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<meta name="keywords" content="C3542549, autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia 49, autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 49, disease or syndrome, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy due to tecpr2 mutation, hereditary spastic paraplegia 49, hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by mutation in tecpr2, hereditary spastic paraplegia type 49, hsan due to tecpr2 mutation, hsan9, neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type ix, with developmental delay, spastic paraplegia 49, autosomal recessive, spastic paraplegia 49, autosomal recessive, formerly, spg49, spg49, formerly, tecpr2, tecpr2 hereditary spastic paraplegia, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="TECPR2-related hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy with intellectual disability (TECPR2-HSAN with ID) is characterized by developmental delay and subsequent intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, neurologic manifestations (muscular hypotonia, sensory neuropathy with lower-limb hypo- or areflexia and ataxic gait), and autonomic dysfunction (including central hypoventilation and apnea, gastrointestinal dysmotility, dysphagia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease with recurrent aspiration). To date, more than 30 individuals with TECPR2-HSAN with ID have been identified." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Hereditary spastic paraplegia 49 (Concept Id: C3542549)
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<!--
UID=762260
ConceptID=C3542549
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 49<span class="h1sub">(HSAN9)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>762260</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C3542549</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>HSAN9; NEUROPATHY, HEREDITARY SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC, TYPE IX, WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY; Spastic paraplegia 49, autosomal recessive</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141025"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141025</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0441748</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141025" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="TECPR2 - ID: 9895 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/9895" class="medgenPMinfo">TECPR2</a> (14q32.31)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0014016" target="_blank">MONDO:0014016</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/615031" target="_blank">615031</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=320385">ORPHA320385</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_101">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Disease_characteristics">Disease characteristics</h1><a sid="101" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="excerpt">Excerpted from the <i>GeneReview: </i><a href="/books/NBK584409" target="_blank">TECPR2-Related Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy with Intellectual Disability</a></div><div>TECPR2-related hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy with intellectual disability (TECPR2-HSAN with ID) is characterized by developmental delay and subsequent intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, neurologic manifestations (muscular hypotonia, sensory neuropathy with lower-limb hypo- or areflexia and ataxic gait), and autonomic dysfunction (including central hypoventilation and apnea, gastrointestinal dysmotility, dysphagia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease with recurrent aspiration). To date, more than 30 individuals with TECPR2-HSAN with ID have been identified. [from <a title="GeneReviews" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1116" class="defSource" target="_blank">GeneReviews</a>]</div><div class="spaceAbove"><strong>Full text of <i>GeneReview</i> (by section):</strong><br /><a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Summary" target="NBK584409">Summary</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Diagnosis" target="NBK584409">Diagnosis</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Clinical_Characteristics" target="NBK584409">Clinical Characteristics</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Genetically_Related_Allel" target="NBK584409">Genetically Related (Allelic) Disorders</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Differential_Diagnosis" target="NBK584409">Differential Diagnosis</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Management" target="NBK584409">Management</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Genetic_Counseling" target="NBK584409">Genetic Counseling</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Resources" target="NBK584409">Resources</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Molecular_Genetics" target="NBK584409">Molecular Genetics</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.Chapter_Notes" target="NBK584409">Chapter Notes</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK584409#tecpr2-hsan-id.References" target="NBK584409">References</a></div><div class="spaceAbove"><strong>Authors:</strong><br />
Gali Heimer  |  Sonja Neuser  |  Bruria Ben-Zeev<i>, et. al.</i>   <a href="/books/NBK584409" target="NBK584409" title="NCBI Bookshelf: TECPR2-Related Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy with Intellectual Disability">view full author information</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_descriptions">Additional descriptions</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From OMIM</strong><br />Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IX with developmental delay (HSAN9) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder. Clinical features include global developmental delay and intellectual disability, axial and appendicular hypotonia, dysarthria, and an abnormal gait that is often described as ataxic. Other features may include peripheral neuropathy, hyporeflexia, and autonomic dysfunction (summary by Neuser et al., 2021).&#13;
For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, see HSAN1 (162400).  <a target="_blank" href="http://www.omim.org/entry/615031">http://www.omim.org/entry/615031</a></div><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Other signs and symptoms of spastic paraplegia type 49 reflect problems with sensory neurons, which transmit information about sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch to the brain. Many affected individuals are less able to feel pain or temperature sensations than individuals in the general population. Affected individuals also have abnormal or absent reflexes (areflexia).<br /><br />Because of the nervous system abnormalities that occur in spastic paraplegia type 49, it has been suggested that the condition also be classified as a hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, which is a group of conditions that affect sensory and autonomic neurons.<br /><br />People with spastic paraplegia type 49 can develop recurrent episodes of severe weakness, hypotonia, and abnormal breathing, which can be life threatening. By early adulthood, some affected individuals need a machine to help them breathe (mechanical ventilation).<br /><br />Problems with autonomic nerve cells (autonomic neurons), which control involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing, result in several features of spastic paraplegia type 49. Affected individuals have difficulty feeding beginning in infancy. They experience a backflow of stomach acids into the esophagus (called gastroesophageal reflux or GERD), causing vomiting. GERD can also lead to recurrent bacterial lung infections called aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. In addition, people with spastic paraplegia type 49 have problems regulating their breathing, resulting in pauses in breathing (apnea), initially while sleeping but eventually also while awake. Their blood pressure, pulse rate, and body temperature are also irregular.<br /><br />Spastic paraplegia type 49 often begins with weak muscle tone (hypotonia) that starts in infancy. During childhood, spasticity and paraplegia develop and gradually worsen, causing difficulty walking and frequent falls. In addition, affected individuals have moderate to severe intellectual disability and distinctive physical features, including short stature; chubbiness; an unusually small head size (microcephaly); a wide, short skull (brachycephaly); a short, broad neck; and facial features described as coarse. Some people with spastic paraplegia type 49 develop seizures.<br /><br />Spastic paraplegia type 49 is part of a group of genetic disorders known as hereditary spastic paraplegias. These disorders are characterized by progressive muscle stiffness (spasticity) and the development of paralysis of the lower limbs (paraplegia). Hereditary spastic paraplegias are divided into two types: pure and complex. The pure types involve only the lower limbs, whereas the complex types also involve the upper limbs (to a lesser degree) and other problems with the nervous system. Spastic paraplegia type 49 is a complex hereditary spastic paraplegia.  <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spastic-paraplegia-type-49">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spastic-paraplegia-type-49</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87607"><div><strong>Short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349588</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87607">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20stature%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087607%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1368658"><div><strong>Gastroesophageal reflux</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1368658</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4317146</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1368658">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gastroesophageal%20reflux%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201368658%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_8510"><div><strong>Dysarthria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8510</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0013362</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8510">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dysarthria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%208510%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20882"><div><strong>Spastic paraplegia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20882</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0037772</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Spasticity and weakness of the leg and hip muscles.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20882">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Spastic%20paraplegia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020882%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_115907"><div><strong>Spastic gait</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>115907</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0231687</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Spasticity is manifested by increased stretch reflex which is intensified with movement velocity. This results in excessive and inappropriate muscle activation which can contribute to muscle hypertonia. Spastic gait is characterized by manifestations such as muscle hypertonia, stiff knee, and circumduction of the leg.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/115907">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Spastic%20gait%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20115907%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_115943"><div><strong>Areflexia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>115943</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0234146</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/115943">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Areflexia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20115943%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_68583"><div><strong>Dysmetria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>68583</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0234162</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/68583">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dysmetria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2068583%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116012"><div><strong>Cerebral atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116012</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235946</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116012">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116012%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_138005"><div><strong>Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>138005</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/138005">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypoplasia%20of%20the%20corpus%20callosum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20138005%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_141670"><div><strong>Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141670</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0494475</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a seizure defined by a tonic (bilateral increased tone, lasting seconds to minutes) and then a clonic (bilateral sustained rhythmic jerking) phase.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/141670">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Bilateral%20tonic-clonic%20seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20141670%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_155642"><div><strong>Gait ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>155642</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0751837</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/155642">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gait%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20155642%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10133"><div><strong>Hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10133</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026827</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10133">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010133%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_113165"><div><strong>Brachycephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>113165</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0221356</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormality of skull shape characterized by a decreased anterior-posterior diameter. That is, a cephalic index greater than 81%. Alternatively, an apparently shortened anteroposterior dimension (length) of the head compared to width.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/113165">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Brachycephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20113165%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1644158"><div><strong>Microcephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1644158</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551563</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1644158">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microcephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201644158%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_854403"><div><strong>Central apnea</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>854403</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3887548</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Apnea resulting from depression of the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata. There is a lack of respiratory effort rather than obstruction of airflow.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/854403">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Central%20apnea%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20854403%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11850"><div><strong>Dental crowding</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11850</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0040433</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Changes in alignment of teeth in the dental arch</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11850">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dental%20crowding%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011850%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116087"><div><strong>Round face</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116087</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0239479</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The facial appearance is more circular than usual as viewed from the front.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116087">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Round%20face%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116087%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_99267"><div><strong>Short neck</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>99267</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0521525</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Diminished length of the neck.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/99267">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20neck%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2099267%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_208827"><div><strong>Hypomimic face</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>208827</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0813217</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduced degree of motion of the muscles beneath the skin of the face, often associated with reduced facial crease formation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/208827">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypomimic%20face%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20208827%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_331280"><div><strong>Low anterior hairline</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331280</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1842366</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between the hairline (trichion) and the glabella (the most prominent point on the frontal bone above the root of the nose), in the midline, more than two SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased distance between the hairline and the glabella.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331280">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Low%20anterior%20hairline%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20331280%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_344099"><div><strong>Broad neck</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>344099</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1853638</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased side-to-side width of the neck.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/344099">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Broad%20neck%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20344099%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_344099" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Broad neck</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11850" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dental crowding</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_208827" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypomimic face</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_331280" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Low anterior hairline</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116087" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Round face</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_99267" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short neck</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1368658" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gastroesophageal reflux</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_113165" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brachycephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10133" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1644158" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcephaly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_115943" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Areflexia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_141670" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116012" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_8510" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dysarthria</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_68583" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dysmetria</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_155642" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gait ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_138005" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_115907" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spastic gait</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20882" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spastic paraplegia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the respiratory system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_854403" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Central apnea</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87607" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short stature</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li><li><a href="#tabORDO">Orphanet</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3542549[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=762260">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=762260" target="_blank" href="/omim/615000">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK584409/" ref="ncbi_uid=762260">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=762260" ref="ncbi_uid=762260">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 49</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1843346" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive complex spastic paraplegia">Autosomal recessive complex spastic paraplegia</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 49</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="tabORDO">Follow <a target="_blank" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Classif.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=156&amp;PatId=21718&amp;search=Disease_Classif_Simple&amp;new=1" class="ital bold">this link</a> to review classifications for <span class="ital">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 49</span> in Orphanet.</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36515702">Genotype-phenotype characterisation of long survivors with motor neuron disease in Scotland.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leighton DJ,
Ansari M,
Newton J,
Parry D,
Cleary E,
Colville S,
Stephenson L,
Larraz J,
Johnson M,
Beswick E,
Wong M,
Gregory J,
Carod Artal J,
Davenport R,
Duncan C,
Morrison I,
Smith C,
Swingler R,
Deary IJ,
Porteous M,
Aitman TJ,
Chandran S,
Gorrie GH,
Pal S;
Lothian Birth Cohorts Group;
and the CARE-MND Consortium</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Mar;270(3):1702-1712.
Epub 2022 Dec 14
doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11505-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36515702" target="_blank">36515702</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9971124" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28471471">Pathophysiology, diagnostic work-up and management of balance impairments and falls in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nonnekes J,
van Lith B,
van de Warrenburg BP,
Weerdesteyn V,
Geurts ACH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Rehabil Med</span>
2017 May 16;49(5):369-377.
doi: 10.2340/16501977-2227.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28471471" target="_blank">28471471</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22964162">Genotype-phenotype correlations in spastic paraplegia type 7: a study in a large Dutch cohort.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Gassen KL,
van der Heijden CD,
de Bot ST,
den Dunnen WF,
van den Berg LH,
Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC,
Kremer HP,
Veldink JH,
Kamsteeg EJ,
Scheffer H,
van de Warrenburg BP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2012 Oct;135(Pt 10):2994-3004.
Epub 2012 Sep 10
doi: 10.1093/brain/aws224.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22964162" target="_blank">22964162</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39704400">Hereditary spastic paraplegias: When to expect bladder dysfunction a genetic and urodynamic study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lallemant-Dudek P,
Guillaud-Bataille M,
Hentzen C,
Joussain C,
Pichon B,
Robain G,
Haddad R,
Coarelli G,
Heinzmann A,
Denys P,
Amarenco G,
Durr A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Neurol</span>
2025 Jan;32(1):e70003.
doi: 10.1111/ene.70003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39704400" target="_blank">39704400</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11660083" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38345566">Defining the progeria phenome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Worm C,
Schambye MER,
Mkrtchyan GV,
Veviorskiy A,
Shneyderman A,
Ozerov IV,
Zhavoronkov A,
Bakula D,
Scheibye-Knudsen M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Aging (Albany NY)</span>
2024 Feb 9;16(3):2026-2046.
doi: 10.18632/aging.205537.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38345566" target="_blank">38345566</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10911340" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35499206">Novel insights into the genetic profile of hereditary spastic paraplegia in India.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Narendiran S,
Debnath M,
Shivaram S,
Kannan R,
Sharma S,
Christopher R,
Seshagiri DV,
Jain S,
Purushottam M,
Mangalore S,
Bharath RD,
Bindu PS,
Sinha S,
Taly AB,
Nagappa M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurogenet</span>
2022 Mar;36(1):21-31.
Epub 2022 May 2
doi: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2064463.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35499206" target="_blank">35499206</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32979048">Defining the clinical, molecular and imaging spectrum of adaptor protein complex 4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Teinert J,
Behne R,
Wimmer M,
D'Amore A,
Eberhardt K,
Brechmann B,
Ziegler M,
Jensen DM,
Nagabhyrava P,
Geisel G,
Carmody E,
Shamshad U,
Dies KA,
Yuskaitis CJ,
Salussolia CL,
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Pearson TS,
Saffari A,
Ziegler A,
Kölker S,
Volkmann J,
Wiesener A,
Bearden DR,
Lakhani S,
Segal D,
Udwadia-Hegde A,
Martinuzzi A,
Hirst J,
Perlman S,
Takiyama Y,
Xiromerisiou G,
Vill K,
Walker WO,
Shukla A,
Dubey Gupta R,
Dahl N,
Aksoy A,
Verhelst H,
Delgado MR,
Kremlikova Pourova R,
Sadek AA,
Elkhateeb NM,
Blumkin L,
Brea-Fernández AJ,
Dacruz-Álvarez D,
Smol T,
Ghoumid J,
Miguel D,
Heine C,
Schlump JU,
Langen H,
Baets J,
Bulk S,
Darvish H,
Bakhtiari S,
Kruer MC,
Lim-Melia E,
Aydinli N,
Alanay Y,
El-Rashidy O,
Nampoothiri S,
Patel C,
Beetz C,
Bauer P,
Yoon G,
Guillot M,
Miller SP,
Bourinaris T,
Houlden H,
Robelin L,
Anheim M,
Alamri AS,
Mahmoud AAH,
Inaloo S,
Habibzadeh P,
Faghihi MA,
Jansen AC,
Brock S,
Roubertie A,
Darras BT,
Agrawal PB,
Santorelli FM,
Gleeson J,
Zaki MS,
Sheikh SI,
Bennett JT,
Sahin M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2020 Oct 1;143(10):2929-2944.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awz307.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32979048" target="_blank">32979048</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7780481" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24603320">The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ruano L,
Melo C,
Silva MC,
Coutinho P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuroepidemiology</span>
2014;42(3):174-83.
Epub 2014 Mar 5
doi: 10.1159/000358801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24603320" target="_blank">24603320</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (20)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38345566">Defining the progeria phenome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Worm C,
Schambye MER,
Mkrtchyan GV,
Veviorskiy A,
Shneyderman A,
Ozerov IV,
Zhavoronkov A,
Bakula D,
Scheibye-Knudsen M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Aging (Albany NY)</span>
2024 Feb 9;16(3):2026-2046.
doi: 10.18632/aging.205537.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38345566" target="_blank">38345566</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10911340" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32979048">Defining the clinical, molecular and imaging spectrum of adaptor protein complex 4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Teinert J,
Behne R,
Wimmer M,
D'Amore A,
Eberhardt K,
Brechmann B,
Ziegler M,
Jensen DM,
Nagabhyrava P,
Geisel G,
Carmody E,
Shamshad U,
Dies KA,
Yuskaitis CJ,
Salussolia CL,
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Pearson TS,
Saffari A,
Ziegler A,
Kölker S,
Volkmann J,
Wiesener A,
Bearden DR,
Lakhani S,
Segal D,
Udwadia-Hegde A,
Martinuzzi A,
Hirst J,
Perlman S,
Takiyama Y,
Xiromerisiou G,
Vill K,
Walker WO,
Shukla A,
Dubey Gupta R,
Dahl N,
Aksoy A,
Verhelst H,
Delgado MR,
Kremlikova Pourova R,
Sadek AA,
Elkhateeb NM,
Blumkin L,
Brea-Fernández AJ,
Dacruz-Álvarez D,
Smol T,
Ghoumid J,
Miguel D,
Heine C,
Schlump JU,
Langen H,
Baets J,
Bulk S,
Darvish H,
Bakhtiari S,
Kruer MC,
Lim-Melia E,
Aydinli N,
Alanay Y,
El-Rashidy O,
Nampoothiri S,
Patel C,
Beetz C,
Bauer P,
Yoon G,
Guillot M,
Miller SP,
Bourinaris T,
Houlden H,
Robelin L,
Anheim M,
Alamri AS,
Mahmoud AAH,
Inaloo S,
Habibzadeh P,
Faghihi MA,
Jansen AC,
Brock S,
Roubertie A,
Darras BT,
Agrawal PB,
Santorelli FM,
Gleeson J,
Zaki MS,
Sheikh SI,
Bennett JT,
Sahin M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2020 Oct 1;143(10):2929-2944.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awz307.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32979048" target="_blank">32979048</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7780481" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28471471">Pathophysiology, diagnostic work-up and management of balance impairments and falls in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nonnekes J,
van Lith B,
van de Warrenburg BP,
Weerdesteyn V,
Geurts ACH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Rehabil Med</span>
2017 May 16;49(5):369-377.
doi: 10.2340/16501977-2227.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28471471" target="_blank">28471471</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24603320">The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ruano L,
Melo C,
Silva MC,
Coutinho P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuroepidemiology</span>
2014;42(3):174-83.
Epub 2014 Mar 5
doi: 10.1159/000358801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24603320" target="_blank">24603320</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23845262">Pendular nystagmus in hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bassani R,
Pareyson D,
D'Incerti L,
Di Bella D,
Taroni F,
Salsano E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Neurosci</span>
2013 Oct;20(10):1443-5.
Epub 2013 Jul 8
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.11.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23845262" target="_blank">23845262</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (18)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34538260">Potential markers for sample size estimations in hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lin Q,
Liu Y,
Ye Z,
Hu J,
Cai W,
Weng Q,
Chen WJ,
Wang N,
Cao D,
Lin Y,
Fu Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2021 Sep 19;16(1):391.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-02014-w.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34538260" target="_blank">34538260</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8451094" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25626112">Improved gait performance in a patient with hereditary spastic paraplegia after a continuous intrathecal baclofen test infusion and subsequent pump implantation: a case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Heetla HW,
Halbertsma JP,
Dekker R,
Staal MJ,
van Laar T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Phys Med Rehabil</span>
2015 Jun;96(6):1166-9.
Epub 2015 Jan 24
doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.01.012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25626112" target="_blank">25626112</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37356024">Economic evaluation of Motor Neuron Diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional analysis in Germany.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Heinrich F,
Cordts I,
Günther R,
Stolte B,
Zeller D,
Schröter C,
Weyen U,
Regensburger M,
Wolf J,
Schneider I,
Hermann A,
Metelmann M,
Kohl Z,
Linker RA,
Koch JC,
Radelfahr F,
Schönfelder E,
Gardt P,
Mohajer-Peseschkian T,
Osmanovic A,
Klopstock T,
Dorst J,
Ludolph AC,
Schöffski O,
Boentert M,
Hagenacker T,
Deschauer M,
Lingor P,
Petri S,
Schreiber-Katz O</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Oct;270(10):4922-4938.
Epub 2023 Jun 25
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11811-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37356024" target="_blank">37356024</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10511618" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36515702">Genotype-phenotype characterisation of long survivors with motor neuron disease in Scotland.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leighton DJ,
Ansari M,
Newton J,
Parry D,
Cleary E,
Colville S,
Stephenson L,
Larraz J,
Johnson M,
Beswick E,
Wong M,
Gregory J,
Carod Artal J,
Davenport R,
Duncan C,
Morrison I,
Smith C,
Swingler R,
Deary IJ,
Porteous M,
Aitman TJ,
Chandran S,
Gorrie GH,
Pal S;
Lothian Birth Cohorts Group;
and the CARE-MND Consortium</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Mar;270(3):1702-1712.
Epub 2022 Dec 14
doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11505-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36515702" target="_blank">36515702</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9971124" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30428468">Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilaments May Discriminate Upper Motor Neuron Syndromes: A Pilot Study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zucchi E,
Bedin R,
Fasano A,
Fini N,
Gessani A,
Vinceti M,
Mandrioli J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurodegener Dis</span>
2018;18(5-6):255-261.
Epub 2018 Nov 14
doi: 10.1159/000493986.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30428468" target="_blank">30428468</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27679996">Defining the genetic basis of early onset hereditary spastic paraplegia using whole genome sequencing.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kumar KR,
Wali GM,
Kamate M,
Wali G,
Minoche AE,
Puttick C,
Pinese M,
Gayevskiy V,
Dinger ME,
Roscioli T,
Sue CM,
Cowley MJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurogenetics</span>
2016 Oct;17(4):265-270.
Epub 2016 Sep 28
doi: 10.1007/s10048-016-0495-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27679996" target="_blank">27679996</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5061846" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14506257">Cellular localization, oligomerization, and membrane association of the hereditary spastic paraplegia 3A (SPG3A) protein atlastin.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhu PP,
Patterson A,
Lavoie B,
Stadler J,
Shoeb M,
Patel R,
Blackstone C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Biol Chem</span>
2003 Dec 5;278(49):49063-71.
Epub 2003 Sep 23
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M306702200.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14506257" target="_blank">14506257</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (8)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37356024">Economic evaluation of Motor Neuron Diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional analysis in Germany.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Heinrich F,
Cordts I,
Günther R,
Stolte B,
Zeller D,
Schröter C,
Weyen U,
Regensburger M,
Wolf J,
Schneider I,
Hermann A,
Metelmann M,
Kohl Z,
Linker RA,
Koch JC,
Radelfahr F,
Schönfelder E,
Gardt P,
Mohajer-Peseschkian T,
Osmanovic A,
Klopstock T,
Dorst J,
Ludolph AC,
Schöffski O,
Boentert M,
Hagenacker T,
Deschauer M,
Lingor P,
Petri S,
Schreiber-Katz O</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Oct;270(10):4922-4938.
Epub 2023 Jun 25
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11811-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37356024" target="_blank">37356024</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10511618" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33218264">A tecpr2 knockout mouse exhibits age-dependent neuroaxonal dystrophy associated with autophagosome accumulation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tamim-Yecheskel BC,
Fraiberg M,
Kokabi K,
Freud S,
Shatz O,
Marvaldi L,
Subic N,
Brenner O,
Tsoory M,
Eilam-Altstadter R,
Biton I,
Savidor A,
Dezorella N,
Heimer G,
Behrends C,
Ben-Zeev B,
Elazar Z</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Autophagy</span>
2021 Oct;17(10):3082-3095.
Epub 2020 Dec 10
doi: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1852724.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33218264" target="_blank">33218264</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8526015" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27679996">Defining the genetic basis of early onset hereditary spastic paraplegia using whole genome sequencing.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kumar KR,
Wali GM,
Kamate M,
Wali G,
Minoche AE,
Puttick C,
Pinese M,
Gayevskiy V,
Dinger ME,
Roscioli T,
Sue CM,
Cowley MJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurogenetics</span>
2016 Oct;17(4):265-270.
Epub 2016 Sep 28
doi: 10.1007/s10048-016-0495-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27679996" target="_blank">27679996</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5061846" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23845262">Pendular nystagmus in hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bassani R,
Pareyson D,
D'Incerti L,
Di Bella D,
Taroni F,
Salsano E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Neurosci</span>
2013 Oct;20(10):1443-5.
Epub 2013 Jul 8
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.11.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23845262" target="_blank">23845262</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14506257">Cellular localization, oligomerization, and membrane association of the hereditary spastic paraplegia 3A (SPG3A) protein atlastin.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhu PP,
Patterson A,
Lavoie B,
Stadler J,
Shoeb M,
Patel R,
Blackstone C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Biol Chem</span>
2003 Dec 5;278(49):49063-71.
Epub 2003 Sep 23
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M306702200.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14506257" target="_blank">14506257</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (14)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24603320">The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ruano L,
Melo C,
Silva MC,
Coutinho P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuroepidemiology</span>
2014;42(3):174-83.
Epub 2014 Mar 5
doi: 10.1159/000358801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24603320" target="_blank">24603320</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
</div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3542549%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (14)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3542549%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A1%5F2" target="_blank">Enzyme assay (2)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3542549%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F9" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of select exons (6)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3542549%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (24)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3542549%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (12)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3542549%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (25)</a></total></li>
</ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=615031" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=320385" target="_blank">Orphanet</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Molecular_resources">Molecular resources</h1><a sid="115" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=615000" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=9895[geneid]" target="_blank">View TECPR2 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=615031" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Consumer_resources">Consumer resources</h1><a sid="116" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/neuropathy_hereditary_sensory_and_autonomic_type_ix_with_developmental_delay" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spastic-paraplegia-type-49" target="_blank">MedlinePlusGenetics (GHR)</a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/13568/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul></div>
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<h3>Reviews</h3>
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<li>
<a href="/pubmed/36137062" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=1&amp;linkpostotal=3" target="_blank"><span class="gene_reviews">GeneReviews</span></a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/pubmed/clinical?term=Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=2&amp;linkpostotal=3" target="_blank">PubMed Clinical Queries</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/pubmed?term=Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2049%20AND%20humans[mesh]%20AND%20review[publication%20type]" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=3&amp;linkpostotal=3" target="_blank">Reviews in PubMed</a>
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</ul>
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<h3>Related information</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="brieflinkpopper">
<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=762260" ref="log$=recordlinks">ClinVar</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related medical variations</div>
</li>
<li class="brieflinkpopper">
<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gene?LinkName=medgen_gene_diseases&amp;from_uid=762260" ref="log$=recordlinks">Gene</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in NCBI Gene</div>
</li>
<li class="brieflinkpopper">
<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C3542549[DISCUI]" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in GTR</div>
</li>
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