosis in Health Care - Preliminary Report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">100,000 Genomes Project Pilot Investigators,
Smedley D,
Smith KR,
Martin A,
Thomas EA,
McDonagh EM,
Cipriani V,
Ellingford JM,
Arno G,
Tucci A,
Vandrovcova J,
Chan G,
Williams HJ,
Ratnaike T,
Wei W,
Stirrups K,
Ibanez K,
Moutsianas L,
Wielscher M,
Need A,
Barnes MR,
Vestito L,
Buchanan J,
Wordsworth S,
Ashford S,
Rehmström K,
Li E,
Fuller G,
Twiss P,
Spasic-Boskovic O,
Halsall S,
Floto RA,
Poole K,
Wagner A,
Mehta SG,
Gurnell M,
Burrows N,
James R,
Penkett C,
Dewhurst E,
Gräf S,
Mapeta R,
Kasanicki M,
Haworth A,
Savage H,
Babcock M,
Reese MG,
Bale M,
Baple E,
Boustred C,
Brittain H,
de Burca A,
Bleda M,
Devereau A,
Halai D,
Haraldsdottir E,
Hyder Z,
Kasperaviciute D,
Patch C,
Polychronopoulos D,
Matchan A,
Sultana R,
Ryten M,
Tavares ALT,
Tregidgo C,
Turnbull C,
Welland M,
Wood S,
Snow C,
Williams E,
Leigh S,
Foulger RE,
Daugherty LC,
Niblock O,
Leong IUS,
Wright CF,
Davies J,
Crichton C,
Welch J,
Woods K,
Abulhoul L,
Aurora P,
Bockenhauer D,
Broomfield A,
Cleary MA,
Lam T,
Dattani M,
Footitt E,
Ganesan V,
Grunewald S,
Compeyrot-Lacassagne S,
Muntoni F,
Pilkington C,
Quinlivan R,
Thapar N,
Wallis C,
Wedderburn LR,
Worth A,
Bueser T,
Compton C,
Deshpande C,
Fassihi H,
Haque E,
Izatt L,
Josifova D,
Mohammed S,
Robert L,
Rose S,
Ruddy D,
Sarkany R,
Say G,
Shaw AC,
Wolejko A,
Habib B,
Burns G,
Hunter S,
Grocock RJ,
Humphray SJ,
Robinson PN,
Haendel M,
Simpson MA,
Banka S,
Clayton-Smith J,
Douzgou S,
Hall G,
Thomas HB,
O'Keefe RT,
Michaelides M,
Moore AT,
Malka S,
Pontikos N,
Browning AC,
Straub V,
Gorman GS,
Horvath R,
Quinton R,
Schaefer AM,
Yu-Wai-Man P,
Turnbull DM,
McFarland R,
Taylor RW,
O'Connor E,
Yip J,
Newland K,
Morris HR,
Polke J,
Wood NW,
Campbell C,
Camps C,
Gibson K,
Koelling N,
Lester T,
Németh AH,
Palles C,
Patel S,
Roy NBA,
Sen A,
Taylor J,
Cacheiro P,
Jacobsen JO,
Seaby EG,
Davison V,
Chitty L,
Douglas A,
Naresh K,
McMullan D,
Ellard S,
Temple IK,
Mumford AD,
Wilson G,
Beales P,
Bitner-Glindzicz M,
Black G,
Bradley JR,
Brennan P,
Burn J,
Chinnery PF,
Elliott P,
Flinter F,
Houlden H,
Irving M,
Newman W,
Rahman S,
Sayer JA,
Taylor JC,
Webster AR,
Wilkie AOM,
Ouwehand WH,
Raymond FL,
Chisholm J,
Hill S,
Bentley D,
Scott RH,
Fowler T,
Rendon A,
Caulfield M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Engl J Med</span>
2021 Nov 11;385(20):1868-1880.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035790.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34758253" target="_blank">34758253</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7613219" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34374989">Spectrum of neuro-genetic disorders in the United Arab Emirates national population.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saleh S,
Beyyumi E,
Al Kaabi A,
Hertecant J,
Barakat D,
Al Dhaheri NS,
Al-Gazali L,
Al Shamsi A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Genet</span>
2021 Nov;100(5):573-600.
Epub 2021 Aug 19
doi: 10.1111/cge.14044.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34374989" target="_blank">34374989</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25778941">Spectrum of combined respiratory chain defects.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mayr JA,
Haack TB,
Freisinger P,
Karall D,
Makowski C,
Koch J,
Feichtinger RG,
Zimmermann FA,
Rolinski B,
Ahting U,
Meitinger T,
Prokisch H,
Sperl W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Inherit Metab Dis</span>
2015 Jul;38(4):629-40.
Epub 2015 Mar 17
doi: 10.1007/s10545-015-9831-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25778941" target="_blank">25778941</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4493854" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15726025">Concomitancy of mutation in FRDA gene and FMR1 premutation in 58 year-old woman.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zumrová A,
Mazanec R,
Vyhnálek M,
Krepelová A,
Musová Z,
Krilová S,
Appltová L,
Havlovicová M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuro Endocrinol Lett</span>
2005 Feb;26(1):71-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15726025" target="_blank">15726025</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39425894">Juvenile Dermatomyositis: Updates in Pathogenesis and Biomarkers, Current Treatment, and Emerging Targeted Therapies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Paediatr Drugs</span>
2025 Jan;27(1):57-72.
Epub 2024 Oct 19
doi: 10.1007/s40272-024-00658-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39425894" target="_blank">39425894</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11774970" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36927883">Association of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number With Brain MRI Markers and Cognitive Function: A Meta-analysis of Community-Based Cohorts.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang Y,
Liu X,
Wiggins KL,
Kurniansyah N,
Guo X,
Rodrigue AL,
Zhao W,
Yanek LR,
Ratliff SM,
Pitsillides A,
Aguirre Patiño JS,
Sofer T,
Arking DE,
Austin TR,
Beiser AS,
Blangero J,
Boerwinkle E,
Bressler J,
Curran JE,
Hou L,
Hughes TM,
Kardia SLR,
Launer LJ,
Levy D,
Mosley TH,
Nasrallah IM,
Rich SS,
Rotter JI,
Seshadri S,
Tarraf W,
González KA,
Ramachandran V,
Yaffe K,
Nyquist PA,
Psaty BM,
DeCarli CS,
Smith JA,
Glahn DC,
González HM,
Bis JC,
Fornage M,
Heckbert SR,
Fitzpatrick AL,
Liu C,
Satizabal CL;
NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, Mitochondrial and Neurocognitive Working Groups</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2023 May 2;100(18):e1930-e1943.
Epub 2023 Mar 16
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207157.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36927883" target="_blank">36927883</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10159770" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Martens LG,
Luo J,
Wermer MJH,
Willems van Dijk K,
Hägg S,
Grassmann F,
Noordam R,
van Heemst D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Atherosclerosis</span>
2022 Aug;354:1-7.
Epub 2022 Jun 19
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.1012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35793595" target="_blank">35793595</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34180141">Combined Metabolic Activators Accelerates Recovery in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Altay O,
Arif M,
Li X,
Yang H,
Aydın M,
Alkurt G,
Kim W,
Akyol D,
Zhang C,
Dinler-Doganay G,
Turkez H,
Shoaie S,
Nielsen J,
Borén J,
Olmuscelik O,
Doganay L,
Uhlén M,
Mardinoglu A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Sci (Weinh)</span>
2021 Sep;8(17):e2101222.
Epub 2021 Jun 28
doi: 10.1002/advs.202101222.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34180141" target="_blank">34180141</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8420376" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28939701">Rapid Targeted Genomics in Critically Ill Newborns.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Diemen CC,
Kerstjens-Frederikse WS,
Bergman KA,
de Koning TJ,
Sikkema-Raddatz B,
van der Velde JK,
Abbott KM,
Herkert JC,
Löhner K,
Rump P,
Meems-Veldhuis MT,
Neerincx PBT,
Jongbloed JDH,
van Ravenswaaij-Arts CM,
Swertz MA,
Sinke RJ,
van Langen IM,
Wijmenga C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatrics</span>
2017 Oct;140(4)
doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2854.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28939701" target="_blank">28939701</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Combined%20oxidative%20phosphorylation%20deficiency%2057%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (17)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Paediatr Drugs</span>
2025 Jan;27(1):57-72.
Epub 2024 Oct 19
doi: 10.1007/s40272-024-00658-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39425894" target="_blank">39425894</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11774970" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Perurena-Prieto J,
Sanz-Martínez MT,
Viñas-Giménez L,
Codina-Clavaguera C,
Triginer L,
Gordillo-González F,
Andrés-León E,
Batlle-Masó L,
Martin J,
Selva-O'Callaghan A,
Pujol R,
McHugh NJ,
Tansley SL,
Colobran R,
Guillen-Del-Castillo A,
Simeón-Aznar CP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Autoimmun</span>
2024 Dec;149:103328.
Epub 2024 Nov 4
doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103328.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39500147" target="_blank">39500147</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29049454">Association of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number With Cardiovascular Disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ashar FN,
Zhang Y,
Longchamps RJ,
Lane J,
Moes A,
Grove ML,
Mychaleckyj JC,
Taylor KD,
Coresh J,
Rotter JI,
Boerwinkle E,
Pankratz N,
Guallar E,
Arking DE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Cardiol</span>
2017 Nov 1;2(11):1247-1255.
doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.3683.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29049454" target="_blank">29049454</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5710361" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28939701">Rapid Targeted Genomics in Critically Ill Newborns.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Diemen CC,
Kerstjens-Frederikse WS,
Bergman KA,
de Koning TJ,
Sikkema-Raddatz B,
van der Velde JK,
Abbott KM,
Herkert JC,
Löhner K,
Rump P,
Meems-Veldhuis MT,
Neerincx PBT,
Jongbloed JDH,
van Ravenswaaij-Arts CM,
Swertz MA,
Sinke RJ,
van Langen IM,
Wijmenga C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatrics</span>
2017 Oct;140(4)
doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2854.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28939701" target="_blank">28939701</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25778941">Spectrum of combined respiratory chain defects.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mayr JA,
Haack TB,
Freisinger P,
Karall D,
Makowski C,
Koch J,
Feichtinger RG,
Zimmermann FA,
Rolinski B,
Ahting U,
Meitinger T,
Prokisch H,
Sperl W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Inherit Metab Dis</span>
2015 Jul;38(4):629-40.
Epub 2015 Mar 17
doi: 10.1007/s10545-015-9831-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25778941" target="_blank">25778941</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4493854" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38736038">Pooled Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Dose Recommendations for Ciprofloxacin in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Obesity.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Rhee KP,
Brüggemann RJM,
Roberts JA,
Sjövall F,
van Hest RM,
Elbers PWG,
Abdulla A,
van der Linden PD,
Knibbe CAJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Pharmacol</span>
2024 Sep;64(9):1165-1172.
Epub 2024 May 12
doi: 10.1002/jcph.2450.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38736038" target="_blank">38736038</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36927883">Association of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number With Brain MRI Markers and Cognitive Function: A Meta-analysis of Community-Based Cohorts.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang Y,
Liu X,
Wiggins KL,
Kurniansyah N,
Guo X,
Rodrigue AL,
Zhao W,
Yanek LR,
Ratliff SM,
Pitsillides A,
Aguirre Patiño JS,
Sofer T,
Arking DE,
Austin TR,
Beiser AS,
Blangero J,
Boerwinkle E,
Bressler J,
Curran JE,
Hou L,
Hughes TM,
Kardia SLR,
Launer LJ,
Levy D,
Mosley TH,
Nasrallah IM,
Rich SS,
Rotter JI,
Seshadri S,
Tarraf W,
González KA,
Ramachandran V,
Yaffe K,
Nyquist PA,
Psaty BM,
DeCarli CS,
Smith JA,
Glahn DC,
González HM,
Bis JC,
Fornage M,
Heckbert SR,
Fitzpatrick AL,
Liu C,
Satizabal CL;
NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, Mitochondrial and Neurocognitive Working Groups</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2023 May 2;100(18):e1930-e1943.
Epub 2023 Mar 16
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207157.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36927883" target="_blank">36927883</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10159770" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Baide-Mairena H,
Marti-Sánchez L,
Marcé-Grau A,
Cazurro-Gutiérrez A,
Sanchez-Montanez A,
Delgado I,
Moreno-Galdó A,
Macaya-Ruiz A,
García-Arumí E,
Pérez-Dueñas B;
Childhood Basal Ganglia Disease Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dev Med Child Neurol</span>
2022 Jun;64(6):743-752.
Epub 2022 Jan 5
doi: 10.1111/dmcn.15125.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34988976" target="_blank">34988976</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29908199">Establishment of a cell model of X-linked sideroblastic anemia using genome editing.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kaneko K,
Kubota Y,
Nomura K,
Hayashimoto H,
Chida T,
Yoshino N,
Wayama M,
Ogasawara K,
Nakamura Y,
Tooyama I,
Furuyama K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Exp Hematol</span>
2018 Sep;65:57-68.e2.
Epub 2018 Jun 13
doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.06.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29908199" target="_blank">29908199</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25885527">The genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of PIGA deficiency.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tarailo-Graovac M,
Sinclair G,
Stockler-Ipsiroglu S,
Van Allen M,
Rozmus J,
Shyr C,
Biancheri R,
Oh T,
Sayson B,
Lafek M,
Ross CJ,
Robinson WP,
Wasserman WW,
Rossi A,
van Karnebeek CD</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2015 Feb 27;10:23.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0243-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25885527" target="_blank">25885527</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4348372" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36293409">The Effects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial Function in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</a></div>
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Chen YC,
Hsu CC,
Fu TC,
Wang JS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2022 Oct 19;23(20)
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36293409" target="_blank">36293409</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9603958" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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Wu Y,
Zhou J,
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Zhang W,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Medicine (Baltimore)</span>
2020 Jan;99(5):e18634.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32000367" target="_blank">32000367</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7004636" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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